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Materials of English: Compiled From Many Sources by Rishan Azhari
Materials of English: Compiled From Many Sources by Rishan Azhari
Task 1:
Determine the types of structure of the underlined Subject of the following sentences,
whether it is a Noun, Pronoun, Gerund, Infinitive, or Noun Clause!
1. To sleep all morning is a waste of time
2. Whoever wins the race will receive a trophy.
3. That was a silly remark.
4. Falling in love is a beautiful experience.
5. To get angry is not a solution
Task 2:
Task 3:
Determine whether the underlined word is a Verb or Noun.
1. At the last minute, a swift kick by one player tied the game.
2. On a dark night dreams can seem larger than life.
3. A safe place for a will is in a bank.
4. The instructors time exercises with a watch.
5. While reading her book, the operator pages employees who get calls
Answers: 1. Noun . 2. Noun. 3. Noun. 4. Verb. 5. Verb.
Task 4:
Determine whether it is a Clause (Subject and Predicate) or Phrase (only Subject).
1. Walking home takes time
2. Spelling irregular verbs
3. The man ate quickly
4. To enter costs ten dollars
5. The drive home at night
Answers: 1. Clause. 2. Phrase. 3. Clause. 4. Subject. 5. Subject.
Task 5:
Determine whether it is Check (Subject and Predicate), Minus (needing Subject or Predicate),
or Plus (deleting something to make Subject and Predicate).
1. Too much alcohol harms the liver
2. The couple with their two children
3. Children playing on the swings
4. A subject it must not be repeated
5. This is a simple sentence
Answers: 1. Check. 2. Minus. 3. Minus. 4. Plus. 5. Check.
I.2 Predicate
Predicate must be a Verb which is generally located as the first Verb of the sentence or located
after SUBJECT
examples:
- The students were here
- One of the students will be here
This These
Task 6:
Determine whether it is True or False.
1. The study of language is very interesting
2. Several theories on this subject has been proposed
3. The view of these disciplines vary from time to time
4. Marriages requires cooperation
5. The car full of teenagers crashed
Answers: 1. True. 2. False. 3. False. 4. False. 5. True.
Example:
Determine which part of this sentence should be corrected or rewritten.
Boston, the hub of historic New England, it is the capital of Massachusetts and the
A B C
largest city in the area.
D
Answers: B
Test 1
II. Meeting 2
A. Introductory IT
It Is
It Was
It (Verb 1 + s/es), e.g Has, Goes,..
It Auxiliary Verb, e.g Will, Should, Can,..
E. Title
example:
The New York Times is a good newspaper.
The Old Man and The Sea is very good to read.
F. The expressions such as: ..along with..., ..together with..., ....as well as...., …with......in
addition to...,...accompanied by...
example:
The teacher along with his 10 students is viewing a film
1.4. Plurals
A. The Subject of the sentence containing expressions such as Neither...nor....., Either ....or...,
Not only ....but also......in the beginning of a sentence must deal with the Second Subject.
Example:
1. Neither the students nor the teacher is allowed to smoke
2. Neither the students nor the teachers are allowed to smoke
B. The Subject of the sentence containing expressions such as All, No, None in the
beginning of a sentence must deal with the noun.
Example:
1. All of the books were burned
2. All of the book was burned
3. None of the counterfeit money has been found
4. None of the students have finished the exam yet
5. No example is relevant to this case
6. No examples are relevant to this case
D. Collective Nouns such as: committee, faculty, class, group, team, police, fish, deer,
cattle, crew, family, majority, minority, club, army, crowd, public, organization,
E. Nationality
Nationality takes plural verb whereas Language takes singular verb.
Example:
The French are romantic.
French is romantic.
English is spoken.
The English love tea
Task 10: Is or Are?
1. Either his children or his wife....arriving today.
Test 2
A. Parallel Tenses
Verb in a sentence should be parallel in form if (1) there is not any different time marker, or (2)
there are more than one predicate. Example:
3. They are reading, writing, and discussing in the library right now.
PRESENT PAST
Is Was
Am Was
Are Were
Will Would
Can Could
Shall Should
May Might
Has / Has to Had / Had to
Have / Have Had / Had to
to
Do / Does Did
Verb 1, ex.: Verb 2, ex.:
Listen Listened
Go Went
B. The use of Naked Verb.
If the predicates are the auxiliary verbs such as will, can, must, and may, the following verb must be
naked verb (verb without suffixes e.g. –ing, -es, -ed)
If the predicates used in the sentence are have, has, had, the following verb must be Verb 3. Besides,
Verb 3 can be also employed after Be.
To Be: Verb+ing
Be; Is, am, are ; Was, were ; been
Preposition: Verb+ing
At, With, In, After, About, On, Of, Off, While , when, For, Before,
After, Between, Among,
Above, By, Beside, …
Special Verb: Verb+ing
Admit, Delay, Miss, Report, Suggest, Appreciate, Resent, Enjoy,
Practice, Resist, Quit, Resume, Risk, Recall, Help, Begin, start, Deny,
Finish, stop, Hate, Like, Can’t stand, Love, Go, Do, Mind, Cancel,
avoid, enter, continue, looking forward to, keep,...
Example:
Rita enjoyed to be able to meet several members of Congress during her vacation
A B C D
Answer: B
E. The use of non Ing-Verb.
The Verb should not be modified into Verb+ing if the predicates deal with: (1) permanent condition,
(2) memory, and (3) perception.
The predicates among others are:
Love, Hate, Understand, Like, Dislike, Believe, See, Know, Think, Guess
Task 11: Identify the one underlined word or phrase, (A), (B), (C), or (D), which should be
corrected or rewritten
A B C D
A B C D
3. They are understanding the problem right now so they don’t want to argue
A B C D
A B C D
5. After the bells had rang, the students left the building.
A B C D
6. Unfortunately, not everyone who tried out for the football team could be chose.
A B C D
A B C D
8. In the fall, my grandfather climbed the pecan tree and shaken off as many pecans as
A B
he could.
C D
9. Tomorrow, the drum major will led the band during the half-time performance at the
A B C D
football game.
Answers: (1)B (2)C (3)A (4)A (5)C (6)D (7)C (8)B (9)C
Test 3
IV. Meeting 4
1. Full subordination
Whose + Noun
....whom + Subject
....whose + Noun
1.The director will see you if will wait for a few minutes.
A B C D
2.Because wood which was abundant in the North American continent, it was the chief building
A B C D
Answers: 1. B 2.B 3. D 4. C
Test 4
2. WORD FORM
As other languages, there are also four word forms in English, namely Adjective, Noun, Verb, and
Adverb. Generally, the position of the word forms are as follow:
Test 5
V. Meeting 5
1. Parallel structure
......... or ............
comparative sentence
Example:
Task 14
1.Many people gave time, money, and their energy to the project.
2. John Glenn has been a pilot, an astronout, and in the senate.
3.He was young, strong, and feeling happy
Answers:
Test 6
2. Verbal
Active...or Passive?
examples:
example:
which one is incorrect, A or B?
1. The police keep an updating file on all people reported to be dangerous.
A B
2. The children, delighting by the amusing clown, laughed throughout his performance.
A B
Answers:
The children delighted by the amusing clown, laughed throughout his performance ß
The children (who were) delighted by the amusing clown, laughed throughout his performance.
example:
which one is incorrect, A or B?
A. Increasing from 2.5 billions in 1950, the late 1970’s saw the world’s population reach 4.25
billions.
B. Increasing from 2.5 billions in 1950, the world’s population reached 4.25 billions in the late 1970’s.
Answers: B
Some people claim that importing wine is better than domestic wine.
A B C D
Answer: B
Test 7
VI. Meeting 6
A. Definite Pronoun
B. Indefinite Pronoun
Some, any, all, each, every, both, none, someone, anyone, everyone
Something, anything, everything, one, either, neither, another, other, etc
Answers: (1) we (2) me (3) his (4) his (5) her (6) its (7) his
2. Comparison
1. Adjective Comparison
S + TOBE + as + adjective + as + S
My friend is as clever as my girl friend (is.)
2. Comparative Comparison
a. S + TOBE + adjective + r/ er + than + S
My father is taller than my mother (is).
b. S + TOBE + more + adjective + than + S
My girlfriend is more beautiful than your girlfriend (is).
3. Superlative Comparison
a. S + TOBE + the + adjective + st/ est
My brother is the tallest man in my family
b. S + TOBE + the + most + adjective
Sierra Leone is the most dangerous country in the world.
Test 8
3.Word Order
Subject + Verb
Subject + Auxiliary + Verb
S P
S P
P S
S P
S P
P S
P S
However, there are several different patterns which invert the general one. The invertions to the general
pattern is:
Examples:
The invertions to the general pattern are only made If the initial word in the sentence is:
1.Not until a baby kangaroo is four months old.....to live outside its mother’s pouch.
b. If is marketed aggressively
Invertions are also made from general pattern to the inverted pattern as:
If the Noun (SOME..., ANY..., NO...) such as someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody,
anything, etc..
1.In the box several were old photographs which were alphabetically ordered
Answers:
1.In the box were several old photographs which were alphabetically ordered
VII. Meeting 7
1.Unnecessary Repetition
Answer: B
Here are some Verbs containing the meaning of More or Less in its words:
MORE LESS
Exceed Decrease
Enlarge Decline
Inflate Deflate
Surpass Reduce
Outweigh Lower
Augment Devalue
Improve Regress
Expand Relapse
Overrate Deplete
Ascend Diminish
Accelerate Shrink
increase undervalue
The unnecessary repetition also happens when there is a synonym of a word contained in the sentences.
Answers:
2. Correct Usage
1. There are words containing the meaning of Two and Three or More which should be taken to
consideration.
Either Most
Both Largest
Less Least
Inferior Among
Neither Worst
Superior None
Better Best
Former All
More
Between
Latter
worse
Task 20: Which one is incorrect, A or B?
1. Both of the girls were among the contestants who were selected for the final competition.
A B
2. Arabic and Berber are spoken in Algeria, but the former is used most.
A B
A B
Answers: 1. A. 2. B 3. A 4. A
2. Nouns are divided into two groups, countable and uncountable nouns. For each group, there are different
quantifiers used.
A B C D
2.The amount of moisture in the athmosphere is less important to us than the quantity of water
A B C D
A B C D
1. A. 2. D 3. A
3. These nouns should be used to follow these verbs.
take make do
1.Carnivals and gambling establishments attract people who enjoy making chances and making bets.
A B C D
2.Many commuters have recently begun to choose ride sharing over independent travel because of the
A B C
D
3.Candidates for high-level political office are likely to do promise which they can not keep it.
A B C D
1. A. 2. D 3. A
Test 10
VIII. Meeting 8
A. Referent
Example:
Jean, along with her sisters Doris and May, baked cakes for the annual contest at the country fair.
Jean was sorry hers lost, but happy that Doris won a ribbon for her entry.
Answer: D
American and Mexican biologists have found that diephenodione, a man made anticoagulant, is a
lethal weapon against vampire bats. They have devised a method of using the blood of the victims as
the means of getting the drugs into the bats.
1. what does they refer to?
A. A man made anticoagulant
B. American and Mexican biologists
C. Vampire bats
D. the means of getting the drugs into the bats
When a bat feeds on a treated cow, it picks up the anticogulant, and within a few days it dies from
internal bleeding.
2. what does it refer to?
A. A bat
B. A treated cow
C. The anticogulant
D. Internal bleeding
In order to qualify for a single room in a university dormitory, you must be a full-time student who
has completed the necessary number of hours to be ranked as an upperclassman. Applicants for such
university housing are required to submit completed applications to the Office of Students Housing
no later than the second week of the semester preceding the semester for which they are requesting
such housing. Students will be notified regarding the status of their application by the sixth week of
class. Private dorm rooms will be assigned to qualified students on a first-come, first-served basis.
3. What does they refer to?
A. Applicants.
B. Applications.
C. Private dorm rooms.
D. Qualified students.
For the first time that they can remember, farmers in Latin America are relieved of the constant fear
of vampire bats
4. what does they refer to?
A. Farmers
B. Latin America
C. The constant fear
D. Vampire bats
Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few contemporary writers
that Hemingway did not turn against.
5. what does him refer to?
A. Scott Fitzerald
B. A publisher
C. Writers
D. Hemingway
Catching sight of him in a supermarket one day, Archer followed the man with the limp to an
apartment in a run-down neighborhood
6. what does him refer to?
A. Supermarket
B. Archer
C. The man
D. The limp
Procrastinators are people who have a cronic habit of putting things off, usually until the last minute
and sometimes until it is too late altogether. The most common reason which procrastinators give
for their habit, which they are usually quite willing to talk about even if not willing to change is that
they are lazy. Other typical excuses are that they are undisciplined, brilliant but disorganized, or
very poor at organizing their time.
7. What does their refer to?
A. Procrastinator.
B. Procrastinators.
C. People.
D. Excuses
The American Museum of Natural History spent four years arranging its extraordinary exhibition of
more than 500 pieces of ancient gold from Colombia. But those few years are brief time when
compared with the decades archeologists have spent digging for and studying gold artifacts.
8. what does its refer to?
A. The American Museum of Natural History
B. Exhibition
C. Ancient gold
D. Gold artifacts
The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such cover is
available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.
9. He refers to..
A. The white-throated wood rat
B. The nest
C. Bulky “houses”
D. Cacti
According to scientists, 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water, and this watery
wilderness is the habitat of four of every five living things. To aid oceanographers in their
explorations of the seas and oceans in the world, scientists have been designing more and better
types of undersea vessels to accomplish this task with greater safety and with more efficient tools
and techniques.
10. this task in line 4 refers to..
A. Oceanographers’ explorations of the seas and oceans.
B. greater safety and with more efficient tools and techniques
C. designing more and better types of undersea vessels
D. To aid oceanographers in their explorations
Answers: 1.A 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.A 10.D
B. Inference
Of the seven men taking part in the experiment two were from Chiang Mai, two from other cities
in Thailand, and the remainder from the neighboring Southeast Asian countries.
Of the seven men taking part in the experiment two were from Chiang Mai, two from other
cities in Thailand, and the remainder from the neighboring Southeast Asian countries.
(3) How many men from countries other than Thailand who took part in the experiment?
- Three (inferred from of the seven...two were from...two from...and the remainder....)
In Nigeria, purdah is represented not so much by the wearing of the veil but by the mud-brick walls
surrounding every house or compound and by the absence of women in the markets and the streets.
D. Something about the absence of women in the market and the street.
Answer: C
Task 24: Choose the most appropriate answer!
Yes, I want to take advantage of TWILL’S SPECIAL SALE. Please send me:
A. $21.90 C. $94.50
B. $87.60 D. $18.90
According to scientists, 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered by water, and this watery
wilderness is the habitat of four of every five living things. To aid oceanographers in their
explorations of the seas and oceans in the world, scientists have been designing more and better
types of undersea vessels to accomplish this task with greater safety and with more efficient tools
and techniques.
A. 10 percent. C. 30 percent.
B. 20 percent. D. 70 percent.
The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such cover is
available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.
3. When he nest near rocks, the wood rat likes to build ....
The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such cover is
available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.
Under this headline, there are some common words used such as preceding (previous) and
following (next).
Paragraph
Shiva, the Hindu Lord of Existence, embodies the energy and paradox of life.
B. Shiva is motion and calm, male and female, light and dark, everything and its opposite.
C. Together with Vishnu and the goddess Devi, Shiva has a great cult following among Hindus.
Answer: B
A new breed of giant land and sea vehicle is solving major problems for the energy industry.
A. The Titan hauler rolls on 10 tires, each 12 feet in diameter and weighing 4 tons.
B. Some observers believe supertechnology causes a triple crisis: lost of individuality, an assault on
the environment, and exhaustion of finite resources such as oil.
C. “Big Muskie”, the world’s largest dragline excavator, removes sandstone, clay, shale, and dirt to
reveal buried seams of coal.
Answer: C
A new breed of giant land and sea vehicle is solving major problems for the energy industry.
A. The Titan hauler rolls on 10 tires, each 12 feet in diameter and weighing 4 tons.
B. Some observers believe supertechnology causes a triple crisis: lost of individuality, an assault on
the environment, and exhaustion of finite resources such as oil.
C. “Big Muskie”, the world’s largest dragline excavator, removes sandstone, clay, shale, and dirt to
reveal buried seams of coal.
Answer: B
The elaborate headgear which moose, caribou, and other members of the deer family carry with them
is not just for show.
A. Antlers can reach seven feet in width and a weight of more than forty-five pounds.
B. Antlers, which are made of bone and discarded annually, are unique to deer.
C. Antlers are very functional tools, serving their bearers not only as weapons, but also as snow shovels
in winter and as air conditioners in summer.
Answer: C
The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such cover is
available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.
1. This variety of wood rat probably got its name from ....
C. its coloring
2. The white-throated wood rat builds nest of sticks and grasses in crevices in rocks when such
cover is available, and on the open desert he constructs bulky “houses” of sticks and cacti.
A. underground
C. relatively large
D. relatively small
Procrastinators are people who have a cronic habit of putting things off, usually until the last minute
and sometimes until it is too late altogether. The most common reason which procrastinators give
for their habit, which they are usually quite willing to talk about even if not willing to change is that
they are lazy. Other typical excuses are that they are undisciplined, brilliant but disorganized, or
very poor at organizing their time.
Procrastinators are people who have a cronic habit of putting things off, usually until the last minute
and sometimes until it is too late altogether. The most common reason which procrastinators give
for their habit, which they are usually quite willing to talk about even if not willing to change is that
they are lazy. Other typical excuses are that they are undisciplined, brilliant but disorganized, or
very poor at organizing their time. Some procrastinators, however, almost against their very nature,
actually get as far as trying to do something about their problem and seek help. Recent research with
such people seems to suggest that their difficulties are much more complex than the procrastinators
themselves think. The general conclusions are that such people have a vulnerable sense of self-
worth, are particularly fearful of failure, and deliberately put things off precisely so that they never
leave themselves time to produce their best work. The reason for their delaying tactics is that, since
they do everything at the last moment and under pressure, the procrastinators can retain their illusion
of brilliance without ever having to put it to the test.
D. Procrastination: Never Do Today What You Can Put off until Tomorrow
In order to qualify for a single room in a university dormitory, you must be a full-time student who
has completed the necessary number of hours to be ranked as an upperclassman. Applicants for such
university housing are required to submit completed applications to the Office of Students Housing
no later than the second week of the semester preceding the semester for which they are requesting
such housing. Students will be notified regarding the status of their application by the sixth week of
class. Private dorm rooms will be assigned to qualified students on a first-come, first-served basis.
6. What kind of student will most probably get one of the rooms refers to in the passage?
B. One who comes to the office and serves on the student council
C. One who notifies the top advisor of his or her interest in private houses.
In order to qualify for a single room in a university dormitory, you must be a full-time student who
has completed the necessary number of hours to be ranked as an upperclassman. Applicants for such
university housing are required to submit completed applications to the Office of Students Housing
no later than the second week of the semester preceding the semester for which they are requesting
such housing. Students will be notified regarding the status of their application by the sixth week of
class. Private dorm rooms will be assigned to qualified students on a first-come, first-served basis.
C. In a student’s house.