1.

2 : MOLE CONCEPT

1
 MATTER
1.2 : MOLE CONCEPT
Learning Outcome
At the end of this topic, students should be able to :

a) Define the terms empirical and molecular formulae.

b) Determine the empirical and molecular formulae
from mass composition and combustion data.
c) Define and perform calculations for :
i. Molarity (M)
ii. Molality (m)
iii. Mole fraction (X)
iv. Percentage by mass (% w/w)
v. Percentage by volume (% v/v) 2
 MATTER
1.2 : MOLE CONCEPT

 A mole is defined as the amount of substance

which contains equal number of particles
(atoms / molecules / ions) as there are atoms
in exactly 12.000g of carbon-12.

3
 MATTER
1.2 : MOLE CONCEPT
 One mole of carbon-12 atom has a mass of
exactly 12.00 g and contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms.

1 mole carbon ≡ 12.00 g ≡ 6.02 x 1023 atoms

 The value 6.02 x 1023 is known as Avogadro

Constant. NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1

4
 MATTER
1.2 : MOLE CONCEPT
Example :
1.0 mole of chlorine = 6.02 x 1023 chlorine atoms
atom = 35.5 g Cl
1.0 mole of chlorine = 71.1 g Cl2
molecules = 6.022 x 1023 x 2 chlorine atoms

1.0 mole of NH3 = 6.02x 1023 molecules

= 6.02 x 1023 x 4 atoms
= 6.02 x 1023 N atom
= 6.02 x 1023 X 3 H atoms
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 Mole Concept

MOLAR MASS
 The mass of one mole of an element or one
mole of compound is referred as molar mass.
 Unit : g mol-1
 Example:
- molar mass of Mg = 24 g mol-1
- molar mass of CH4 = (12 + 4) gmol-1

= 16 g mol-1
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 Mole Concept

NUMBER OF MOLE
Number of mole = Mass (g)
Molar Mass (gmol-1)

Unit = mol

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 Example
In 14 g of N2, calculate :

i. Number of moles if molar mass = 28 gmol-1

ii. Number of molecule

iii.Number of atoms

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 Example
i. Number of moles if molar mass = 28 gmol-1
Solution :

Number of moles of N2 = Mass ( g )

Molar Mass (gmol-1)

= 14 g
28 gmol-1
= 0.5 mol
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 Example
ii. Number of molecule
Solution :

No. of molecule of N2 = No. of mole x NA

= 0.5 mol x 6.02 x 1023

= 3.01 x 1023 molecules

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 Example
iii. Number of atoms
Solution :

1 molecule of N2 = 2 atoms of N

3.01 x 1023 molecules of N2 = 2 x 3.01 x 1023 atoms of N

= 6.02 x 1023 atoms

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 Exercise
1. Calculate the number of H atom in 1 mole
of NH3 (Answer:1.806 x 1024 atoms H)

2. Calculate the number of bromide ions in 2

moles of CaBr2 (Answer: 2.408 x 1024 ions)

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 Mole Concept
MOLE CONCEPT OF GASES
The mole and the volume of gas

 The molar volume of a gas is the volume

of 1 mol of gas under certain conditions.

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 Mole Concept
MOLE CONCEPT OF GASES
At STP
(Standard Temperature & At room condition
Pressure)

Molar volume = 22.4 dm3 Molar volume = 24 dm3

Condition : Condition :
T = 273 K ( 0 °C ) T = any temperature
P = 1 atm P = any pressure

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 Mole Concept
MOLE CONCEPT OF GASES
o 1 mole of gas has a volume of 22.4 dm3 at STP
At STP :
volume of gas = no. of mole x 22.4 dm3 mol-1

o 1 mole of gas has a volume of 24.0 dm3 at room

temperature.
At room temperature:
volume of gas = no. of mole x 24.0 dm3 mol-1
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 Example
Calculate the number of moles of gas at STP for
11.2 dm3 of oxygen.
Solution :

Number of moles = volume of gas

molar volume of gas

= 11.2
22.4

= 0.5 mol
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 Example
A balloon is filled with hydrogen gas at s.t.p. If
the volume of the balloon is 2.24 dm3, calculate
the amount (mole) of hydrogen gas.

Solution 1 :
22.4 dm3 consists 1 mol of hydrogen gas
2.24 dm3 consists 2.24 x 1 mol of hydrogen gas
22.4
So, Number of mole = 0.1 mol

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 Example
Solution 2 :
Number of mole = volume of gas (dm3 )
22.4 dm3 mol-1
= 2.24 dm3
22.4 dm3 mol-1
= 0.1 mol

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 Exercise
A sample of CO2 has a volume of 56 cm3 at STP. Calculate:

a) The number of moles of gas molecules. (Ans : 0.0025 mol)

b) The number of molecules. (Ans : 1.505 x 1021 molecules)

c) The number of oxygen atoms in the sample.

(Ans : 3.01x1021atoms)

Note : 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 = 1L

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 Mole Concept
EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE

❖ Empirical formula is a chemical formula that

shows the simplest ratio of all elements in a
molecule.

❖ Molecular formula is a formula that show the

actual number of atoms of each element in a
molecule.

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 Mole Concept
EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE

❖ The relationship between empirical formula

and molecular formula is :
Molecular Formula = n (Empirical Formula)

Where ; n = Molecular Formula Mass

Empirical Formula Mass

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 Example
Empirical Molecular
Molecules n
formula formula

Water H2O H2O 1

Hydrogen
HO H2O2 2
peroxide

Benzene CH C6H6 6

Ethene CH2 C2H4 2

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 Example
A. Calculating the empirical formula from the
masses of constituents.

18.3g sample of hydrated compound contained

4.0g of Ca, 7.1g of Cl and 7.2g of water.
Calculate its empirical formula.

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 Example
Solution :
Constituent Ca Cl H2O

Mass / g 4.0 7.1 7.2

Amount / mol 4.0 = 0.10 7.1 = 0.2 7.2 = 0.4
40.0 35.5 18
Simplest ratio 0.10 = 1 0.20 = 2 0.4 = 4
of relative 0.10 0.10 0.1
amount

Empirical formula = CaCl2. 4H2O

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 Example
B. Calculating the empirical formula from
percentage composition by mass.

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) cures scurvy and may help

prevent the common cold. It is composed of 40.92%
carbon, 4.58% hydrogen and 54.50% oxygen by mass.
The molar mass of ascorbic acid is 176 g/mol.
Determine its empirical formula and molecular formula.

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 Example
Solution : Assume 100 % w/w = 100 grams
Element C H O
Mass/ g 40.92 4.58 54.50
Amount / mol 40.92 = 3.41 4.58 = 4.58 54.50 = 3.41
12 1 16
Simplest ratio 3.41 = 1 x 3 4.58 = 1.34 x 3 3.41 = 1 x 3
3.41 3.41 = 4.03 3.41
=3 =4 =3

Empirical formula = C3H4O3

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 Example
Empirical formula = C3H4O3
[ (12 x 3) + (1 x 4) + (16 x 3) ] n = 176
( 36 + 4 + 48 ) n = 176
88 n = 176
n= 2
Molecular formula = n (C3H4O3)
= C6H8O6
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 Example
C. Calculating the empirical formula from
elemental analysis data (combustion data).

1.00g sample of compound A was burnt in

excess oxygen producing 2.52g of CO2 and
0.443g of H2O. Determine the empirical
formula of the compound.

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Solution :

CXHYOZ + O2(excess) → CO2 + H2O

1 mole of CO2 consists 1 mole of C

Mass of C = 12 g C x 2.52g CO2 = 0.687g

44 g CO2

1 mole of H2O consists 2 moles of H

Mass of H = 2 g H x 0.443 g H2O = 0.0492 g

18 g H2O

Mass of O = 1.00g – 0.687g – 0.0492g

= 0.2638 g
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 Example
Element C H O
Mass/ g 0.687 0.0492 0.2638
Amount / 0.687 = 0.0573 0.0492 = 0.04921 0.2638 = 0.0165
mol 12 1 16
Simplest 0.0573 = 3.47 X 2 0.0492 = 2.98 x 2 0.0165 = 1 x 2
ratio 0.0165 0.0165 0.0165
=7 =6 =2

Empirical formula : C7H6O2

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 Exercise
A combustion of 0.202 g of an organic sample
that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
produce 0.361g carbon dioxide and 0.147 g
water. If the relative molecular mass of the
sample is 148, what is the molecular formula.
( Ans : C6H12O4 )

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 Volume of
gas

s.t.p. : ÷ 22.4 dm3 s.t.p. : X 22.4 dm3

room temp : X 24.0 dm3
room temp : ÷ 24.0 dm3

No. of
mole
X NA

÷ NA
Amount of
Mass
particles /
entities
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 Mole Concept

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
Solution:
✓ When an amount of solute dissolved completely in a
solvent and it will form a homogeneous mixture.

Concentration:
✓ The concentration of a solution is the amount of
solute (liquid or solid) dissolved in a given quantity of
solvent.

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 Mole Concept

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
 Concentration of a solution can be expressed
in many different unit :
A. Molarity, M
B. Molality, m
C. Mole Fraction, X
D. Percentage by Mass, % w/w
E. Percentage by Volume, %v/v
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 Concentration of Solution

A. MOLARITY (M)
 The number of moles of solute per unit volume,
cubic decimetre (dm3) or litre (L) of solution.

Molarity, M = Moles of solute (mol)

Volume of solution (dm-3)

Unit : mol dm-3 @ mol L-1 @ molar

Note: 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
1L = 1000 mL
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 Example
Calculate the molarity of a solution of 1.71 g
sucrose (C12H22O11) dissolved in a 0.5 L of water.
[ Ar H = 1 , C = 12, O = 16 ]

Molarity, M = Moles of solute (mol)

Volume of solution (dm-3)

36
 Example
Solution :
Molar mass of sucrose = (12 x 2 ) + 22 + ( 11 x 16 )
= 342 gmol-1

Number of mole of sucrose = mass

molar mass

= 1.71 g
342 gmol-1

= 0.005 mol
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 Example
Molarity of solution sucrose = mole of sucrose
volume of solution

= 0.005 mol
0.5 L
= 0.01 mol L-1

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 Example
How many grams of solute are present in an
aqueous solution of 783 mL of 0.35M KOH?
[ Ar K = 39.1 , O = 16.0, H = 1.0 ]

39
 Example
Solution :

Moles of KOH = molarity x volume

= 0.35M x 0.783L
= 0.274 mol
From the molecular formula,
The molar mass of KOH = 56.0g/mol
Mass of KOH = 0.274 mol x 56 g/mol

= 15.3 g
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 Exercise
1. How many grams of potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7
required to prepare a solution of 250 mL with 2.16 M ?
[ Ar K = 39.1, Cr = 52, O = 16 ] ( ANS : 158.87)

2. A matriculation student prepared a solution by

dissolving 0.586 g of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 in
250 cm3 of water. Calculate its molarity?
[ Ar Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16] ( ANS : 0.0221 mol dm-3 )

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 Concentration of Solution

B. MOLALITY (m)
 Molality is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg
of solvent

Molality, m = Moles of solute (mol)

mass of solvent (kg)

Unit : mol kg-1 @ molal @ m

Note:
▪ Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

▪ Volume of solution ≠ volume of solvent

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 Example
Calculate the molality of sulphuric acid solution
containing 24.4 g of sulphuric acid in 198 g of
water?

[molar mass H2SO4 = 98.08 g mol-1]

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Solution :
mass
n H SO =
2 4
molar mass
24.4 g
=
98.08 g mol −1
= 0.2488 mol

moles of solute (mol)

Molality of H 2 SO 4 =
mass of solvent (kg)
0.2488 mol
=
0.198 kg
= 1.26 m
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 Example
What is the molal concentration of a solution
prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of CuCl2 in
40.0 mol of water?

[molar mass H2O = 18.02 g mol-1]

45
Solution :
mass
nH O =
2
molar mass

mass of H 2 O = 40.0 mol x 18.02 gmol −1

= 720.8 g or 7208 kg

moles of solute (mol)

Molality of H 2 O =
mass of solvent (kg)
0.3 mol
=
0.7208 kg
= 0.416 m
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 Exercise
1. What is the molality of a solution containing 7.78
g of urea [(NH2)2CO] in 203 g water?
( ANS : 0.639 m )

2. A solution containing 121.8 g Zn(NO3)2 per litre

has a density of 1.107 g mL-1 . Calculate its molal
concentration.
( ANS : 0.653 m )
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 Concentration of Solution

C. MOLE FRACTION (X)

 Mole fraction is the ratio of the number of
moles of one component to the total number
of moles of all component present.

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 Concentration of Solution

C. MOLE FRACTION (X)

moles of A
mole fraction of component A, X A =
total number of moles
of all component
nA
XA =
ntotal

nA = no. of mole of A substance present in the mixture

ntotal = total no. of mole of all substances present in the
mixture (nA + nB + nC + …)
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 Concentration of Solution
C. Mole Fraction (X)
C. MOLE FRACTION (X)
 It is always smaller than 1
 The total mol fraction in a mixture
(solution) is equal to one (1).

XA + X B + X C = 1

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 Example
What is the mole fraction of CuCl2 in a solution
prepared by dissolving 0.30 mol of CuCl2 in 40.0
mol of water?

[molar mass H2O = 18.02 gmol-1]

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 Example
Solution :

XCuCl = nCuCl = 0.3 = 0.007

ntotal 0.3 + 40.0

Or

X water = nwater = 40.0 = 0.993

ntotal 40.0 +0.3

XCuCl = 1 – Xwater = 1- 0.993 = 0.007

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 Example
A solution is prepared by mixing 55g of toluene,
C7H8 and 55g of bromobenzene C6H5Br. What is
the mole fraction of each component?

[Ar C = 12.01, H = 1.01, Br = 79.9]

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 Example
STEP 1 :

nC7H8 = 55
7(12.01)+ 8(1.01)

= 55
92.15

= 0.5969 mol

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 Example
STEP 2 :

nC6H5Br = 55
6(12.01) + 5(1.01) + 79.90

= 55
157.55

= 0.3491 mol

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 Example
STEP 3 :

XC7H8 = 0.5969
0.5969 + 0.3491

= 0.63

XC6H5Br = 1 – 0.63
= 0.37

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 Exercise
1) A solution is prepared by dissolving 32.0 g of
methanol (CH3OH) in 72.0 g of water. Calculate the
mole fraction of methanol in the solution.
( ANS : 0.2 )

2) What is the mole fraction of CuSO4 prepared by

dissolving 30 g of CuSO4 in 200 g of H2O ?
( ANS : 0.0166)
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 Concentration of Solution

D. PERCENTAGE BY MASS (% w/w)

 Percentage by mass is defined as the percentage
of the mass of solute per mass of solution.
mass of solute
%w = x100
w mass of solution

note : mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent

 For example,

10% w/w NaOH → 10g NaOH dissolved in100g of solution

→ 10g of NaOH dissolved in 90g of solvent
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 Example
A sample of 0.892g of potassium chloride. KCl
is dissolved in 54.3g of water. What is
percentage by mass in the solution?

59
 Example
Solution :
mass of solute
% w = x100
w mass of solution
0.892
= x100
0.892 + 54.3
= 1.61%
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 Example
Calculate the amount of water (in grams) that
must be added to 5.00g of urea in the
preparation of a 16.2% by mass of solution.

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 Example
Solution :
%w/w = mass of solute x 100%
mass of solution
16.2% = 5g x 100%
mass of solution

Mass of solution = 30.86 g

Mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of

solvent
30.86g = 5.00 + mass of solvent

Mass of solvent = 25.86 g

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 Exercise
1. How many grams of NaOH and water are needed
to prepare 250.0g of 1.00% NaOH solution?
( ANS : 2.50g ; 247.5g )

2. Hydrochloric acid can be purchased as a solution

of 37% HCl. What is the mass of this solution
contains 7.5g of HCl?
( ANS : 20.27g )
63
 Concentration of Solution
E. PERCENTAGE BY VOLUME (% v/v)

 Percentage by volume is defined as the percentage

of volume of solute in mL per volume of solution in
mL.

volume of solute (mL)

%V = x 100
V volume of solution (mL)

note :
mass of solution
Density of solution =
volume of solution
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 Example
A 200mL of perfume contains 28mL of alcohol.
What is the % by volume of alcohol in this
solution?
Solution :
volume of alcohol (mL)
%V = x 100
V volume of solution (mL)
28
= x 100
200
= 14 %
65
 Exercise
1) Calculate the percentage by volume (% v/v ) of
ethanol in a solution containing 18.6 cm3 of ethanol
in 120 cm3 solution. ( ANS : 15.5 % )

66