1.0 Computer System 2021 - 2022 Students

Learning Outcomes :
a)Explain the operations involved in

information processing cycle
1.1 i.
ii.
Input
Process
SYSTEM iii.
iv.
Output
Storage
CONCEPT b)Analyze the use of information

processing cycle in today’s technology.
1.1 System Concept
What is Computer?
An electronic device that accepts data
(input), process data, produces
information (output) and store the
information for future use.
1.1 System Concept
What is Computer System?

A complete, working computer that
includes operating system,
software and hardware which are
necessary to make the computer
function.
1.1 System Concept
Components of Computer System
Hardware Software
Input Devices System Software
System Unit Operating

System
Output Devices Utility Program
Storage Devices Application

Software
1.1 System Concept
Input-Process-Output-Storage (IPOS)
Model or Information Processing Cycle
Process
Storage
1.1 System Concept
Storage
Process
1.1 System Concept
INPUT
✓ Any data or instruction entered

into the memory of a computer.
1.1 System Concept
INPUT
✓ User can enter data and instructions

into a computer by using input devices
(keyboard, mouse, touch screen, game
controller, scanner etc).
1.1 System Concept
PROCESS
✓ Transforming data
into information.
1.1 System Concept
PROCESS
✓ Performing operation on the data such as

performing calculations, sorting lists of
words or numbers, drawing pictures.
✓ Processing data makes the data entered
usable.
1.1 System Concept
OUTPUT
✓ Data that has been processed

into a useful form (information).
1.1 System Concept
OUTPUT
✓ An output is when the computer

communicates the results of the
processed data.
✓ The information is usually shown on a
display monitor or paper printout and it
should be easy for us to understand.
1.1 System Concept
STORAGE
✓ Location in which data,

instructions and information are
held for future use.
1.1 System Concept
There are four main steps in Information Processing Cycle. Explain what are the input,
process, output and storage when you are given information 2+5=7 to be processed.
1. INPUT : 2. PROCESS:
Enter 2 and 5 using keyboard into Adds 2 and 5.
the memory of computer.
7
3. OUTPUT : 4.STORAGE:
Displays Saves the data and information for
the results 7 at the monitor. future use.
TEST YOURSELF 1.
There are four operations involved in information processing lifecycle. Identify and
state the operation of information processing cycle based on the given description.
PSPM 2018/2019
Description Operation
The information which has been processed is
produced in a usable form by people.
The data is being manipulated or transformed
into information.
The process to keep data, information and
programs in computer-processed form.
The data which entered or captured
electronically for processing.
TEST YOURSELF 2.
Section B : A lecturer plans to calculate the coursework marks at the end of each
semester. Coursework marks are the total marks for quizzes, assignments and
group project. PSPM 2018/2019
Operation Explanation
Input
Process
Output
Learning Outcomes :
1.2 ✓ Explain data

representation in
Number
System computer (Bit , Byte)
and
Representation
1.2 Number System and Representation
Data Information
Collection of ✓ Processed data that
unprocessed items, conveys meaning
which can include number, and is useful to
character and symbol, people.
images, audio, video and
instructions.
Example: name, father’s Example: receipt, average
name, mark, unedited marks, result of semester
video and audio , raw one, student’s carry
picture. marks, video clips, full
song, poster, banner, book
cover
Example Data Information

My Score on the
Example 1 95 subject Sains
Computer is 95.
RM10000 X 25% =
RM2500,
Aiman is a salesman
Example 2 Aiman, 10000,
who earned
25 RM10000 sales for
this month and
receives 25%
commission which is
rm2500
How does a computer represent data?
❑ By using two unique binary digits 1 and 0 to

represent the two states on and off.
computer recognizes
only two discrete
electrical states
(on and off)
Data Representation in Computer

Bit Byte
▪ A bit is the smallest ▪ A byte is 8 bits that
unit of data the are group together
computer can process. as a unit.
Data Representation in Computer

Bit Byte
▪ Short for binary digit ▪ example:11110000
(1 or 0) ▪ Is the basic storage
▪ Represents an unit in memory.
electrical state (on or ▪ Represents a character
off) such as a digit, a letter,
▪ Bit 1 represents On a punctuation mark or
▪ Bit 0 represents Off any symbol in computer
▪ 1 byte could be equal to
1 character.
1 byte = 8 bits
Example :
00110100 represents 4
00110110 represents 6
01000101 represents E
How a letter is converted to binary form and back
Step 1. Step 2.
The user An electronic signal
presses the for the capital
capital letter letter D is sent to
D on the the system unit.
keyboard.
Step 4. Step 3.
After processing, the binary The signal for the capital letter D
code for the capital letter D is converted to its binary code
is converted to an image, (01000100) and is stored in
and displayed on the memory for processing.
monitor.
TEST YOURSELF 3.
Section A : State three(3) benefits of using binary digits to represent data in
computers. PSPM 2018/2019
1.
2.
3.
EXTRA NOTES - Storage Capacity
Example 2 : Convert 1200 MB to GB

8 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024
TB PB
bit Byte KB MB GB
8 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024
1200 MB = 1200 / 1024

= 1.171875 GB
EXTRA NOTES - Storage Capacity
Example 1 : Convert 1 GB to KB
8 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024
TB PB
bit Byte KB MB GB
8 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024
1GB = 1x1024x1024
= 1048576KB
Learning Outcomes :
✓ Convert between
1.2
binary and decimal
whole numbers
Number
System
and
Representation
Number System
A set of numerals
for representing numbers
Number System
➢ Binary Number System (base 2)
➢ Decimal Number System (base 10)
➢ Octal Number System (base 8)
➢ Hexadecimal Number System (base 16)

Binary Number System

▪ Binary is a base 2 number system that has
just two unique digits, 0 and 1, called bits.
Binary digit
110
Binary numbers
Binary to Decimal Number System conversion
Since the binary system is the internal

language of electronic computers,
serious computer programmers
should understand how to convert from
binary to decimal.
 In binary number, the column weights (again from

right to left) are as follows:
(23) (22) (21) (20)

8 4 2 1

Example 1:
 Convert the binary number system 10110₂ to decimal number
system
Solution:
Hence, ____= ____ Binary to decimal conversion


Example 2:
• Convert the binary number system 1011100₂ to decimal number
system
Solution
Hence, ______ = _____

Binary to decimal conversion

Example 3:
• Convert the binary number system 1110110₂ to decimal number
system
Solution:
Hence, ______ = ______

Binary to decimal conversion
Decimal Number System

▪ Is a base 10 number system
(deci means ten).
▪ Familiar use in everyday life.
▪ Consists of 10 single digits/numbers 0-9.
▪ Decimal digits are joined together to form
longer decimal numbers
▪ Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11……
DECIMAL BINARY
0 0
1 1
Comparison 2 10
3 11
between 4 100
decimal 5 101
number 6 110
system 7 111
8 1000
and 9 1001
binary 10
11
1010
1011
number 12 1100
system 13 1101
14 1110
15 1111
16 10000
Decimal Number System
• Also known as the base 10 numbering system

• How 615 is represented in decimal numbers
102 101 100

6 x 100 1 x 10 5x1
600 + 10 + 5 =
61510
Decimal to Binary Number System conversion
Example 1:
 Convert the number 22 10 to the binary

number system
Solution:
Desired base is 2, so we repeatedly
divide the given decimal number by 2.
Decimal to binary conversion

Method 1
Method 2
Example 2:
 Convert the number 40 10 to the binary

number system
Solution:
Desired base is 2, so we repeatedly
divide the given decimal number by 2.

Method 1
Method 2
Example 3:
 Express 18 10 in binary number form
Solution:
Divide the given decimal number by 2

Method 1
Method 2
Learning Outcomes :
1.2 ✓ Describe why

Number
hexadecimal notation
System is used
and
Representation
Hexadecimal Number System
• Uses 16 symbols to represents values :

0,1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F.
• Hexadecimal number system is used with computer

because:
i. It can represent binary values in more
compact and readable form.
ii. The conversion between the binary and the
hexadecimal number system is very efficient.
• 9B4 is example of hexadecimal number system.

2.2.2 Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal Digit Decimal Equivalent Binary Equivalent
0 0 0000
1 1 0001
2 2 0010
3 3 0011
4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000
9 9 1001
A 10 1010
B 11 1011
C 12 1100
D 13 1101
E 14 1110
F 15 1111
Learning Outcomes :
XADECIMAL
1.2
NUMBER ✓ Convert Between
SYSTEM Decimal And Hexadecimal
& Represent data in hexadecimal form
REPRESENTATION
2.2 Number System & Representation
Decimal Number System to Hexadecimal Number
System conversion
Example 1:
 Convert the decimal number system 1341 10 to

hexadecimal number system
Your Answer
System conversion
Solution:
Desired base is 16, so we repeatedly divide the

given decimal number by 16.
Decimal to hex conversion

Your Answer
System conversion
Example 2:
 Convert the decimal number 860 10 to hexadecimal

number
Solution:

Your Answer
System conversion
Example 3:
 Convert the decimal number 2020 10 to hex number
Solution:

Decimal to hex conversion
Hexadecimal Number System to Decimal Number
System conversion
 In hexadecimal number, the column weights (again

from right to left) are as follows:
(163) (162) (161) (160)

4096 256 16 1
hex to decimal conversion

System conversion
Example 1:
 Convert AFB2 16 to decimal number system

Your Answer
System conversion
Example 2:
 Convert BA8 16 to decimal number system

Your Answer
System conversion
Example 3:
 Convert AFFA 16 to decimal number

Your Answer
1.2 Learning Outcomes :
NUMBER
SYSTEM BINARY AND HEXADEAL
& ✓ Convert between hexadecimal and binary
REPRESENTATION
2.2.3 Conversion between binary and
hexadecimal
Binary Number System to Hexadecimal Number

System conversion
Example 1:
 Convert the binary number 11010₂ to hexadecimal.
binary to hex conversion

Your Answer
2.2.3 Conversion between binary and
hexadecimal
System conversion
Example 2:
 Convert the binary number 10010₂ to
hexadecimal.

Your Answer
2.2.3 Conversion between binary and hexadecimal

System conversion
Example 3:
 Convert the binary number 1111₂ to

hexadecimal.

Your Answer
Hexadecimal Number System to Binary Number

System conversion
Example 1:
 Convert the hexadecimal number 3FD₁₆ to

binary number
hex to binary conversion

Your Answer

System conversion
Example 2:
 Convert the hexadecimal number 1A2₁₆ to binary
number

Your Answer

System conversion
Example 3:
 Convert the hexadecimal number AF1₁₆ to binary
number.

Your Answer
Learning Outcomes :
✓ Describe how computers
1.3
encode characters using
ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode
INFORMATION
CODING
SCHEME
1.3 Information Coding Scheme
Definition of Coding scheme:
The combinations of 0s and 1s that

represent uppercase and lowercase
letters, numbers and special symbols.
Discovering Computers 2016

Shelly Cashman Series
Introduction
• These characters include numbers,

uppercase and lowercase letters of the
alphabet, punctuation marks, and others,
such as the letters of the Greek alphabet.
• Coding schemes make it possible for

humans to interact with a digital computer
that processes only bits.
3 popular coding systems to represent data :
ASCII
•Basic ASCII
•Extended ASCII
EBCDIC
Unicode
• Three popular coding systems to represent data :
❑ ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
❑ EBCDIC
(Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
❑ Unicode
(Uniform code capable of representing all world’s
languages)
ASCII
 The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is
widely used in computers of all types.
 ASCII codes are of two types :
ASCII-7 ( Basic ) and ASCII-8 ( Extended ).
ASCII-7 ASCII-8
is a 7-bit standard is an extended
ASCII code version of ASCII-7
In ASCII-7, the first 3 ASCII-8 is an 8-bit
bits are the zone bits code having 4 bits for
and the next 4 bits zone and 4 bits for
are for the digits. the digit.
ASCII
ASCII - 7 ASCII - 8
Basic Extended
7-bit standard ASCII code is an extended version of
ASCII-7
first 3 bits are the zone first 4 bits are the zone
bits bits
the next 4 bits are for the digits.
000 0000 0000 0000
Zone
Digits
WHAT TYPE OF ASCII

THAT YOU USE NOW?
ASCII - 8
WHY ASCII – 8?
is an extended version of
ASCII-7
EBCDIC
• The Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code (EBCDIC) uses 8 bits
• (4 bits for zone, 4 bits for digit) to represent
a symbol in the data.
00000000
Zone Digits
• EBCDIC allows 2 8 = 256 combinations of bits.
EBCDIC
256 unique symbols are represented using
EBCDIC code.
It represents decimal numbers (0-9),

lower case letters (a-z), uppercase letters (A-Z),
special characters, and control characters (printable
and non-printable e.g. for cursor movement, printer
vertical spacing etc.).
EBCDIC codes are used, mainly, in the

mainframe computers.
Unicode
Unicode is a 16-bit coding scheme
that has the capacity of representing
all the world’s current languages,
as well as classic and historical
languages, consists 65536 characters
and symbols.
Unicode
Unicode is a universal character
encoding standard for the representation
of text which includes letters, numbers and
symbols in multi-lingual environments.
Unicode codes can uniquely represent any
character or symbol present in any
language like Chinese, Japanese etc.
Learning Outcomes :
✓ Calculate the total
1.3
number of bits/bytes in
a given word based on
INFORMATION each coding scheme
CODING
SCHEME
How many bits would it take to represent the

following phrase using the following codes?
COMPUTER SCIENCE

COMPUTER SCIENCE

‘7 eleven’

I WANT TO BE A COMPUTER GENIUS.

How many bytes would it take to represent the

I WANT TO BE A COMPUTER GENIUS.


‘7 eleven’

“SC 015”

COMPUTER SCIENCE
TEST YOURSELF 6.
Section B : A lecturer plans to calculate the coursework marks at the end of each
semester. Coursework marks are the total marks for quizzes, assignments and
group project. PSPM 2018/2019
Words Total number of Bits

FACEBOOK
DATA RAYA
Learning Outcomes :
✓ Differentiate the coding
1.3
system based on
number of bits and total
INFORMATION number of character.
CODING
SCHEME
Differences between 3 popular coding systems

ASCII EBCDIC Unicode
Use 8 bits to Use 8 bits to Use 16 bits to
represent a represent a represent a
character character character
Can represent 256 Can represent 256 Can represent
characters characters 65536 characters
(2 = 256)
8 (2 = 256)
8
(216 = 65536)
primarily used on primarily used on implemented in
PC and server mainframe and several Operating
high end servers systems
(Windows, Mac
OS, Linux)
TEST YOURSELF 5.
Section A : Differentiate the given coding
PSPM 2018/2019
Criteria ASCII UNICODE EBCDIC

Range of
values that
can be
represented
Learning Outcomes :
✓ Identify logical operators
1.4
(AND, OR, NOT) and
symbols (gate) used to
represent each of the
Logic Gate operators (AND, OR, NOT)
and
Simple
Logic Circuit
1.4 Logic Gate and Simple Logic Circuit
Introduction
 The basic rules for simplifying and combining

logic gates are called Boolean algebra in
honour of George Boole (1815-1864).
 There are two types of operator:
There are three basic logic gates.
AND
NOT OR
Logic
gate
NOT gate
• Changes one logic level to the opposite level.
• Assume A is input and Y is output, symbol of NOT
gate is:
• Boolean expression for NOT gate:
Y = A
NOT gate
• Truth table:
A Y=A
False (0) True (1)
True (1) False (0)

AND gate
• Produce True (1) output when all of the inputs are

True (1).
• Produce False (0) output when any of the inputs are
False (0).
• Assume A & B are inputs and Y is output, symbol of
AND gate is:
AND gate
• Boolean expression:
Y = A• B
• Truth table:
A B Y=A.B
False (0) False (0) False (0)
False (0) True (1) False (0)
True (1) False (0) False (0)
True (1) True (1) True (1)
OR gate
• Produce True (1) output when any of the inputs are

True (1).
• Produce False (0) output when all of the inputs are
False (0).
OR gate is:
OR gate
Y = A+ B
• Truth table:
A B Y=A+B
False (0) True (1) True (1)
True (1) False (0) True (1)
Learning Outcomes :
✓ Identify combination of
1.4
different gates (NAND,
NOR, XOR, XNOR)
Logic Gate
and
Simple
Logic Circuit
NAND gate
• Combination of AND and NOT gate

• Produce True (1) output when any of the inputs are
False (0).
• Produce False (0) output when all of the inputs are
True (1).
NAND gate
NAND gate is:
or
NAND gate
• Boolean expression: Y = A•B
• Truth table:
A B A.B Y = A .B
False (0) False (0) False (0) True (1)
False (0) True (1) False (0) True (1)
True (1) False (0) False (0) True (1)
True (1) True (1) True (1) False (0)
NOR gate
• Combination of OR and NOT gate

• Produce True (1) output when all of the inputs are
False (0).
• Produce False (0) output when any of the inputs are
True (1).
NOR gate

NOR gate is:
or
NOR gate
• Boolean expression: Y=A+B
• Truth table:
A B A+B Y=A+B
False (0) False (0) False (0) True (1)
False (0) True (1) True (1) False (0)
True (1) False (0) True (1) False (0)
True (1) True (1) True (1) False (0)
XOR gate
• The XOR gate (sometimes EOR gate, or EXOR

gate and pronounced as Exclusive OR gate)
• Is a digital logic gate that gives a true (1 or HIGH)
output when the number of true inputs is odd.
• An XOR gate implements an exclusive or; that is, a
true output results if one, and only one, of the inputs
to the gate is true.
XOR gate
• If both inputs are false (0 or LOW) or both are true, a

false output results.
• XOR represents the inequality function, example the
output is true if the inputs are not alike otherwise the
output is false.
• A way to remember XOR is "one or the other but
not both".
XOR gate

XOR gate is:
XOR gate
A . B + A . B OR
• Truth table:
(A + B) . (A + B)
A B
False (0) True (1) True (1)
True (1) False (0) True (1)
True (1) True (1) False (0)
XNOR gate
• The XNOR gate (often written Exclusive-NOR,

sometimes: EXNOR, ENOR, and, rarely, NXOR,
XAND)
• Is a digital logic gate whose function is the logical
complement of the exclusive OR (XOR) gate.
XNOR gate
• The two-input version implements logical equality,

behaving according to the truth table to the right,
and hence the gate is sometimes called an
"equivalence gate".
• A high output (1) results if both of the inputs to the
gate are the same. If one but not both inputs are
high (1), a low output (0) results.
XNOR gate
XNOR gate is:
Y
XNOR gate
Y = A+B
• Truth table:
A B
False (0) False (0) True (1)
False (0) True (1) False (0)
True (1) False (0) False (0)
TEST YOURSELF 7.
Section A : Name the logic symbols based on the descriptions given below.
PSPM 2018/2019
Description Logic Gate

Name
A logic gate which produces false output only
if all inputs are true.
A logic gate which produces true output only
when both inputs are false.
A logic gate which produces true output
when the number of true input is odd.
Learning Outcomes :
✓ Derive Boolean
1.4
expression (and truth
table) based on given
Logic Gate logic statement.
and ✓ Draw simple logic circuit
Simple from a given Boolean
Logic Circuit expression
Lets Try
Exercise
Write a Boolean expression and draw the truth table to

represent this logic circuit diagram.
B Y
C
Your Answer
Lets Try
Exercise
Write a Boolean expression and draw the truth table

to represent this logic circuit diagram.
A
Y
B C
Your Answer
Lets Try
Exercise
Write a Boolean expression and draw the truth table to

represent this logic circuit diagram.
A
B Y
C
Your Answer
Lets Try
1. Draw a logic circuit for and derive the

truth table for Y=(A + B)C
Y
Your Answer
Lets Try
2. Draw a logic circuit for Y=(B.C) + ( )
Y
Your Answer
Lets Try
3. Draw a logic circuit for Y= A (C +B)
Y
Your Answer

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Learning Outcomes :

a)Explain the operations involved in

CONCEPT b)Analyze the use of information

What is Computer System?

Input Devices System Software

System Unit Operating

Storage Devices Application

✓ Any data or instruction entered

✓ User can enter data and instructions

✓ Performing operation on the data such as

✓ Data that has been processed

✓ An output is when the computer

✓ Location in which data,

1.2 ✓ Explain data

Example Data Information

How does a computer represent data?

❑ By using two unique binary digits 1 and 0 to

Data Representation in Computer

Data Representation in Computer

Example 2 : Convert 1200 MB to GB

8 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024

1200 MB = 1200 / 1024

8 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024

➢ Binary Number System (base 2)

➢ Decimal Number System (base 10)

➢ Octal Number System (base 8)

➢ Hexadecimal Number System (base 16)

Binary Number System

Binary to Decimal Number System conversion

Since the binary system is the internal

Binary to Decimal Number System conversion

 In binary number, the column weights (again from

(23) (22) (21) (20)

Binary to Decimal Number System conversion

Hence, ____= ____ Binary to decimal conversion

Binary to Decimal Number System conversion

Hence, ______ = _____

Binary to Decimal Number System conversion

Hence, ______ = ______

Decimal Number System

Decimal Number System

• Also known as the base 10 numbering system

102 101 100

Decimal to Binary Number System conversion

 Convert the number 22 10 to the binary

Decimal to binary conversion

Decimal to Binary Number System conversion

 Convert the number 40 10 to the binary

Decimal to binary conversion

Decimal to Binary Number System conversion

 Express 18 10 in binary number form

Decimal to binary conversion

1.2 ✓ Describe why

Hexadecimal Number System

• Uses 16 symbols to represents values :

• Hexadecimal number system is used with computer

• 9B4 is example of hexadecimal number system.

 Convert the decimal number system 1341 10 to

Desired base is 16, so we repeatedly divide the

Decimal to hex conversion

 Convert the decimal number 860 10 to hexadecimal

Desired base is 16, so we repeatedly divide the

Hence, = Binary to decimal conversion

Hence, __ = _

Hence, =