EE206

Solutions - Assignment 1
1. Evaluate the following derivatives
d √
*(a) ln(4x x + 7)
dx
√ 1
ln(4x x + 7) = ln(4) + ln(x) + ln(x + 7)
2
d √ 1 1 3x + 14
=⇒ ln(4x x + 7) = + =
dx x 2(x + 7) 2x(x + 7)
√
d 3 + 4z
(b) [2]
dz e2z
√ √
d 3 + 4z 3 + 4z 1 4
2z
= −2 2z
+ 2z
√
dz e e 2e 3 + 4z
−4(1 + 2z)
= 2z √
e 3 + 4z

d
(c) ln(sin(t)) [2]
dt
 
d cos(t)
ln(sin(t)) = = cot(t)
dt sin(t)

2. Evaluate the following integrals

*(a) x cot(x2 + 1)dx

R

u = x2 + 1 du = 2x dx

Z Z
2 1
x cot(x + 1)dx = cot(u)du
2
Z
1 cos(u)
= du
2 sin(u)

v = sin(u) dv = cos(u) du

Z
1 1
= dv
2 v
1 1
= ln |v| + c = ln | sin(u)| + c
2 2
1 2
= ln | sin(x + 1)| + c
2

1
 √
R cos(2 x)
(b) √
x
dx [2]

√ 1 2
u=2 x du = √ dx
2 x

Z √ Z
cos(2 x)
√ dx = cos(u)du
x
= sin(u) + c
√
= sin( x) + c

1
R
(c) t ln t dt [2]

1
u = ln(t) du = dt
t
Z Z
1 1
dt = du
t ln t u
= ln |u| + c
= ln | ln(t)| + c

eax sin(bx)dx
R
*(d)
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu

u = sin(bx) du = b cos(bx) dx
1
dv = eax dx v = eax
a
Z Z
ax 1 b
=⇒ e sin(bx)dx = sin(bx)eax − eax cos(bx) dx
a a

u = cos(bx) du = −b sin(bx) dx
1
dv = eax dx v = eax
a

Z  Z 
ax 1 ax b 1 ax b ax
=⇒ e sin(bx)dx = sin(bx)e − cos(bx)e + e sin(bx) dx
a a a a

b2
 Z
1 b
1+ 2 eax sin(bx)dx = sin(bx)eax − 2 cos(bx)eax
a a a
a2 + b2
Z
1 b
eax sin(bx)dx = sin(bx)eax − 2 cos(bx)eax
a2 a a
Z
a b
=⇒ eax sin(bx)dx = sin(bx)eax − 2 cos(bx)eax
a2 + b2 a + b2
a sin(bx) − b cos(bx)
= eax +c
a2 + b2

2
 R
(e) t cos(t)dt [2]

u=t du = dt
dv = cos(t) v = sin(t)

Z Z
t sin(t)dt = t sin(t) − sin(t)dt

= t sin(t) + cos(t) + c

3. State whether the following differential equations are linear or nonlinear. Give
the order of each equation.

*(a) (1 − x)y 00 − 4xy 0 + 5y = cos x

linear (in y): 2nd order
*(b) (y 2 − 1)dx + xdy = 0
non linear in y: 1st order
linear in x: 1st order
*(c) t5 y (4) − t3 y 00 + 6y = 0
linear in y: 4th order
(d) (sin θ)y 00 − (cos θ)y 0 = 2
linear in y: 2nd order [2]
 4
d3 y dy
(e) x dx 3 − dx +y =0
non linear in y: 3rd order [2]
(f) udv + (v + uv − ueu )du = 0
linear in v, non linear in u: 1st order [2]
d2 u
(g) + du
dr2 dr + u = cos(r + u)
non linear: 2nd order [2]
 2

(h) ẍ − 1 − ẋ3 ẋ + x = 0
non linear: 2nd order [2]

3
4. Verify that the indicated functions are solutions to the given differential equa-
tions and state whether they are implicit or explicit solutions. Assume an
appropriate interval I of definition.

(a) x2 y 00 + xy 0 + y = 0; y = cos(ln(x)) [2]

Explicit solution

y = cos(ln(x))
sin(ln(x))
y0 = −
x
sin(ln(x)) cos(ln(x))
y 00 = 2
−
x x2
Using these in the above equation gives:

sin(ln(x)) cos(ln(x)) sin(ln(x))

x2 2
− x2 2
−x + cos(ln(x))
x x x

= sin(ln(x)) − cos(ln(x)) − sin(ln(x)) + cos(ln(x)) = 0

(b) 2xydx + (x2 − y)dy = 0; −2x2 y + y 2 = 1 [2]

Implicit solution.

−2x2 y + y 2 =1
dy dy
−2(2x)y − 2x2 + (2y) =0
dx dx
dy
−4xy − 2(x2 − y) =0
dx
dy
2xy + (x2 − y) =0
dx
2xydx + (x2 − y)dy =0

*(c) xy 0 + xy 2 − y = 0; y= 2x
x2 +c
Explicit solution
2x
y=
x2
+c
4x 2
y2 = 2
(x + c)2
2(x2 + c) − 4x2
y0 =
(x2 + c)2
−2x2 + 2c
=
(x2 + c)2

Using these in the above equation gives:

−2x3 + 2cx 4x3 2x

2 2
+ 2 2
− 2
(x + c) (x + c) x +c

−2x3 + 2cx + 4x3 − 2x(x2 + c)

=
(x2 + c)2

−2x3 + 2cx + 4x3 − 2x3 − 2cx

= =0
(x2 + c)2

4
  
dX 2X−1
(d) dt= (X − 1)(1 − 2X); ln X−1 = t [2]
Implicit solution
 
2X − 1
ln =t
X −1
  
X −1 (X − 1)(2) − (2X − 1)(1) dX
=1
2X − 1 (X − 1)2 dt
2X − 2 − 2X + 1 dX
=1
(2X − 1)(X − 1) dt
−1 dX
=1
(2X − 1)(X − 1) dt
1 dX
=1
(1 − 2X)(X − 1) dt
dX
= (X − 1)(1 − 2X)
dt
5. Use the Separation of Variables technique to solve the following first order
differential equations.
dy
(a) (1 − x2 ) dx + x(y − 3) = 0 [2]

dy
(1 − x2 ) + x(y − 3) = 0
dx
dy
(1 − x2 ) = x(3 − y)
Z dx Z
1 x
dy = dx
3−y 1 − x2
Let u = 1 − x2 ⇒ du = −2xdx ⇒ − 21 du = xdx
Z Z
1 1 1
dy = − du
3−y 2 u
1
(−1) ln(3 − y) = − ln(u) + c
2
1
ln(3 − y) = ln(u 2 ) − c
 1

ln(3 − y) = ln (1 − x2 ) 2 − c
!
3−y
ln 1 = −c
(1 − x2 ) 2
3−y
1 = C
(1 − x2 ) 2
1
y = 3 − C(1 − x2 ) 2

5
 dy
(b) ex y dx = e−y + e−2x−y ; y(0) = 0 [2]

dy
ey−x ex y = ey−x e−y + e−2x−y


dx
dy
ey y = e−x + e−3x
dx
ey y dy = e−x + e−3x dx
Z Z
e y dy = e−x + e−3x dx
y

u=y du = dy
y
dv = e dy v = ey

Z
1
y
ye − ey dy = −ex − e−3x + c
3
1
yey − ey = −ex − e−3x + c
3

Imposing initial conditions: y(0) = 0

1 1
−1 = −1 −
+ c =⇒ c =
3 3
y x 1 −3x 1
(y − 1)e = −e − e +
3 3
dy 2
*(c) (1 + x2 ) dx + y 2 = 0; y(0) = π

dy
(1 + x2 ) + y2 = 0
dx
1 dy 1
2
=−
y dx 1 + x2
Z Z
1 1
2
dy = − dx
y 1 + x2

Let x = tan(u); dx = sec2 (u)du

sec2 (u)
Z
1
− =− du + c
y 1 + tan2 (u)
sec2 (u)
Z
1
= du − c
y sec2 (u)
Z
1
= 1 du − c
y
1
=u−c
y
1
= arctan(x) − c
y
1
y(x) =
arctan(x) − c

6
Imposing initial conditions: y(0) = π2
1 2 π
y(0) = = =⇒ c = −
−c π 2
1
y(x) =
arctan(x) + π/2