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Business and Accounting Studies: Grade 10
Business and Accounting Studies: Grade 10
Studies
Teachers' Guide
Grade 10
(To be implemeted from 2015)
Web:www.nie.lk
Email: info@nie.lk
Fo Pa
Business and Accounting
Studies
Teachers' Guide
Grade 10
(To be implemeted from 2015)
Fo Pa
Business and Accounting Studies
Grade 10
ISBN
Departmrnt of Commerce
Faculty of Science and Technology
National Institute of Education
Maharagama
Fo Pa
Message from the Director General ……………….
The first phase of the new competency based curriculum, with 8 years curriculum cycle was introduced to
secondary education in Sri Lanka in 2007 replacing the existed content based education system with basic
objective of developing the national level competencies recommended by the National Education
Commission.
The second phase of the curriculum cycle to be introduced to grades 6 and 10 starts from 2015. For this
purpose, National Institute of Education has introduced a rationalization process and developed rationalized
syllabi for these grades using research based outcomes and various suggestions made by different
stakeholders.
In the rationalization process, vertical integration has been used to systematically develop the competency
levels in all subjects from fundamentals to advanced levels using the bottom up approach. Horizontal
integration is used to minimize the overlapping in the subject content and to reduce the content over loading
in the subjects to produce more students friendly and implementable curricular.
A new format has been introduced to the teachers’ guide with the aim of providing the teachers with the
required guidance in the areas of lesson planning, teaching, carrying out activities and measurement and
evaluation. These guidelines will help the teachers to be more productive and effective in the classroom.
The new teachers’ guides provide freedom to the teachers in selecting quality inputs and additional activities
to develop the competencies of the students. The new teachers’ guides are not loaded with subject
content that is covered in the recommended textbooks. Therefore, it is essential for the teacher to use the
new teachers’ guides simultaneously with the relevant textbooks prepared by Education Publication
Department as reference guides to be more aware of the syllabi.
The basic objectives of the rationalized syllabi and the new format of teachers’ guide and newly developed
textbooks are to bring a shift from the teacher centered education system into a student centered and more
activity based education system in order to develop the competencies and skills of the school leavers and
to enable the system to produce suitable human resource to the world of work.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of Academic Affairs Board and Council of
National Institute of Education and all the resource persons who have immensely contributed in developing
these new teacher guides.
Director General
i
Message from the Deputy Director General
Education from the past has been constantly changing and forging forward. In
recent years, these changes have become quite rapid. Past two decades have
witnessed a high surge in teaching methodologies as well as in the use of techno-
logical tools and in the field of knowledge creation.
It is with immense pleasure that this Teachers' Guide where the new curriculum
has been planned based on a thorough study of the changes that have taken
place in the global context adopted in terms of local needs based on a student-
centered learning-teaching approach, is presented to you teachers who serve as
the pilots of the schools system.
There is no doubt whatsoever that this Teachers' Guide will provide substantial
support in the classroom teaching-learning process at the same time. Further-
more the teacher will have a better control of the classroom with a constructive
approach in selecting modern resource materials and following guide lines given
in this book.
I trust that through the careful study of this Teachers Guide provided to you,
you will act with commitment in the generation of a greatly creative set of stu-
dents capable of helping Sri Lanka move socially as well as economically for-
ward.
This Teachers' Guide is the outcome of the expertise and unflagging commit-
ment of a team of subject teachers and academics in the field Education.
While expressing my sincere appreciation of this task performed for the devel-
opment of the education system, my heartfelt thanks go to all of you who con-
tributed your knowledge and skills in making this document such a landmark in
the field.
M.F.S.P. Jayawardhana
Deputy Director General
Faculty of Science and Technology
Guidence and Approval ( Acedemic Affairs Board
National Institute of Education
( P.H.Kusumawathie
Senior Lecturer
Department of Commerce
National Institute of Education'
External
Sirima Nanayakkra,
ISA,Zonal Education Office, Elpitiya
C.L.M.Navas,
ISA,Zonal Education Office, Ibbagamuwa.
M.H.M.Buhary,ISA(retired)
Fo Pa iv
Instruction for the Use of the Teachers' Guide
This Teachers’ Guide has been prepared for Grade 10 based on the syllabus for Business
and Accounting Studies proposed to be implemented for G.C.E. ( O/L) from 2015.
Model activities have been included here as guidance in the planning of teachers’ learning-
teaching process so as ensure the development of the students’ competencies.
This teachers’ Guide has been prepared in keeping with the order in which the learning-
teaching process should be implemented in the classroom. Learning outcomes have been
presented for every competency level in the syllabus. It is expected that teacher will
implemented a student-centered learning-teaching procedure to ensure that all the students
achieve these learning outcomes and the relevant competencies. For this purpose the
learning-teaching process has been presented under each competency level in order to
provide you with guidance. It is by no means compulsory that you conform to these
instructions in that very form itself, you, as a creative individuals, have complete freedom
to conform to any other student-centered learning-teaching procedure you consider for
students.
Similarly, included in this teachers’ guide are the basic terms and concepts related to the
subject area under each competency level. They will serve as guidance to the subject
matter you should elicit through the activities in the classroom as well as for the notes you
give the students.
P.H.Kusumawathie
Senior Lecturer
Department of Commerce
National Institute of Education
Fo Pa v
Content
Page
i
Message from the Director General
ii
Message from the Deputy Director General
iii
Introduction
iv
Curriculum Committee
Syllabus vi- xx
Fo Pa
Business and Accounting
Studies
Syllabus
Grade 10
(To be implemeted from 2015)
Fo Pa
1.0 Introduction
This syllabus is to be implemented in 2015. Through this syllabus it is expected to provide theoretical
and practical knowledge to the student that would give him guidance in his future livelihood, through the
provision of business knowledge, recording of transactions, evaluation of business results, information
technology, development of desire for saving and investment and business management. Similarly, it is
expected that the initial foundation will be laid for the creation of entrepreneurs as well as other profes-
sionals by teaching this subject. Through this, it is also expected to build the human resources necessary
for the economic and social development of the country.
Similarly, through the pedagogical approach, it is expected to build in the students an integrated person-
ality with focus on student centered, competency based activities. Further, it is expected that this
syllabus will serve in the creation of a citizen who posses no burden to society, acts with social respon-
sibility, has the capability of conforming to the conditions of the changing world and enjoys to the end of
one's life the results of the combinations produced by changing the subject content.
Fo Pa
vi
3.0 Basic Competencies
The following competencies promoted through education will help to achieve the above mentioned National
Goals.
Fo Pa vii
(iv.) Competencies related to Preparation for the world of work
Employment related skills to maximize their potential and to enhance
their capacity to contribute to economic development; to discover
their vocational interests and aptitudes; to choose a job that suits their
abilities and; to engage in a rewarding and sustainable livelihood
Fo Pa viii
4.0 Aims of the subject
Fo Pa
ix
7.0 Competency, Competency Level, Contents, Learning outcomes and No. of Periods Grade 10
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Competency Competency Levels Contents Learning outcomes Periods
2.0 Takes 2.1 Constructs the basic
action to sys- foundation to ensure the • Factors of the Business Environment
tematize effectiveness of the rules • • Lists the External and internal factors of the 10
Government influence.
business ac- and regulations of the • Government rules and regulations. business environment.
tivitiesincon- state on business. • Gives a simple explanation of the influence 04
formity with of the government on business.
the Business • Presents government rules and regulations
environment. over businesses.
• Explains how business activities become
efficient through the influence of the •
government and rules and regulations. •
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Competency Competency Levels Contents Learning outcomes Periods
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Competency Competency Levels Contents Learning outcomes Periods
•
xiv
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Competency Competency Levels Contents Learning outcomes Periods
in equity
• Introduction of additional capital
• Drawings
• Income
• Expenses
•
•
xv
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Competency Competency Levels Contents Learning outcomes Periods
• Source documents 04
5.2 Records business • Explains the source documents related to
• Recording of transactions
transactions in the bank transactions.
• Cash deposits
bank account. • Records cash deposits, cheque deposits and
• Cheque deposits
issue of cheques.
• Issue of cheques
• Shows causes for the dishonour of cheques
• Dishonoured cheques and related accounting entries.
• Bank overdraft • Computes the bank balance.
• Explains bank overdraft.
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Competency Competency Levels Contents Learning outcomes Periods
5.3 Prepares the bank • Bank statement • Describes the reasons for the difference in
• The balance in the bank account the balances in bank account and bank 05
reconcilition
statement. and the bank statement may statement.
differ. • Adjusts balance in bank account.
• Causes for the difference in bank • Prepares bank reconciliation statement
balances. based on the adjusted favourable balance
• Issued but cheques not in bank account.
presented to the bank.
• Deposited but unrealised
cheques. •
•
xvii
• Bank charges
• Payments made by the bank
according to standing order
• Direct deposits
• Adjusts the balance in the bank
account.
• Prepares the bank reconciliation
statement based on adjusted
favourable balance of the bank
account.
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Competency Competency Levels Contents Learning outcomes Periods
5.5 Uses petty cash book to • Importance of the petty cash book. • Shows petty cash transactions.
record petty cash trans- • Petty cash transactions • Names source documents for petty cash
actions. • Source documents 03
transactions.
• Petty cash imprest system • Explains the petty cash imprest
• Petty cash book with analysis • Records transactions in the petty cash book
columns. with analysis columns and computes the
• Records transactions. closing balance.
• Receiving petty cash imprest from
• Shows the reimbursement of petty cash.
the main cashier. • Posts transactions to the ledger from the
• Recording petty cash payments. •
petty cash book •
• Compute balance in petty cash
xviii
book.
• Reimbursment of petty cash
imprest.
• Post into the ledger.
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Competency Competency Levels Contents Learning outcomes Periods
• Explains the importance of sales journal
5.7 Prepares sales journal. • Sales journal • Names the source documents for the sales 03
• Source document journal.
• Recording • Records transactions in the sales journal.
• Transfers to the ledger • Posts transactions to the ledger.
5.8 Maintains the general • Explains the importance of the general journal. 03
• General journal
journal. • Names the source documens related to the
• Source documents general journal.
• Types of entries • Names the transactions recorded in the •
• Adjusting entries general journal. •
xix
5.9 Balances ledger accounts • Transfers transactions from the prime • Transfers the transactions recorded in the 03
entry books to the ledger. prime entry books to the ledger.
and prepares trial bal-
• Balance ledger accounts • Balances the ledger accounts.
ance.
• Prepares trial balance • Prepares the trial balance.
5.10 Rectifies errors that • Errors that may occur when recording
occur in recording trans- transactions. • Lists out the errors which may occur when
actions in prime entry • Errors which do not affect recording the transactions in prime entry 06
books and posting to led- agreement with the trial balance books.
ger accounts and rectification of such errors. • Lists out the errors which may occur when
• Errors which affect the agreement posting the transctions in the ledger.
of the trial balance and rectification • Identifies and corrects the errors that do not
of such errors through suspense influence agreement of the trial balance.
account. • Identifies suspense accounts.
• Rectifies errors through the suspense
account
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Competency Competency Levels Contents Learning outcomes Periods
5.11 Use technology for • Transactions using electronic • Explains the advantages of the mobile 02
speedy conduct of cash equipment. phone for cash transactions.
transactions and to • Business transactions based on mobile • Provides examples of the use of the mobile
elicit responses. phones. phones for business transactions.
• Business transactions based on • Shows the advantages of the usage of
computers. electronic equipment on business
• Advantages of transactions using transactions .
electronic equipment. •
• Quick cash transactions •
xx
• Payments of bills
• Short message service
• Immediate responses-necessary
equipments close to client.
90
B.S.Sy.EN.(FIN)
Guidance to the Learning-teaching process
1
Competency 1 : Enters the Business World with awareness.
No. of Periods : 05
Business
Institutions or organizations involved in the production or distribution of goods and services are
called businesses. Businesses are especially involved in activities related to the production or
distribution of goods and services necessary for man. The main aim of a business is making a
'profit'. Yet there are certain businesses that are carried out without the aim of profit making.
Expecially, businessess in the State sector are at times run more with the objective of providing
services than making profits. Businesses of the present times are very much broader than the
business of the past. While business transactions can be conducted through the electronic
medium, there is also the facility of carrying out transactions from any point in the world.
Needs
Things that man should necessarily satisfy in order to exist, are human needs.
eg.: Food, clothings, shelter, health and education .................... etc.
Wants
Various forms of meeting needs is wants.
eg.
Food : Rice, gram, bread, buns, green-gram, tea
Clothing : Sarees, trousers, dresses.
Education : Teacher service, State schools, Examinations, Libraries.
2
It is necessary to generate various poducts and services arising from needs. The task of
production is implemented by businesses. This production of business goods can be classified
as production businesses and services business.
Eg.
Tyre production
Bakery production
Fabric production
• Salons • Tailorshops
Factors of productions
Direct the students to study the picture below, instruct them to answer the questions asked.
3
4
Questions
Quality Inputs
1. Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 - Lesson One - Basis of Business.
1. Explains Business Concept so as to include the terms, aims of businesses and economic
activities.
2. States the difference between needs and wants, based on examples.
3. Provision of five examples of goods producing businesses and service businesses.
4. Divides resources like land, machinery, buildings, money, owners, workers, air, light, neces-
sary to carry out the business, separately under factors of production .
5. Collects information relevant to the aim, based on the picture.
6. Acquires the ability to make presentations.
5
Competency 1 : Enters the Business World with awareness.
Competency Level 1.2 : Lays the basic foundation for the satisfaction of the aims of
parties that have an interest in Business.
No. of Periods : 04
Different parties that evince an interest in business activities are called parties that have an
interest in the Business.
• Owner/Owners
• Managers
• Workers
• Lending organizations/Individuals
• Consumers
• Banks and Financial organizations
• The state
• Community / People
• Stake holders in the business
It is with the expectation of satisfying the aims of each party, that these parties show an interest
in businesses.
Parties Aims
1. Owner • Inquiring whether an adequate profit has been made, and
• Whether prestige has been acquired.
Write separately on cards or strips of white paper, those parties that have an interest in the
business their aims and
separately, an adequate number to match the number of students in the class.
7
• You can implement the game above appropriately so as to match parties that have an interest
in the business and their "aims".
• Prepare an exercise where students have to complete a table by matching parties that have an
interest in the business and their Aims by drawing lines or filling in blanks.
• Name a school/hospital/co-operative/business organization and direct the students to list out
the parties that have an interest in the organisation and the relevant aims.
Quality inputs:
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 lesson one, Basis of Business.
8
Competency 2 : Adopts to changes in the Business Environment and
implements business activities.
No. of Periods : 02
9
Restrictions on taking action according to one's descretion are placed upon properioters/owners
as a result of State influence and rules and regulations. On the other hand the opportunity is
provided for the improvement of one's business as a result of the provision of various facilities by
the State.
eg. : The provision of facilities like roadways and electricity makes it possible to make busi-
nesses effective and efficient.
The Act on the Consumer Protection Authority has been introduced in order to ensure the safety
of consumers. eg." If a businessman fraudulently misleads a consumer, Court action is taken
under this Act.
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 - Lesson two - Business
Environment.
10
Competency 2 : Adopts to changes in the Business Environment and
implements business activities.
Competency Level 2.2 : Takes action based on the influence of the technological and
economic environment to make business activities efficient.
No. of Periods : 02
The environment comprising the technological implements that influence the implementation of
Business activities like modern technological tools, machinery, modern methodologies, new
inventions etc. is called the Technological Environment.
11
Technological Environment
• Invention of modern machinery and • Possibility of greater production.
their use. • Made of high quality products.
• Development of the field of transport • Possibility of pursuing maximum profits
• Development of communication • Time saving
technology • Security of quality
• Use of production methods • Possibility of speedy access.
• Attract consumers.
• Increase in trade
Similar beneficial influences as well as
adverse influences are possible.
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 Lesson two - Business
Environment.
No. of Periods : 02
Removal of restrictions and obstacles that exist between the various countries of the world and
functioning as a single village. As such the world is considered a universal village. The world
functions as a universal village on account of the progress in communication and transport tech-
nology.
Influence to Globalization
There have been favourable as well as adverse influences in the implementation of business activities
as a consequence of changes in Information and Communication technology.
13
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 - Lesson two -
Business Environment
14
Competency 3 : Inquires about types of business organizations and basic
information regarding them and prepares facilities for the
selection of businesses suited for one.
Competency Level 3.1 : Inquires about types of business organizations and derives the
basic ability to select suitable businesses.
No. of Periods : 04
Sole trader:
Business where the ownership is of a single individual is called a sole trader.
Special features of a Advantages Disadvantages
sole trader
1. Investment of capital by 1. Ability to commence 1. There is unlimited responsibility.
owner. easily.
2. Applicable rules and 2. Self control. 2. There exists the difficulty of
regulations, minimal. finding capital.
3. Enjoy profits on one's own.3. All profits acruing to 3. Absence of going concern.
the owner.
4. Responsibility of owner, 4. Maintenance of 4. Absence of legal individuality
limitless. confidentiality of of business.
business information.
5. Absence of legal 5. Commitment 5. Personal decisions taken by
individuality. owner failing at times.
6. Absence of criteria for 6. Administrative decisions
establishment. taken personally.
7. Absence of going concern. 7. Exploys one's skills
to the maximum.
8. Registration not being
compulsory.
9. Ability to take independant
decisions.
15
Partnership :
The relationship that exists between those who conduct a business in common with the aim of
making a profit is partnerships (common businesses conducted between two or more individuals
with the aim of earning profits are joint businesses).
Partnership agreement :
A partnership agreement or deed is a document prepared in accordance with the agreement
among the relevant partners/parties.
Incorporated company:
A Incorporated is an organizations set up under the Companies Act. No. 07 of 2007
with a continuous existence, separate from the owners who invest capital in the business.
16
Co-operative Societies:
A private sector business organization carried out for the wellbeing of the members and
registered under the co-operatives Act.
17
Special features of Advantages Disadvantages
State Cooperation
1. Ownership and control is 1. More suitable for the 1. Most probably these are
possessed by the State. provision of essential being carried out under
services. severe loss.
2. With the purpose of 2. The basic purpose is 2. There are administrative
providing common social wellbeing. problems due to
services. inefficient control.
3. Liability also lies with 3. Political interferences
the State. being greater.
4. Gaining legality. 4. Difficult to establish.
5. Registration is essential.
6. Continuous existence.
Departments:
Departments are institutions which are completely under State control, established under a
specific Parliamentary Act.
i.e.1. Department of Examinations
2. Department of Agriculture.
3. Department of Education.
4. Department of Posts.
5. Department of Railway Services.
18
Instructions for activity planning
Assign the students to learn the lesson about the various business organizations in the class
text.
• Sole trader businesses.
• Partnership businesses.
• Private limited companies.
• Co-operative societies.
• State corporations and departments.
Work Sheet
...................................... Business
• After assuring the accuracy of the details presented by the students instruct them to build up
appropriate notes for this lesson.
• Complete the following table.
1. Owner
2. Control
3. Existence
4. Liability
5. Legality
6. Registration
7. Capitalising
8. Advantages
1.
2.
9. Disadvantages
1.
2.
19
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 - Lesson Three - Business
Organisations.
• Gives the differences between a retail outlet in your area and a corperative society.
• Names the significant features of sole trade business, partnership business and Incorporated
company.
• Lists out the significant sectors of co-operative societies.
• Lists out the significant features of state coperations and departments.
• Compares the significant features in each type of business.
• Provides relevant information through the work sheet.
20
Competency 3 : Inquires about types of business organizations and basic
information regarding them and prepares facilities for the
selection of businesses suited for one.
No. of Periods : 02
• The business organization to be opened may be small scale or large scale according to the
nature of the business, the desire of the business man and quantity of resources that could be
collected by the owners. A person who has the intention of opening a sole proprietorship
business, does not need a large quantity of resources. Even though a business is opened
small scale, it can be gradually promoted to a large scale business.
The management of the business can be handled by the owner himself or by several persons.
Accordingly one can decide by himself the business which one is to be chosen.
(Choosing a state sector businesses is not negotiated hereby).
21
• Name of the business.
• The place where business is located.
• Aim of opening the business.
• The initial capacity and the current capacity of the business.
• The way in which the business was controlled at the beginning and the way in which it is
controlled at the moment.
• Provide a work sheet similiar to the following to the students after the discussion and derive
the following facts.
Work sheet
• There is a chance for you to open a business.
1. Name the business to be opened by you.
2. Name the aim of your business.
3. State whether it is a small scale or a large scale business, with fair reasons.
4. Explain how your business is expected to be controlled.
5. Make a clarification adjusting the facts recalled from the work sheet with the expected
subject matter.
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 - Lesson Three - Business
Organisations.
22
Competency 3 : Inquires about types of business organizations and basic
information regarding them and prepares facilities for the
selection of businesses suited for one.
Competency Level 3.3 : Follows the steps in the registration of a sole proprietorship
business.
No. of Periods : 02
Uses of Registration
• Getting approval for the business.
• Getting legal acceptance for the business.
• Easy to obtain a bank loan when necessary.
23
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 - Lesson Three - Business
Organisations.
24
Competency 4 : Records transactions of a business.
No. of Periods : 10
Accounting
• Accounting is recording the transactions of a business measurable in terms of money in
account books, their classification, preparation of financial reports and the provision of
information to parties who need them.
Aim of Accounting
• The main aim of Accounting is the preparation of useful information for parties displaying a
liking for business to take decisions.
Necessity of Accounting
1. Maintenance of the limited resources of a business subject to control.
2. By noting down the transactions of business, oversights and delays can be minimized.
3. Measurement of profit-loss situation and financial/situation of the business.
4. Implementation of legal requirements like payment of income tax.
5. Planning and maintenance of future business activities.
Business Transactions
• Basically business transactions take place for cash or on credit.
• In cash transactions, either cash is received or paid when the transaction occurs.
eg.• Purchase of a consignment of goods for Rs. 15,000 to be resold.
This is a cash transaction.
• Purchase of a stock of goods for Rs. 50,000 from Asiri Traders with the promise of
repaying after one month. This is a credit transaction.
• In business assets, liabilities, income, expenses and equity arise as a result of the transactions
taking place in a business.
25
Assets
Resources that result from the transactions of a business, gain economic profits to the busi-
ness and are managed by the business, are assets.
eg.The buildings, motor vehicles, stocks of goods, cash etc.
Liabilities
Debts payable by the business to external parties are liabilities.
eg. A loan of Rs. 50000 taken by A for his business.
Equity
Equity is the amount of a business owned out of its assets by the owner. Equity is derived by
subtracting the total liabilities from the total assets of the business.
eg. "A" starts a business investing Rs. 100,000. Here the equity of 'A' or his capital is
Rs. 100,000.
Income
Earnings from the operational activities of the business is Income.
eg.In A's business.
Cash down sales Rs. 70,000
Credit sales Rs. 50,000
Expenses
Resources that contribute to earning income in the operational activities of the business are
called expenses.
eg.Exployee salaries Rs. 4,000
Insurance costs Rs. 1,000
Transport expenses Rs. ,500
eg. 02. • Purchase on credit, goods for cash Rs. 50,000 from Chathusi Traders on 2013.3.2
for resale.
• The stock of goods purchased for same are the 'Assets' of the business.
• The sum of Rs. 50,000 payable to Chathusi Traders are Liabilities.
26
Accounting Equation
There is a dual affect on the transactions measurable in terms of money, taking place in a
business. An equation can be built to record this dual affect. This is the Accounting Equation.
• The Accounting Equation when the owner and external parties have provided resources.
27
The Accounting Equation when introducing additional capital.
• Assets (cash) increases
• Equity (capital) increases.
eg. Information on the business set up by Sapumal Bandara.
2013.3.1 investing Rs. 200,000 and setting up the business.
2013.3.5 investing the lottery prize money of Rs. 40,000 on the business.
28
eg. As of 2013.03.08 the total assets of the business is Rs. 235000, total equity of the
business is Rs.235,000. Given below are a few transactions that took place in that business.
On 2013.3.10 sales Rs. 15,000.
2013.3.12 credit sales Rs. 20,000. 2013.03.14 interest Rs. 4,000
When the effect of the transactions above is shown through the Accounting Equation.
As of 2013.3.14 the assets of Rs. 274,000 and the equity Rs. 274,000.
29
2013.4..20 Income from commision Rs 2,500
2013.4..25 Payment of Bank Instalement Rs 20,000
2013.4..25 Withdrawals Rs 5,000
2013.4..25 Furniture Rs 12,000
2013.4..26 Rs 150,000 worth Motor Bicycle invested as extra capital
30
Instructions for activity planning :
Discuss about the Assets, Liabilities, Income, Expenses and Equity in terms of the transaction that
occured in the Canteen,Cooperative,or Grocery in your school.
Using the text book develop transactions relevant to each component above.
Using the text book provide guidance to students on the application of these transactions as an
accounting equation.
Discuss a number of ways in which transactions that occur in business of this type and involve the
students in exercises.
For this competency level, employ a number of lessons so as to disclose the relevant subject matter
and the learning outcomes that should developed in the students from introduction to accounting to
the entry of transactions in the accounting equation.
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 related lessons.
31
Competency 4 : Records the transactions in a business.
Competency Level 4.2 : Records the dual affect of a transaction in accordance with the
double entry systems.
No. of Periods : 08
The dual affect of a transaction. There's a dual affect in any transaction. It can be presented
as follows.
32
The Double Entry System :
The way of recording the dual affect of a transaction as 'debit' and 'credit' in two ledger
accounts at the same time is known as the "Double Entry System".
The recording is carried out under 5 basic principles known as basic double entry principles.
These double entry principles are as follows.
• The ledger
The ledger is the book where various ledger accounts are maintained.
33
The format of an Account
............................... Account
Debit Credit
N.B. Purchase of stocks is entered in the purchases account and not in the stocks account,
until it is sold, even though the stock assets increase.
34
Posting Transactions to Ledger Accounts
Dr Cash Account Cr
Rs. Rs.
1. Capital Acc 50 000 2. Purchases acc 12 000
3. Bank Loan 60 000 5. Wages acc 3 000
4. Sales acc 50 000 4. Drawings acc 1 000
8. Bank loan acc 10 000
balance c/d 134 000
160 000 160 000
Capital Account
Purchases Account
2. Cash 12 000
10.Creditors 45 000
b/b/F 50 000
Sales Account
b/b/F 70 000
35
Motor Vehicle Account
Dr Cr
Drawings Account
7. Cash acc: 1 000
Debtors Account
9. Sales acc: 20 000
Creditors Account
10 Purchases Acc. 45 000
After the transactions of the accounting period have been recorded in accounts following
double entry principles, make the students get used to balancing each account and carrying the
balance foreward.
Assign several exercises of this type to the students and check their accuracy.
36
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 related lessons.
Cash Account
Dr Cr
Debtors' Account
9. Sales 50 000 10.Cash 4 000
Purchases Account
3. Cash 20 000
11.Creditors 15 000
Creditors Account
11.Purchases 15 000
Sales Account
4. Cash 40 000
9. Debtors 50 000
1. Listing out the transactions that took place in the business, in order.
2. Writing down 5 business transactions along with the amount, posting them to the ledger ac-
counts in the double entry systems and balancing the accounts.
3. Studying an event created on assumed data and
1. Stating the dual effect of each.
2. Stating the relevant doubt entry.
3. Preparing the ledger accounts.
4. Write down the doubt entry related to each transaction mentioned in the following table.
37
5. Writing the dual effect of each transaction mentioned in that table.
1. Credit sales
2. Credit purchases
3. Bank Loan
6. Cash drawings
7. Paying rent
8. Received commission
10.Purchase of Equipment
38
Competency 5 : Records the transactions in prime entry books and posts them
to the ledger. .
No. of Periods : 03
While a source document is born with respect to every transaction, there is the prime entry
book to record them. This can be presented as follows.
39
Information included in a source document.
• Date of transaction
• Names and addresses of parties to the transaction
• Details of transaction
• Total value
• Signature and stamp etc.
Receipt is used to record cash receipts and vouchers are used to record cash payments.
40
Format of cash book
Debit Cash book Credit
Date Rec. Details L/F Cash Date Vou. Details L/F Cash
No. (Rs.) No.
Example
The following transactions are related to Sumana's business for period of two weeks.
1. Required to
1. Provide double entries of transactions.
2. Record transactions in cash book
3. Record them into the ledger
4. Balancing of cash book and other ledger accounts.
Cash Book
Date R/N Details L/F Cash Date V/N Details L/F Cash
1/1 01 Capital a/c 50,000 1/3 01 Purchase 30,000
1/2 10 Bank loan 50,000 1/6 02 Furniture 10,000
1/4 22 Sales a/c 60,000 1/7 03 Salary 2,500
1/8 07 Other Income 12,000 1/9 04 Drawings 1,000
1/10 25 Sales ac 50,000 1/15 05 Purchases 25,000
Bal. c/d 153,500
222,000 222,000
41
(1) Cash Account Debit 50,000
Capital Account Credit 50,000
42
Capital Account
Dr Cr
50,000 50,000
Purchase Account
55,000 55,000
Furniture Account
10,000 10,000
Salary Account
2,500 2,500
43
Other Income Account
Dr Cr
12,000 12,000
Drawings Account
1,000 1,000
Sales Account
110,000 110,000
Exercise
01. Following transactionns are related to Jerman Business for the month of December 2012.
Rs.
01/12/2012 Cash balance 150,000
05/12/2012 Purchase of goods 50,000
05/12/2012 Cash sales 75,000
07/12/2012 Credit sales 100,000
10/12/2012 Credit purchase 30,000
12/12/2012 Credit sales 45,000
15/12/2012 Cash sales 50,000
20/12/2012 Cash purchase 40,000
25/12/2012 Bank loan obtained 25,000
26/12/2012 Cash recipts from Debtors 25,000
Cash payments to Creditors 30,000
44
Required
1. Record them in ledger accounts
2. Balance the accounts
3. Name transactions which are not recorded in the cash book.
• The following transactions are related to two businesses for the first two weeks of
January 2013.
• Divide the students into two groups giving them each of the businesses.
• Give transactions for each of the groups.
• Ask them to analyse cash receipts and payments
• Instruct them to write double entry for each of their transactions
• Ask them to prepare prime entry books and post them to ledger accounts
• Give a similar activity to the students to develop their subject matter and learning process
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 related lesson
45
Competency 5 : Records Transactions in prime entry books and
posts them to ledger accounts.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this activity the student should be able to achieve the following learning
outcomes.
• Name source documents for bank transactions.
• Record cash deposits cheque deposits and cheque payments in a bank account.
• Record dishonoured cheques giving reasons for same.
• Calculate the bank balance.
• Explains the bank ovedraft.
46
• Issue 3 cheques for 3 types of transactions
• Dishonouring of deposited cheque
• Dishonouring of issued cheque
• Instruct students to record bank transactions in bank account and ledger accounts.
• Lead them to balance the bank account.
• Explain how bank overdraft exists.
• Instruct students to practice the following.
1. The following transactions are related to Soorya's business for the month of March 2013.
Rs.
1/3 Bank balance 110,0000
2/.3 Cash sales 50,000
3/3 Deposits 30,000
Paymemt of electricity bill 5, 000
6/3 Paid to Kalum through a cheque. 4,000
7/3 Received Cheque from Sameera 15,000
10/3 Insurance paid by cheque 4,000
12/3 Withdrawal of Money from bank 10,000
15/3 Salary paid in cash 8,000
16/3 Deposit cheque received on 7/3
16/3 Deposit Kamani's, cheque (10,000) on the same day.
17/3 A cheque issued to Kalum was dishonoured
20/3 Rs. 50,000 deposited in the bank
25/3 A cheque which was diposited was dishonoured
47
• Provide a few exercises of this nature to students and direct them to solve same.
• Provide students an exercise where they obtain a bank overdraft.
Bank Account
Date Receipt Details L/F Amount Date Vou. Details L/F Amount
No Rs. No. Rs.
1/1 x x 2/1 x x
10/1 x x 6/1 x x
25/1 x x 14/1 x x
29/1 x x 17/1 x x
29/1 x x 18/1 x x
20/1 x x
22/1 x x
23/1 x x
25/1 x x
31/1 x x
xx
Quality Inputs
• 1. Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 Lesson.
48
Competency 5 : Records Transactions in prime entry books and
posts them to the ledger accounts.
Periods : 05
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this activity the student should be able to achieve the following learning
outcomes.
• Explains Bank statement.
• Gives reasons for the differences between Bank Statement balance and bank balance.
• Rectify bank balance.
• Preparation of bank Reconciliation Statement with a favourable balance.
Expect presentation of bank reconcilation statement with favourable balance at this level.
49
• Give the following exercise to the students.
Bank Account
Bank Statement
• Elicit students' ideas about two balances of bank statement and bank account as
of 30/05/2013.
• Instruct them to list reasons for the difference.
• Ask the students to select items which will be recorded in the rectified bank account.
• Guide them to prepare a bank reconciliation statement as of 30/05/2013 rectified bank
account balance.
• Preparation of bank reconciliation statement.
Explain logicaly why we add unpresented cheques and deduct unrealized cheques to
the rectified bank account balance.
• Direct them to prepare a few exercises.
50
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 Lesson.
51
Competency 5 : Record Transactions in prime entry books and
posts them to ledger accounts.
Periods : 03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this activity the student should be able to achieve the following learning
outcomes.
• Explain cash discounts
• Name source documents for discounts
• Record transactions in cash book to ledger accounts
• Post transactions in cash book to ledger accounts
• Cash discount
• Discount allowed, Discount received
• Name source documents in cash book with discount columns
• Post transactions in cash book from discount column to the ledger
• Discount allowed account
• Discount received account
• Other ledger account
• Double entries for discount columns
• Discount allowed - Discount allowed account - Debit
Debitor's account - Credit.
(Total of discount column in debit side of cash acccount)
• Discount received - Creditor account - Debit
- Discount received account - Credit
(Total of discounts column in credit side of cash book)
52
5/4 Cash purchase 40,000
Credit purchase - Asha 30,000
- Nisha 5,000
10/4 Salary paid 1,000
Electricity Paid 2,000
Payment of insurance 1,500
Entertainment expenses 500
15/4 Paid to Asha 9,400 Discount 600
16/4 Paid to Nisha 4,800 Discount 200
17/4 Receipts from debitors
Kamal 9,500 Discount 200
Kumara 19,500 Discount 500
25/4 Purcchase of equipment 10,000
Guide students to record above transactions in cash book with discounts column.
53
Kamal's Account
Dr Cr
4/4 Sales 15,000 17/4 Cash 9,800
Discounts allowed 200
30/4 Balance c/d 5000
15,000 15,000
Asha's Account
30,000 30,000
1/5 Balance 20,000
Kumara's Account
20,000 20,000
Nisha's Account
5,000 5,000
54
• Instruct students to prepare other ledger accounts.
• Give examples with discount to students.
Quality Inputs
1. Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 Lesson.
55
Competency 5 : Record Transactions in prime entry books and
post them to ledger accounts.
Periods : 03
Learning outcomes:
By the end of this activity the student should be able to achieve the following learning
outcomes.
• Indicates petty expenses
• Names source documents for petty cash book
• Explains petty cash imprest
• Prepares petty cash book with analysis columns
• Explains of petty cash
• Post transactions in petty cash book to ledger
Following transactions are related to Mohomed's business for the month of May 2013.
Rs.
1/5 R.N . 003 Cash receipt from the main cashier 2,000
2/5 V.N. 102 Stationary expenses 150
5/5 V.N. 103 Entertainment 200
7/5 V.N. 104 Cleaning 60
10/5 V.N. 105 Postage 200
12/5 V.N. 106 Stamps 50
15/5 V.N. 107 Pens/ Pencils 110
20/5 V.N. 108 Sugar/ Tea 100
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22/5 V.N. 109 Photocopy 75
25/5 V.N. 110 Registration 105
26/5 V.N. 111 Typewriter ribbon 150
28/5 V.N. 112 Carbon paper 75
29/5 V.N. 113 Entertainment 250
29/5 V.N. 114 Purchase of furniture 750
30/5 Reimbursement of petty cash.
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 related lesson
57
Competency 5 : Records the transactions in prime entry books and post them
to ledger accounts.
No. of Periods : 03
• Purchase journal
Goods purchased on credit for resale are first entered in this journal.
• Source documents
Invoice received from seller at the time of purchase of goods.
At the end of the period the total on the purchase journal would be debited to purchases
account.
58
Instruct students to study the following diagram.
ledger
Debit Purchase acc Debit Amal a/c credit
Purchase 10000
Creditors 35000
Purchase 20000
59
• Instruct students to refer to text book and ask them to list the above transactions.
• Record the following transactions in purchase journal and post them to ledger.
1. Credit Purchases
2. Credit Purchases
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 Lesson.
60
Competency 5 : Records the transactions in prime entry books and posts them
to the ledger.
No. of Periods : 03
• Sales journal
Trade stock purchased on credit for resale purpose are first entered in this journal.
• Source documents
Invoice issued to the buyer can be termed as source document.
At the end of the period total of purchases journal would be debited to purchases account.
61
Instruct students to study the following numbered diagram.
Sales Journal
ledger
Debit Sales a/c Credit Debit Amal a/c Credit
Debtors 45,000 Sales 5,000
62
• Instruct students to refer to text book and ask them to list the above transactions.
• Record the following transactions in purchase journal and post them to ledger.
1. Credit Sales
2. Credit Sales
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 Lesson.
63
Competency 5 : Records the transactions in prime entry books and posts them
to ledger accounts.
No. of Periods : 03
• Source documents
Journal voucher is the source document used to record transactions in the General journal.
• Correction of errors
Errors would occur in prime entry books, or in ledger accounts. Each error requires a
correction entry in the General journal.
64
Instructions for activity planning :
• Basic explanation is adequate.
• Discuss the examples.
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 Lesson
65
Competency 5 : Recording of transactions in prime entry books and posting
them to ledger.
Competency Level 5.9 : Preparation of trial balance after balancing ledger accounts.
No. of Periods : 03
• Trial Balance
Transactions recorded in ledger accounts, from prime entry books should equal in value of
both debit and credit.
Therefore the total of 'debits' should be equal to total of credits. A statement shows debit and
credit balances of ledger accounts known as the trial balance.
.................................. Business
Trial Balance as at ........................ 20...........
66
Instructions for activity planninjg :
• Instruct students to study the following example.
Debit to Credit to
Purchases a/c 7,000 Sales a/c 22,000
67
Cash a/c
• Give instructions to post cash transactions to ledger accounts by referring to the text book.
• Guide them to balance the ledger accounts.
• Give instructions for students to prepare a trial balance from 'debit' balances and 'credit'
balances in the ledger accounts.
• Give a few examples to students.
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 related lesson
68
Competency 5 : Recording of transactions in prime entry books and posting
them to ledger accounts.
No. of Periods : 06
Transaction
(1) Credit sale Rs. 15,000
(2) Purchase of furniture Rs. 5,000
(3) Salary paid Rs. 8,000
(4) Advertising expenses Rs. 2,500
(5) Cash receipt from a debtor Kamal Rs. 12,000.
(6) Rent paid Rs. 1,000.
(7) Bank loan obtained Rs. 50,000.
(8) Cash sales Rs. 10,000
69
Sales a/c Furniture a/c
• Guide students to make a double entry for the above transactions by refering to text book.
• Ask students how to post transactions into ledger accounts.
• Inquire about the relationship betwen trial balance and the transactions entered in ledger
accounts.
• Discuss with the students how errors which will not affect the trial balance would affect in
giving correct information.
70
Instructions for activity planning : ii
• Direct students to study the following transactions and how it had been recorded in the
ledger.
Transaction
(1) Wages Rs. 1,500
(2) Sales Rs. 52,000
(3) Received money from debtors Rs. 4,000
(4) Reduced Rs. 4500 when calculation of sales journal.
• Guide students to make a double entry for the above transactions by refering to text book.
• Ask students how to post transactions into ledger accounts.
• Inquire about the relationship betwen trial balance and the transactions entered in ledger
accounts.
• Discuss with the students how errors which will affect the trial balance would affect in
giving correct information.
• Discuss the importance of suspense account by studing text book.
• Guide them to solve the following exercise.
71
Exercise (1)
(1) Sales invoice of Rs. 8,000 ommitted from the book.
(2) Salary payment of 5,000 correctly credited to cash account but entered in the salary
account as Rs. 500.
(3) Advertising expenses of Rs. 2,500 not recorded in both cash book and advertising
account.
(4) Insurance expense of Rs. 5,000, credited to cash book by Rs. 5,000 and debited to
rent account by Rs. 5,000.
(5) Machine repair expense of Rs. 2,500 debited to machine account.
(6) Cash receipt of 5,000 from Kamal a debtor entered in Kamanis account.
(7) Cash payment of Rs. 8,000 to Kamal entered twicely in cash a/c and Kamal's account.
Required
(1) Journal entries to correct the above errors.
(2) Suspense account.
Exercise (2)
(1) Purchase of Rs. 12,000 not entered in purchases a/c.
(2) Cash drawings of Rs. 1,000 entered only in cash book.
(3) Salary payment of Rs. 5,000 entered in rent account.
(4) Insurance payment of 2,500 entered in the insurance account as Rs. 500.
(5) Rs. 15,000 goods purchased on credit twicely entered in purchases account.
Required
(1) Journal entries to correct the above errors.
(2) Suspense account.
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 related lesson
72
Competency 5 : Recording of transactions in prime entry books and posts
them to ledger accounts.
Competency Level 5.11 : Uses technical methods in order to meet quick cash
transactions and to assess its results.
No. of Periods : 02
Examples - Payments
- Price quotation
- Other cash payments
73
Quality Inputs
• Business and Accounting Studies Text book for grade 10 related lesson
74