NIT DURGAPUR

Department of Civil Engineering

Session: 2020 – 21

Semester: Even

CEC603: Environmental Engineering

Disclaimer: The study materials/presentations are solely meant for academic purposes and they
can be reused, reproduced, modified, and distributed by others for academic purposes only with
proper acknowledgements.

The study materials utilised in making the present presentation/text material are as follows:

1. Environmental Engineering (Vol. I & II) – by – Punmia, Jain & Jain [Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd,
New Delhi] (Henceforth mentioned as Ref1)

2. Environmental Engineering (Vol. I & II) – by – S. K. Garg [Khanna Publishers, Delhi] (Henceforth
mentioned as Ref2)

NPTEL Study Material:

Subject Name Discipline SME Name Institute Content Type

NOC:Water Civil Engineering Prof. Manoj IIT Kharagpur Video

Supply Kumar Tiwari
Engineering
NOC:Wastewater Civil Engineering Prof. Manoj IIT Kharagpur Video
Treatment and Kumar Tiwari
Recycling
Wastewater Civil Engineering Dr. M.M. IIT Kharagpur Web
management Ghangrekar

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Part - 13
Part – 13

Bacteriological tests

The tests for coliform group of bacteria are –

(a) 24 hr. agar plate count at 370C

(b) 48 hr. agar or gelatin plate count at 200C

The most probable number (MPN) of coliform organisms

The MPN in a sample of water is the density most likely to produce a particular (analytical) result.

100 𝑥 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

𝑀𝑃𝑁 =
√(𝑚𝑙. 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) 𝑥 (𝑚𝑙. 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
MPN are normally calculated more particularly for finished waters for which four or less of five 10-ml.
plantings are positive.

Prob. A test series is as follows:

10 ml. – 3/5; 1 ml. – 1/5; 0.1 ml. – 0/5 positive.

Find the MPN.

100 𝑥 (3+1+0=)𝟒
Soln. MPN =
√(10𝑥2+1𝑥4+0.1𝑥5=)𝟐𝟒.𝟓 𝑥 (10𝑥5+1𝑥5+0.1𝑥5 =)𝟓𝟓.𝟓

= 10.84 ≈ 11 coliform bacteria per 100ml.

Bacteriological standards

(i) Water entering the distribution system:

Coliform count in any sample of 100 ml. should be zero.

(ii) Water in the distribution system shall satisfy all the three criteria indicated below:
(a) E. Coli count in 100 ml. of any sample should be zero;
(b) Coliform organisms not more than 10 per 100 ml. shall be present in any sample;
(c) Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100 ml. of any two consecutive
samples or more than 5% of the samples collected for the year.
Physical & chemical standards

Cause for Cause for

Characteristics Acceptable Characteristics Acceptable
rejection rejection
Turbidity (units 2.5 10 Zinc (mg/l as 5.0 15.0
on JTU scale) Zn)
Colour (units on 5.0 25 Phenolic 0.001 0.002
platinum cobalt compounds
scale) (mg/l as
Phenol)
Taste & odour unobjection Unobjectiona Mineral oil 0.01 0.3
able ble (mg/l)
pH 7.0 – 8.5 6.5 – 9.2 Toxic materials
Total dissolved 500 1500 Arsenic (mg/l 0.05 0.05
solids (mg/l) as As)
Total hardness 200 600 Cadmium 0.01 0.01
(mg/l as CaCO3) (mg/l as Cd)
Chlorides (mg/l 200 1000 Chromium 0.05 0.05
as Cl) (mg/l as
hexavalent Cr)
Sulphates (mg/l 200 400 Cyanides (mg/l 0.05 0.05
as SO4) as CN)
Fluorides (mg/l 1.0 1.5 Lead (mg/l as 0.1 0.1
as F) Pb)
Nitrates (mg/l as 45 45 Selenium (mg/l 0.01 0.01
NO3) as Se)
Calcium (mg/l as 75 200 Mercury (mg/l 0.001 0.001
Ca) as Hg)
Magnesium < 30 if there 150 Polynuclear 0.2 μg/l 0.2 μg/l
(mg/l as Mg) are 250 aromatic
mg/l of hydrocarbons
sulphates. (PAH)
Mg content
can be
increased to
a max. of
125 mg/l
with the
reduction of
sulphates @
1 unit per
2.5 units of
sulphates.
Iron (mg/l as Fe) 0.1 1.0 Radioactivity
Manganese 0.05 0.5 Gross Alpha 3 pCi/l 3 pCi/l
(mg/l as Mn) activity
Copper (mg/l as 0.05 1.5 Gross Beta 30 pCi/l 30 pCi/l
Cu) activity
Treatment of water

Methods (unit operations & unit processes):

(a) Storage
(b) Chlorination (Pre)
(c) Aeration
(d) Flocculation – rapid mixing
(e) Flocculation – slow mixing
(f) Sedimentation
(g) Slow sand filtration
(h) Rapid sand filtration
(i) Chlorination (Post)
(j) Softening
(k) Demineralisation

Typical water treatment flowsheets

Fig (Source.researchgate.net) Typical ground water treatment flowsheets.

Fig (Source.processflowsheets.blogspot.com) Typical surface water treatment flowsheet – 1.

Fig (Source.slideserve.com) Typical surface water treatment flowsheet – 2.

Fig (Source.lenntech.com) Comprehensive water treatment flowsheet.