Ministry of education and scientific research

University of Kirkuk

College of engineering

Petroleum Engineering department

“Reservoir Laboratory”
Experiment No. 2

Soxhelet Extractor

Student name : Mustafa Essam

Supervisor : Mohammed Yasher
Introduction
A Soxhelet extractor is lab equipment invented in 1879 by a scientist
named (franz von Soxhelet ) it was first invented for the quantification
of fat in the milk then it has been frequently used for extraction liquid
A Soxhlet extractor has their main sections.
1- Percolator (boiler and reflux) which circulates the solvent.
2- Thimble (made of thick filter paper) which retains the solid to be
extracted.
3- Siphon mechanism which periodically empties the thimble.

The Aim Of Experiment

The main objective of this experiments is to clean the core play from
hydrocarbons and to calculate the porosity of the play.

Advantages
- It is able to extract solute from insoluble impurities .
- It’s mechanically gentle on the sample but still efficient in separation .
- It is often used as benchmark when developing new extraction method.
The equipment’s of the Soxhlet extractor
1- Pyrex flask .
2- Electrical heater.
3- Core holder .
4- Solvent .
5- Condenser.

The solvent of the experiment.

1- Toluene.
2- Benzene.
3- Methanol .

Procedure
1- First of all, rinse all the glass apparatus by petroleum ether and dry it
in the oven at 102°c and after removing it keep in the desiccator.
2- Weigh 5 gram of grounded and dried sample and place it in the
thimble.
3- Place the thimble in the soxhlet extractor.
4- Take a 150ml round bottom flask and clean it and fill the flask with
90 ml petroleum ether.
5- Place the whole setting on a heating mantle and allow the petroleum
ether to boil.
6- Continue the extraction process for several hours, almost 6 hours
7- Remove the condensing unit from extraction unit and allow the
sample to cool down. Finally, it removes all the lipid .
8- Collect almost all the solvent after distillation.
9- Place the sample in the oven and after removing it place in the
desiccator.
10- Take the weight of the sample. 11- As a result, we get a defat
sample.
Calculation
1- The volume of the water caught in the trail is. The direct measure of.
The volume of the water in the sample .
2- The weight of the core sample before and after extraction can be
caffeate by weight difference method .
3- The total of the fluid (water oil and gas ) extracted from. The sample.
Is the difference between the saturation weight and the dry weight .
4- The weight of gas in the sample is usually neglected as it will be
significant compared with the weight of liquid.

discussion:
1- What the advantages of soxhlet extraction?
The traditional extractions method acquires a large amount of solvent,
and it's time - consuming and inefficient. The advantage of soxhelt
extraction is that it can be extracted multiple times. compared With the
general soaking method, it has advantages of same Solvent dosage, high
efficiency and complete extraction.
2- Why is ethane a good solvent for extraction?
because ethanol, is polar solvent (unlike batane), it readily mixes with
water, breaking down water -soluble molecules like chlorophyll.
3. What is the type of extraction?
is the three most common types of extractions are liquid / liquid, solid
liquid, and acid / base.
Ministry of education and scientific research

University of Kirkuk

College of engineering

Petroleum Engineering department

“Reservoir Laboratory”
Experiment No. 3

Bulk volume measurement

Student name : Mustafa Essam

Supervisor : Mohammed Yasher
Theory
The bulk volume may be computed from measurement of the dimension
of a uniformly shaped sample. The usual procedure utilizes the
observation of the volume of fluid displace by the sample .The fluid
displaced by a sample can be observed either volumetrically (measure
volume) or gravimetrically (measure mass) .In either procedure it is
necessary to prevent the fluid into the pore space of the rock. The
porosity is the ration of pore spaces volumes to bulk volume of the rock
and it is determination requires the values of bulk volume pore volume
and grain volume.
Phi = vp/vb x 100% or phi = vb-vg/vb x 100%
Methods to determining the bulk volume
- Direct method
- Indirect method
1- Mercury pycnometer
2- Russell volumeter
3- Loss of weight
4- Mercury porosimeter

The aim of the experiment

Measuring bulk volume of core samples in order to use the measured
bulk volume in the determination of the porosity and original oil in
place.
Apparatus
1- Electronic balance
2- Core plug
3- Paraffin wax
4- Volumetric cylinder
5- Heater

Experiment equipment
- Direct method ( caliper and vernier )
Vernier: is an electrical instrument uses to measure the dimensions of
the regular shape samples
- Indirect method
These methods are used for samples which have regular and irregular
shapes
In the laboratory we use the method of coating the sample with paraffin
by loss of weight method

Procedure
1- Weight the dry sample in the air by sensitive balance record the
weight
2- Melt the paraffin by electrical heater
3- Put the sample in the melted paraffin until it is totally coated by
paraffin and wait until it becomes dry.
4- Weight the coated sample with paraffin by the sensitive balance and
recorded w
5- Calculate volume of paraffin from the following relationships
Rho= mass/ volume
Rho = 0.93 gm. / cc and mass of paraffin weight = w2-w1
6- Put the water in graduated cylinder and watch the increasing in water
level in cc
7- Put the sample in the graduated cylinder and watch the increasing in
water level sample 2 In cc
8- Volume of displaced water = coated sample with paraffin

Discussion: -
1. Classify porosity according to origin and connectivity?
Ans. According to origin , Primary Porosity (original) and Secondary
Porosity (induced) ,, According to Connectivity , Absolute porosity and
Effective porosity .
2. Why do you measure porosity?
Ans. Because of Porosity is one of the most important properties of
rocks , that is a storage capacity for holding fluids in pores .
3. Why is the porosity low ?
Ans. Because there was liquid inside the core sample from previous
experiments.
4. What liquid is preferred to be used in the experiment?
Ans. A liquid non reacting with sample and of known density is
preferred for use , like water .
5. To which kind of porosity measuring methods does the experiment
belong ?
Ans. Direct method .
 Ministry of education and scientific research

University of Kirkuk

College of engineering

Petroleum Engineering department

“Reservoir Laboratory”
Experiment No. 4

Bulk volume measurement

( Direct method )

Student name : Mustafa Essam

Supervisor : Mohammed Yasher
Introduction
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void (i.e. "empty")
spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids
over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage
between 0% and 100%. Strictly speaking, some tests measure
the "accessible void", the total amount of void space accessible
from the surface (cf. closed-cell foam).There are many ways to
test porosity in a substance or part, such as industrial CT
scanning.
The term porosity is used in multiple fields including
pharmaceutics, ceramics, metallurgy, materials, manufacturing,
petro physics, hydrology, earth sciences, soil mechanics and
engineering.
The equation for porosity is:
where
𝜑 = (𝑉𝑝 / 𝑉𝑏) × 100%
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑉𝑏 = 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
The porosity can be expressed either as a fraction or as a
percentage. Two out of the three terms are required to calculate
porosity. It should be noted that the porosity does not give any
information concerning pore sizes, their distribution, and their
degree of connectivity. Thus, rocks of the same porosity can
have widely different physical properties. An example of this
might be a carbonate rock and a sandstone. Each could have a
porosity of 0.2, but carbonate pores are often very unconnected
resulting in its permeability being much lower than that of the
sandstone.

Theory
There are many methods to calculate porosity. Boyle’s law
porosity meter as shown in consists of two sample chambers.
The first step is to calibrate the volumes of the sample chambers
by injecting inlet gas such as helium or nitrogen and recording
the pressure differences when the valve between the two
chambers is open and equalization occurs. The next step is to
place the core sample in one chamber at some pressure, p1 ,
which is isolated from the second chamber at p2. When the
valve is opened pressure equilibrium occurs at some final
pressure pf. The pore space of the sample is penetrated by the
gas, therefore the gas volume difference between the two test is
a measure of the grain volume. However, complete saturation is
seldom obtained and therefore porosity is commonly lower than
that determined from the boyle’s law method. ٨١Furthermore, if
the sample is water sensitive then oil should be used as the
saturating fluid. The procedure is slow, however numerous
samples can be run simultaneously.
Types of measuring porosity in oil filed :
There is two types for measuring porosity in oil filed
1- Direct methods: measurement from core flush by fluid or air.
2- Indirect methods: well logging tools (density, neutron, and
sonic)

Equipment and samples requirements :

1- Caliper
2- Vacuum pump
3- Brine
4- Core Saturator
5- Electric balance
6- Core sample
Procedure:
1- weight dry plug 𝑊𝑑𝑟𝑦 , measure it’s diameter D, and length
L, with caliper.
2- put the cores in the beaker inside vacuum container, run
vacuum pump about 1 hour.
3- saturate the cores with 36 g/l NACL brine, 𝜌 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
1.02g.cc
4- weight the saturated cores, 𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑡

Explain The Procedure:-

1-Measuring Bulk Volume :-
Although the bulk volume may be computed from
measurements of the dimensions of a uniformly shaped sample,
the usual procedure utilizes the observation of the volume of
fluid displaced by the sample. The fluid displaced by a sample
can be observed either volumetrically or gravimetrically .
In this experiment we find bulk volume by measuring its
diameter D, and length L for core sample by a device called
VERNIER and then use this equation
ʋ = ℼ/4 * D2 * L
2-Measuring Pore Volume :-
All the methods measuring pore volume yield effective porosity.
Weigh the dry weight for core sample (Wdry). Placing the
sample in a vacuum flask for a long time .
Water is then introduced into the flask gradually until the sample
is completely submerged.
The sample is then removed from the flask , shaken to remove
excess water and then weighted quickly.
The increase in the mass of the sample is equal to the mass of
water introduced into the sample , and the volume of the water is
equal to the connected pore volume .
Care must be taken to minimize water evaporation . weigh the
saturated weight for core sample (Wsat).
W=Wsat-Wdry VP=W/RO
3-Measuring Porosity :-
After we find bulk vol. and pore vol. we can find porosity by
using this equation .
Calculation :

Discussion :
How does the porosity calculate ?
Ans/ Porosity, usually given as a percent, is the amount of
empty space inside of a rock. ... There are two basic equations
used to calculate porosity. The first equation uses the total
volume and the volume of the void. Porosity = (Volume of
Voids / Total Volume) x 100%.
What is the total porosity ?
Asn/ The total porosity is the total void space and as such
includes isolated pores and the space occupied by clay-bound
water. It is the porosity measured by core analysis techniques
that involve disaggregating the sample.
Classify porosity according to origin and connectivity?
According to origin , Primary Porosity (original) and Secondary
Porosity (induced) ,, According to Connectivity , Absolute
porosity and Effective porosity .
Why do you measure porosity?
Because of Porosity is one of the most important properties of
rocks , that is a storage capacity for holding fluids in pores .
Why is the porosity low ?
Because there was liquid inside the core sample from previous
experiments.