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Macadamia - A Promising Start To A New High Value
Macadamia - A Promising Start To A New High Value
Project title: CARD 037/05VIE - Establish nurseries and training to effectively propagate
high quality trees and trial plantation models of Macadamia in 3 provinces of North Vietnam
Code of the project: CARD 037/05 VIE
Authors: Prof. Hoang Hoe1, Martin Novak2 and Kim Wilson2
Project Implementing organisations:
1
Center for Environment, Tourism and Development, Vietnam
2
Subtropical Farm Forestry Association, Australia
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CARD 037/05 VIE – Development of Macadamia
A focus to strengthen the capacity of a new Vietnam, which will help coordinate the
demonstration nursery and 3 existing nurseries sustainable long term development of the
involved in growing macadamia by way of industry, including the planning of research
participatory workshops and infield training, priorities and an industry development
has been maintained throughout the duration of strategy.
the project. In addition to this technical
The project has been promoted via the public
assistance select varieties and equipment, has
media, including national and regional TV,
been provided to FSI and WASI also.
magazines, newspapers and a media seminar.
This capacity building has been achieved by This has helped to promote the objectives of
way of: the project specifically and the benefits of a
macadamia industry for Vietnam in general.
Collaborative preparation of technical
information and training material.
2. Research contents and methods
Delivery of information, and training at
workshops and in the field. The project focused on 3 aspects of research;
Delivery of seed and graft stock of at firstly macadamia variety selection trials,
least 17 best bet Varieties. secondly nursery production options of quality
Delivery samples of nursery macadamia trees and thirdly a developmental
equipment, including grafting planes, strategy for a new macadamia industry for
tape, wounds dressing, propagation and Vietnam.
potting mix, and potting bags.
Establishment of 2 new demonstration 2.1 Established 3 variety trials and
nursery based on Australian nursery reviewed existing trials of Forest
practice. Encouraging investment from Science Institute (FSI) and Central
the private sector and by ensure Highland Agriculture Forestry
adequate supply of quality grafting Science & Technology Institute
stock of suitable varieties. (WASI)
Preparation and delivery of nursery
business plans, records and monitoring 14 macadamia varieties have been selected for
systems. the projects 3 variety trials. These include 10
best bet varieties from Australia and 4 from
The project has facilitated the trial of 14 China. They include 264, 344, 741, 849, 816,
varieties of macadamia in 4 different provinces 842, 814, A4, A38, A16, based on variety trials
including Ba Vi, Hoa Binh, Dak Lak and Lang from Australia. Guy Yan1, 695, 788, OC were
Son. This has involved the design and planting selected from China.
of 4 trial plots in these provinces.
The trials sites were initially established in 3
The project has provided seed and graft wood provinces including Ba Vi, Hoa Binh and Lang
of 17 varieties, to the demonstration nursery, Son in the subtropical northern parts of
the 4 project partnered research nurseries, as Vietnam in 2007 and 2008. In 2009 an
well to FSI and WASI. In addition to this the additional 2 have been established in Dak Lak,
project has provided nursery equipment as it became evident due to the trials of FSI
including grafting planes, graft wounds and WASI that the central tablelands was the
dressing, samples of potting bags and most promising region to grow macadamia in
information via DVD video, CD and hardcopy. Vietnam.
Craig Hardener (CSIRO) and Kim Wilson FSI planted the first macadamia seedlings at
(AMS) principally undertook the design of the Ba vi in 1993-4. Over the past 7 years they
trials. Both have extensive experience with have established trials to test varieties, 900,
variety trials in Australia. Dr Kha FSI and Prof 856, 842, 246, 344, 800, 788, 816, H2, NG8,
Hoang Hoe provided review of the design. OC, Daddow, 741 and 849 in 16 trials in 6
The project team has also facilitated the provinces. These trials range in age from 4-7
development of a Macadamia Association of years just old enough for early analysis in
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Hoang Hoe, Martin Novak & Kim Wilson
relation to kernel. They have been collecting a developmental issues particularly in helping to
range of data of survival, growth, flowering balance the interests of the industry and all its
and fruit production. stakeholders.
From 2002-2009, WASI has imported five An interim committee involving government
varieties originating from China (H2, 508, OC, and private sector stake holders, has been
814, 344), 6 varieties originating from formed in Dak Lak and a Constitution is being
Thailand (H2, 508, 246, 344, 741, 660), 8 drafted based on the AMS.
varieties derived from Australian and has
grown at the Institute on an area of 1.5 ha, the 3. Research results and discussions
density is 400 trees/ha to conduct research.
The selection criteria include; the yield, nut 3.1 Established 3 variety trials and
quality and the ability to grow. reviewed existing trials of Forest
Science Institute FSI and WASI
2.2 Nursery options for quantity and
quality production of macadamia Trials will need to be 6-7 years old before data
trees can be analysis to provide early indication of
the performance of varieties based on kernel,
The capacity of existing nurseries in terms of the key criteria.
quantity and quality has increased, over the 5
years of the project, producing over 330,000 Van Linh Station – variety trial
seedlings (2008-30,000 trees) and 10,000 Density – 7m x 4m, 14 varieties, 5 trees /
grafted trees of 10–17 varieties. Nursery variety (3 monitored), Replicated 4 times
production data has been progressively Trees required: 14 varieties x 5 x 4 = 280,
collected and a spreadsheet analysis model has Buffer trees = 108, Total 388 trees
been prepared and updated for nursery data
and financial returns. Total area = 1.1 ha.
and increase bearing fruits rate. For a and producing fruit are H2, 508 and
high-productive garden we should grow OC.
trees of different varieties together: - Initially OC is seen as a quite suitable
(900, 856, 842, 246, 344); (800, 788, variety with the ecological conditions
816, H2); (NG8, 800, 856, OC, in Dak Lak. It has high potential yield,
Daddow, 816); (741, OC, Daddow, large seed size, less pest and in
816, 849). particular, the balanced canopy; it is
also solid, drought-resistant and well
WASI – variety trials adapted to the weather conditions in the
Findings include the following: Central Highlands.
- Macadamia imported from China after - The macadamia from Thailand after
6 years have been growing well. All the more than 3 years of planting have
varieties can produce flowers and been growing well. There is currently
fruits. Percentage of flowering plant of no pest risk.
all the varieties is 100%; currently three
varieties have high rate of flowering 3.2 Nursery production options for
quality macadamia trees
Macadamia nurseries technical data 30 April 2010
Organization FSI WASI NERFSE Long Khan Vina-
Lang son Phuong Khina maca
Technical data (March 2008)* (Yen Thuy) (Ba vi) (Dak lak)
Area (Sqm) 500 250 2500 1000 2000 15000
No of Seedlings 2000 300 3700 5000 80,000 220,000
No of Grafted trees 1500 300 2000 400 15,000 3000
Graft success rate. 75% 70% 60% 60% 75% 80%
No of Varieties AU 7 5 3 11 6 4
No of Varieties CN 3 3 5 4 4
No of Varieties VN 3
No Varieties Thai 4
Cost of tree 20,000 30,000 25,000
Price of tree 40,000 42,000 35,000 50,000 35-40,000
*Note: NERFSE has stopped nursery production and purchases seed and trees from China most of
which are sold to farmers in central highlands.
Long Phuong Company is responsible for the propagation and its strong relationship with
establishment of the new demonstration Chinese researchers to obtain quality seed and
nursery at Yen Thuy. It now found joint scion wood for plantation requirements in
venture partners and established Vinamaca Vietnam particularly for the central highlands.
Co., which has set up much larger nurseries in
Daklak totalling approximately 250,000 3.3 A developmental strategy for a new
seedlings, and 3000 grafted trees this year to macadamia industry for Vietnam.
date. Ba vi nursery has also expanded
production significantly from 7000 seedlings The interim committee of the Macadamia
and 1000 grafted trees in 2008 with a success Association and the project team are
rate of 65% to 80,000 seedlings and 15,000 developing an industry strategy, guidelines and
grafted trees and success rate of 75% in 2010. priorities. Recommendations include:
Lang son has scaled back on nursery Form a Macadamia Association of
production because of nut set problems in the Vietnam to help implement the
region due to high humidity and moist following recommendations.
conditions during flowering. However the
Form a research and development
center is using its knowledge with macadamia
committee to facilitate and prioritise
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CARD 037/05 VIE – Development of Macadamia
research and help coordinate research another planned for Thai Binh in the north of
bodies and activities. the country.
Develop strategies to overcome cash It is too early to provide recommendations
flow issues for farmers. with regard to suitable macadamia varieties for
Develop a macadamia tree database. Vietnam. It takes 6 to 7 years before
Membership fee structure needs to be meaningful data is available and 15 to 20 years
set and other financial support needs before varieties can be fully assessed as to
to be identified to assist the industry. sustainable production of good quality kernel.
The association needs to represent all Certification of varieties cannot be made until
stakeholders of the industry, the research has run its course. It needs to be
government and private and both will noted that varieties are not certified anywhere
need to support this development. It else in the world. Certification of nurseries is
is envisaged that MARD will be the underway in South Africa and under
key supporting government agency. consideration in Australia. This is something
The association needs to develop that MARD and the Macadamia Association
guidelines for nursery accreditation need to consider very carefully. However, the
such as that of the South African varieties chosen for the 3 project trials are
model rather than the long-term considered by the project team to have shown
accreditation of varieties. promise at this stage. They include 842, 741,
Collaboration should be maintained 246, 814, 816, 849, 344, A4, A16 and A38
with Australia, China and Thailand. from Australian and QN 1, 695, 788 and O.C
from China.
An industry promotions strategy developed by
a committee needs to be designed. After 5 years of project implementation and
research activities of FSI and WASI, it has
4. Conclusions and recommendations become evident that there is high potential for
macadamia plantings in some regions,
4.1 Conclusions especially central highland areas and to some
extent in the north west of the country.
This projects principal aim was to assist the
start of a commercial macadamia industry in 4.2 Recommendations
Vietnam in order to improve the income flow
of the farmer and the rural sector. The general Continue research in the performance of
feeling is that it has been successful in macadamia varieties particularly in regards
achieving this aim. to quality and yield of kernel.
Vietnam now has a macadamia industry in its Continue research into the cost effective
early phase of development. There are over establishment and maintenance of
350,000 macadamia trees of suitable quality macadamia orchards.
and varieties, in the nurseries. Most of these
Continue education and training of
nurseries now have the capacity to expand
farmers, plantation managers, extension
their production of quality trees. There are a
staff and technicians.
range of macadamia trials in 12 provinces and
several hundred hectares of commercial Form a macadamia association of Vietnam
plantations being established by smaller and implement recommendations detailed
farmers and large commercial enterprises, with in the section 3.3 above.
preparations under way for hundreds more to
be established. Financial modelling undertaken REFERENCE
by the project indicates good returns for both
nurseries and plantations. In addition to all this CARD Project Milestone Reports 3, 6, 11, 12 & 13
the country now has a large commercial reports & attachments. http://www.card.com.vn
processing plant near Ho Chi Minh city and Macadamia :
- Macadamia and potential of planting in
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Hoang Hoe, Martin Novak & Kim Wilson
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