NIT DURGAPUR

Department of Civil Engineering

Session: 2020 – 21

Semester: Even

CEC603: Environmental Engineering

Disclaimer: The study materials/presentations are solely meant for academic purposes and they
can be reused, reproduced, modified, and distributed by others for academic purposes only with
proper acknowledgements.

The study materials utilised in making the present presentation/text material are as follows:

1. Environmental Engineering (Vol. I & II) – by – Punmia, Jain & Jain [Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd,
New Delhi] (Henceforth mentioned as Ref1)

2. Environmental Engineering (Vol. I & II) – by – S. K. Garg [Khanna Publishers, Delhi] (Henceforth
mentioned as Ref2)

NPTEL Study Material:

Subject Name Discipline SME Name Institute Content Type

NOC:Water Civil Engineering Prof. Manoj IIT Kharagpur Video

Supply Kumar Tiwari
Engineering
NOC:Wastewater Civil Engineering Prof. Manoj IIT Kharagpur Video
Treatment and Kumar Tiwari
Recycling
Wastewater Civil Engineering Dr. M.M. IIT Kharagpur Web
management Ghangrekar

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Part - 24
Part – 24

Equivalent pipe system

It gives the same discharge & loss of head in the complex system.

Equivalent pipes –

(i) Pipes in series – head loss is additive;

(ii) Pipes in parallel – same head loss for each pipe connected in parallel.

Prob. Given the pipe layout shown, determine the length of an equivalent pipe of 450mm dia.

Given extract from nomograph:

Q = 10 m3/min
Pipe Diameter, mm Head loss, m/1000m
600 0.9
350 13
300 30
450 4

Soln. From nomograph, for AB –

Q = 10 m3/min, D = 600 mm, L = 1200 m, head loss = 0.9 m/1000m;

Thus, hAB = (0.9/1000) x 1200 = 1.08 m.

For BC –

Q = 10 m3/min, D = 350 mm, L = 550 m, head loss = 13 m/1000m;

Thus, hBC = (13/1000) x 550 = 7.15 m.

For CD –

Q = 10 m3/min, D = 300 mm, L = 600 m, head loss = 30 m/1000m;

Thus, hBC = (30/1000) x 600 = 18 m.

Then, total head loss in the pipe system = 1.08 + 7.15 + 18 = 26.23 m.

Let us provide an equivalent pipe A’D’ of 450 mm dia.

From nomograph, for equivalent pipe A’D’ –

Q = 10 m3/min, D = 450 mm, head loss = 4 m/1000m;

Thus, length of the equivalent pipe = (26.23/4) x 1000 = 6557 m.

Prob.

A system of pipes as shown in the figure carries a total flow of 10m3/min. Find the total head loss in
the system between A & E. Take C = 100.

Given extracts from the nomograph:

Q = 2 m3/min
Pipe Diameter, mm Head loss, m/1000m
250 3.75
200 12.0
215 8.25

hL = 8 m/1000m
Pipe Diameter, mm Flow, m3/min
200 1.75
215 2.0

Q = 3.75 m3/min
Pipe Diameter, mm Head loss, m/1000m
350 2.2

Q = 10m3/min
Pipe Diameter, mm Head loss, m/1000m
350 12.0
400 7.0

Soln.

Assumed flow through BC & CD = 2m3/min.

Then, hBC = (3.75/1000) x 600 = 2.25m

 HCD = (12/1000) x 500 = 6m.

∴ Total head loss in BCD = 6 + 2.25 = 8.25m

Let us assume an equivalent pipe for BCD with a length of 1000m. Then head loss in the equivalent
pipe = 8.25 m/1000m.

For a flow of 2m3/min, from nomograph, for a head loss of 8.25m/1000m, diameter of pipe =
215mm.

Assumed head loss between B & D = 8m.

Head loss in BD = 8m/1000m, dia. = 200mm; then Q1 = 1.75 m3/min.

Head loss in BCD = 8m/1000m, dia. = 215mm; then Q2 = 2.0 m3/min.

∴ Total flow through the loop = 1.75 + 2 = 3.75 m3/min.

Assumed an equivalent pipe of dia. = 350mm for the loop BD & BCD.

∴ Head loss in the equivalent pipe = 2.2m/1000m

∴ Length of the equivalent pipe = (8/2.2) x 1000 = 3636m.

hAB = (7/1000) x 900 = 6.3 m

hBCD = (12/1000) x 3636 = 43.6 m

hDE = (12/1000) x 1200 = 14.4 m

∴ Head loss between A & E = 6.3 + 43.6 + 14.4 = 64.3 m.

[ For C other than 100:

(a) Multiply given value of Q or v by (100/C) to find s = h/L;

(b) Multiply determined values of Q or v by (C/100) for given s.]

Detection & prevention of waste

The objectives of detection & prevention of waste in water distribution system pipelines are –
 (i) Preservation of hygienic quality of water in the distribution mains, &
(ii) Providing conditions for adequate flow through pipelines.

Design information of water pumping system

The total lift or the total dynamic head (TDH) against which the pump is to operate is given by ---

TDH = H = HST + HL +HV

Where, HST => total static head (or, lift) i.e. the elevation difference between the pumping source &
the point of delivery;

HL = > total head loss (including losses through valves, bends & other fittings, through the
suction & delivery pipe);

HV => velocity head, (v2/2g) at the discharge head. It is sometimes neglected in computing
power requirements of pumps.

HL = Hf (i.e. friction loss)

= f.L.v2/(2gd), where, f = 4f’ , f’ = Darcy’s coefficient of friction;

Velocity of flow, v = Q/A = Q/(π x d2/4), where Q = > discharge , A = > area of flow i.e. pipe c/s area &
L => length of pipe.

Thus, Hf = 4 x f’ x L x [4Q/(π x d2)]2 x 1/[2gd]

= f’ x L x Q2 / (3.025 x d5)

= f x L x Q2 / (12.1 x d5).

Where, L = > length of pipe (m),

d => dia. of pipe (m),

f’ = > coeff. of friction (Darcy’s),

f = friction factor [ i.e. = 4f’],

Q => flow in pipe, m3/s.

If W kg is the weight of water lifted by H m. in 1 sec , then work done by the pump ---

= W x H kg-m/sec

= Q x w x H kg-m/sec, where Q => flow in m3/s & w = unit wt. of water, in kg/m3.

Then, water horse power (H.P.) = (Q x w x H) /75, where 1 metric HP = 75 kg-m/sec.

Then Brake Horse Power (B.H.P.) = (Q x w x H) / (75 x ղp), where ղ p = efficiency of pump.
If the pump is driven by electric motors, then electric horse power (E.H.P) is ---

E.H.P = B.H.P. / motor efficiency

= B. H. P. /(ղ e . ղ p)

= (Q x w x H) / (75 x ղ e x ղ p)

= (Q x w x H)/(75.ղ)

Where, ղ = overall efficiency =( ղ e . ղ p)

Since 1 metric H.P. = 736 W = 0.736 KW,

No. of KW = E.H.P. x 0.736

= 0.736 x [(Q x w x H)/(75.ղ) ]

= 9.81 x 10-3 x [(Q x w x H)/ղ ]

Taking w = 1000 kg/m3, KW = 9.81 x [(Q x H)/ղ ]

Problems on determination of capacity of pumps for lifting water

Prob. A city has a population of 150,000. Water is to be supplied @ 160 lpcd. If the static lift of the
pump is 40 m. , calculate the E.H.P. of the motor. The rising main (i.e. the pipe through which water is
sent from the source, through a pump, to a reservoir usually located at a higher R.L. than the source)
is 300m long & has a dia. = 50cm. Assume that motor efficiency = 85%, pump efficiency = 60%, f = 0.04
(almost a standard value) & peak hour demand = 1.5 times the average demand.

Soln.

Average demand = 150,000 x 160 / 1000 = 24000 m3/d = 0.278 m3/s.

Then peak hourly (i.e during the peak time or, simply the peak value) demand = 1.5 x 0.278 m 3/s

= 0.417 m3/s.

HST = 40m (given);

Hf = f x L x Q2 /(12.1 x d5)

= 0.04 x 300 x (0.417)2 / [12.1 x (0.5)5]

= 5.52m.

Velocity of flow = Q/[π x d2/4]

= 0.417 x 4 / [π x (0.5)2]

= 2.12 m/s.

Then HV = v2/2g
 = 2.122 / (2 x 9.81)

= 0.23m.

Then, H = HST + HL + HV

= 40 + 5.52 + 0.23

= 45.75m

Overall efficiency = 0.85 x 0.6 = 0.51.

Then E.H.P. = Q x w x H /(75 x ղ)

= 0.417 x 1000 x 45.75 / (75 x 0.51)

= 498.76 H.P.

Prob. Water is to be lifted from a tube well to an overhead tank. Find the E.H.P. of pumping units for
the following data:

Discharge from tube well = 60 lps;

R.L. of ground = 201.50m;

R.L. of water in tube well = 180.00m;

Depression head during pumping = 4m; [ this is sort of water level in the sump, that is to be
considered in calculating the total head

R.L. of bottom of the overhead tank = 220.50m; [ please draw a sketch of R.L. values for better
understanding of the level differences

Depth of water in tank = 3.50m;

Length of rising main = 100m;

Coeff. of friction = 0.04;

Combined efficiency of pump & motor = 70%;

Velocity of water in rising main = 2 m/s.

Soln.

Q = 60 lps = 0.06 m3/s.

If d is the dia. of the rising main, v = Q/(π x d2/4)

Or, d = √[(4 x Q)/(v x π)

= 0.195m ≈ 20cm.

Then, HST = (201.5 – 180) + (220.5 – 201.5 + 3.5) + 4 m

 = 21.5 + 22.5 + 4

= 48m.

Hf = f x L x Q2 /(12.1 x d5)

= 0.04 x 100 x (0.06)2 / [12.1 x (0.2)5]

= 3.72m.

HV = v2/2g = (2)2/(2 x 9.81)

= 0.20m.

Then, H = 48 + 3.72 + 0.20 = 51.92m.

Then EHP = Q x w x H / (75 x ղ)

= (0.06 x 1000 x 51.92) / (75 x 0.7)

= 59.34.

Thus, adopt 3 units @ 20 HP with an extra 20 HP unit as standby [This is a typical idea of field
provision. This may not be important from exam point of view.]