vrEN Hnru ffiru KHoA Hqc xA nOr vrEr NAilt

JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY

ISSN: 1 859-0098

s6g
I - 2019

Toa soan:
37 KilV wA rUuONc, CdNc Vt, BA DiNH, nn ruot
orrn rHoar. oz+.$ziasgs - 024.3832s177 - 024.3832s174
I Fax:84-24-38328893
Email: tapchitlh@ gmail.com
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TAM LY HQC

MUC LUC Trang

a DANG HOANG MINH - NGUYEN THI MV LoC: X6c dinh c6c chi s6 3
ly cira trd trong tu6i ti6u hoc (6 - 11 tu6i) vi img dgng o Viet
ph6t tri6n tAm
Nam
a TRAN vAN coNG - NGUYEN pHUoNG HONG NGec - r-p rHI THANH l6
THUY - PHAM NGOC LINI{: Trdi nghiCm bi bit nat v}r m6i quan hQ cira
L .:, - -.1
no voi vdn dd hucrng n6i vd vdn d0 huong ngoai cr thanh thieu nien
a i-p fHI HUYEN TRANG - DANG HOANG MINH: Thich nghi thang do 29
Xung dQt d6ng dang rirt ggn (PCS-20) o hgc sinh Vi6t Nam
a BUI THI TIIANH DIEU - TRAN THANH NAM: Thei dq kj,thi cria gi6o
-i, 40
vien d6i vdi nguoi b6nh tdm thdn: Nghi6n cuu tai cdc trudng trung hoc co
so Dd Ning
o iTO TUU FiA - NGUYEX VN{U HANG - NGUYEN THI THUY HONG:
52
Ildnh.vi nghiQn di6n thoai th6ng minh ry trd vi thdnh ni6n - HAOi tien hC voi
c6c vAn dC cdm xric vh sU th6 hi6n bAn thAn mang tinh hodn hao

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a NGUYEN CAO MINH: Xdy dmg hudng d5n d6nh gi6 tAm ly cho nhimg 66
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nguol muon cnuyen glol
TRAN TFII HAI yPN - DOAN MAI '|RINH: Can thi€p tAm lf cho tre r6i
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loan hdnh vi d c6c trucmg ti6u hoc thdnh ph6 Cao Bing th6ng qua chucrng
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trinh lim cha me tich cuc
a TOM rAr ear GrENG ANr-r) 98

I Gi6: 35.000 el6ng

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TRAI NGHIETVI BI BAT NAT

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VA QUAN HE CUA N
TVIOI
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VOI VAN DE HUONG NOI

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VA VAN DE HUONG NGOAI

O THANH THIEU NIEN
Nghien cuu ndry duoc tai tro bdi Qu! Ph6t tridn Khoa hoc va COng nghO Qu6c gia
(NAFOSTED) trong dd tai: Bdt nat trqrc tuydn 6 hoc sinh Vi6t Nam: Nghiln cuu thuc
tien vd xity dung chuong trinh phong ngua ve can thi6p hi6u quA', Md s6: 501.99-
2015.02', Truong Dai hoc Gi6o duc, Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha N6i ch0 tri; TS. Trdn Vdn
Cong lam ch0 nhiem.

TS. Trdn Vdn Cong

ThS. Nguy6n Phuong Hdng Ngoc

Tnrdng Dui hoc Gido dut, I)ai hot' Qu6? giu Hd N 6i
TS. Le Thi Thanh Th0y
TS. Pham Ngoc Linh
Hoc vi0nThunh thilfu ni1nVi2t Nunr.

TOM TAT
NghiAn ct:ru nhim tim hi\u- trai nghiQm bi bdt nqt d hpc sinh crtng nhu mili qtran,
hQ ci.tatrai nghiAm.ndy voi circ t,an cti hu'Ong n\i vd hu'6ng ngoqi d hag sinh. Khach th€
nghiAn cwu bao gdm 1.087 hpc sinh trung hoc co so vd trung h7c phd th6ng d I{d ll|i,
ighQ An, Thanh Hda vd Dd N&ng. !<et qya nghiAn cuu,cho thtiy, 51,6% hoc sinh dd bi
bit nqt rrqrc tuydn, bi hm nfi tuyin thting hoqc bi biit nqt bd'i ca hai hinh thttrc ndy.
Hpc sinh bi bdt nqt brli cd hai hinh thtlc cd mwc tt| v(in di hudng nAi vd httrtng ngoqi
cao hon so vdi cdc hoc sinh kh6ng.bi bitt nqt vd hoc sinh chi bi bitt nqt boi m\t hinh
thfrc. Giira cdc nh6m hpc sinh bi bat nat boi m6t trong hai hinh th*c kh6ng co su khdc
) , : -' hu'ong n6i, van d€ htr6'ng ngoqi.
bid vA mtTc do vdn dA
Til kh6a: Bi bn nqt; VCtn di hro'ng n\i, Vtin di fu6'ng ngoqi; Thanh thidu niAn.

Ngdy nhQn bdi:211512019: -\gd1, duyQt ddng biti: 251812019.

16 TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd 9 (246),9 - 2019

 l. M& tliu
Theo Olu'eus (2001;. bit nat ld mQt hinh thric g6y h6n vdi b4n ctng hia
mQt cSch d5.thdr. bao gdm c6c hdnh d.Qng tiOu cuc mang tinh c6 y, l6p di lap
l4i vd bao g6rn ca su mdt c6n b[ng v0 m.{t luyOn lr,rc giira.tht ph4m vd nan
nh6n. Nhftng hdnh d6ng tieu cpc d6 c(r th6 dugc thpc hiQn bdng loi n6i (vf dp:
ggi t6n xdu, de dga. r'.v.). b6ng hdnh dQng (vi dp: d6nh, d6, v.v.) hodc bdng sri
dpng rndi quan hQ xa hQi (vi dU: tdy chay, c6 l4p, v.v.).Nhirng hdnh vi bdt n4t
diCn ra t4rc ti6p, mat d6i mflt gi0a ngudi bit n4t vd ngudi bi bit nqt thudng
dugc c6c nhd nghidn ciru v0 v6n dd ndy nhic di5n v6i t6n gqi ld hinh thric bit
nat truydn th6ng (Ihomas, Connor vd Scott,2015). Trong nghiOn cfu niry,
chring tdi th6ng nhAt vdi quan niOm ve Uat nat tr6n ctra Olweus.
Ngdy nay, v6i sy ph6t tri6n cria intcrnet vd c6c phuong tiQn diQn tri, bit
n4t dd dugc.thuc hiQn gi6n ti6p qua m?ng, thudng dugc bitlt d6n vdi t6n ggi la
hinh thirc bat nat truc tuy0n. Theo Trdn Vdn Cdng vd cQng sp (20l8): "Bdt nqt
,!,
tru'c tuy€n xdy ra khi m)t ngtd'i hay mQt nhom ngtrdi c6 i ddng, gtri hofic chia
s,!, truyin dil hAn fuc n\i dung fiAu cyc, sai str thQt, de dea, thir dich, chia se
th.6ng tin ca nhon ri\ng hr ct)a ngudi khdc ldm anh huong d€n danh d4r, gay
tdn thuong cho ho th6ng qua cdc irng dyng vd cdc thi€t bi di€n tt:r nha mdy
tlnh, di€n thoqi di dQng. Ngu'd'j di bat nqt trtrc,tuy(in c6 thA iin danh hoqc gid
mao danh tinh vd cilng cd th€ kh6ng quen bih ngtrd'i bi bm nat o ngodi ddi
thwc. Bfu nqt tryc tuy€n cd thd anh hro'ng ddn ngtrdi bi bdt nat mgi noi, moi
Itic". Chlng tdi tiOp tpc sri dpng kh6i niOm tr6n nhu mQt kh6i niQm c6ng cp
nghi0n cri'u d bdi vi6t ndy.
Thuqt ngir "hudng nQi" dA cqp d6n c6c bi6u hiQn ducvc ph6t tri6n vd duy
,:
tri bOn trong rnoi con nguoi. Cdc vdn.d0 hudng nQi g6m: c6c bi6u hien dic
trung boi hdnh vi thu minh, phdn ndn vC rn[t co th6, hQi chring lo 6u/trdm bu6n
(Cox, Wang, Gustafsson,20ll); nhirng r6i loan vC mdt c6m xic dugc gdy ra
bdi kh6 khdn trong vi6c di6u chinh cdc cirn xfic ti6u cuc.
C6c v6n dC huOng ngoai ld nhirng bi6u hiQn ddc trung bdi crlc hdnh vi
pham ph6p vd B3V hAn, chang han nhu.6i lo4n hdnh vi ring xti, lam dpng ch6t
gdy nghiOn vd d6 u6ng c6 c6n (Cox vd cdng su,201 1).
'l'heo Td chric y tO fn6 gioi, thanh thi6u ni6n ld nhfrng ngudi tt 10 - 19
tu6i (WHO,20l8). Thanh thi6u ni0n ld nh6rn tham gia vdo bit n4t 6 mftc cao,
tj' lQ hgc sinh tham gia vdo bat nat (di bit nat ngudi kh6c vd bi nguoi kh6c bat
n4t) qua thdng kC 80 nghiOn cuu tr6n th6 gi6i dao dQng trong khoAng ti 9% -
98%. Ty le trung binh hgc sinh l2 d6n l8 tu6i tharn gia vdo bit nAt (v6i vai trd
ld nan nhdn hodc thri ph4m ho{c cd hai), co 35Yotham gia vdo bit nat truy6n
th6ng vd l|Yo tharn gia vdo bit nat truc tuy6n (Modecki vir c6ng su, 2014).

TAP CHt rAM LYHOC, Sd 9 (246),9 - 2Ot9 t7

 Nhtng hoc sinh bi bit nat c6 thO phii chiu nhirng hQ quA ti6u cuc v0 cA
sfc khoe th0 ch6t vd tinh thAn, hgc tQp, tdi sAn vd c6 trudng hqp ld cA t(nh
m.ang. Nhftng hC quA ndy kh6ng chi.li0n. quan d6n nan nh6n, mA con li6n quan
dOn cA thri phqrn hay ngudi chring ki6n b6t nat (National Academies of Sciences,
Engineering and Medicine, 2016).

TrCn th6 gi6i, nhiAu nghiCn cfu cho th6y, c6 m6i quan hQ giira v6n d6
hudng nQi, hudng ngo4i o thoi thcy 6u vd thoi thanh thi6u ni6n vdi c6c rdi lo4n
tdm thAn, khi ning hoc tqp, ldm viQc sau nhy vd khi o tu6i trudng thdnh
(Narusyte vd c6ng su,2017; Reef vd cQng s9,2010; Winefield vd c6ng su,
2013; Loth vd c6ng su, 2014; Korhonen vd cQng su,2018). Nghi0n criu phAn
tich t6ng ho. p cria Ttofi vd c6ng sU QTll) vdi 28 nghiCn criu d[ cho th6y, trii
nghiQrn bi bat nat thoi tho 6u ld y6u td nguy co g6p phAn vdo ftAm c6rn sau d6
vd thuc su c6 t6c dQng l6u ddi d6n trd em vd thanh thi6u nien. Nghi6n cuu gAn
d6y cta Tsitsika vd cQng sg (2015) trOn 10.930 hgc sinh tai 6 nudc ch6u Au
cfrng cho th6y, c6 m6i quan hQ c6 y nghia giira v6n ae nuOng n6i, v6n dd
hudng ngoqi vh nan nhdn bi bit nat truc tuy6n. Hec sinh bi bit n4t trgc tuy6n
thudng c6m thAy tuc gi6n, bu6n b5 (Mishna vi cQng su, 2010) vd nghiOm trong
hon ld c6c em c6 cdc v5n dA suc kh6e tdm thAn nhu trAm c6m, lo 6u, stress
(Monks vd cQng su, 2012; Wang, Nansel vd Iannotti, 201I ; Chang vd cQng su,
2013 Baker vi Tannkulu,2010; Nixon,2014; Bottino vd cQng sir,2015). Dir
ld m6t hinh thtic bat nat gi6n ti6p, nhung bit npt truc tuy6n cfrng gdy ra cho
nan nhdn nhftng 6nh hudng tuong tU v0 rn{t t6m ly, th4m chi cdn n[ng nd hon
so vdi nan nh6n bi bat n4t truydn th6ng. Chdng h4n, khi so s6nh v6i nhirng hoc
sinh chi bi bit nat truydn th5ng, hgc sinh bi bat nat truc tuy6n c6 cdc biOu hiQn
i -l ,
vAn d0 hudng nQi vd hudng ngo4i cao hon (Waasdorp vd Bradshaw,20l5). KCt
qui nghi€n criu trudc ddy da cho th6y, mflc du hgc sinh bi bat nat truyAn th5ng
b6o c6o r[ng viQc c6c em bi bat n4t nghiCm trong vd tdn nh6n hcrn, 6nh huong
d6n cu6c s6ng cria cdc em hon so vdi nhiing hoc sinh bi bit npt trqc tuy6n,
nhung phdn tich tuong quan muc d0 bi bat nat vdi mric dQ v6n tl6 sric kh6e tdm
thAn, k6t qud lqi cho thAy, hgc sinh bi bit nat truc tuyiSn gflp nhiOu kh6 kh6n vO
m4t xd hQi hon, rnric d6 lo 6u, trAm cAm cao hon so vdi hgc sinh ld nan nh6n
cfia bit nat truydn th6ng (Campbell vd cdng sg, 2012). Tuong ty, nghiOn criu
cta Perren vd cQng sU (20 10) tr0n 37 4 hqc sinh Thuy S! vd 1.320 hgc sinh Uc
dd cho th6y, hoc sinh bi bit n4t truc tuy6n b6o c6o muc d0 trdm cim cao hon
hgc sinh 9i bat nat truy6n thdng. Kh6ng chi c6 yflV, mQt nghiCn criu tlinh tfnh
dE cho th6y, nhirng hgc sinh chi bi bat. nqt truy6n th6ng c6 it bii5u hiQn stress
sau sang ch6n hon nhtng hgc sinh bi bat n4t boi ci hai hinh thfc truydn thdng
vd truc tuy6n (Sjurso, Fandrem vi Roland ,2019).

18 TAPCHITAM LYHOC,Sd 9 (246),9 -20t9

 . Tai Vi0t Nam. mQt so nghiOn criu d5 dugc thyc hi6n vd cho th6y ty 16
bit nat trong thanh thieu nidn o mfc d6ng b6o dQng, ching h4n trong nghi€n
criu cria TrAn Van Cong (2017). 36%hgc sinh thuong xuyOn bi bit n4t boi it
nh6t m6t trong ndrn hinh thuc: bit nat truc ti6p, bit nat trgc tuy6n, xdm phqm
tii sAn, bit n4t bing rn6i quan h0. b6t nat thAn th€. Nam 2018, theo k6i qua
nghi0n cuu tr6n.l.040 hoc sinh THCS vd THPT, co75,7o/o hgc sinh tham.gia
vdo bdt nat truy6n th6ng va 32.5o/o hgc sinh tham gia vdo bat nat truc tuy6n o
c6c mfc d0 kh6c nhau, ttr I - 2 lAn trong ndrn hoc cho d6n hdng ngdy, v6i c6c
vai tro khdc nhau nhu th0 pharn, nan nhdn hodc cd hai (TrAn Vdn COng,2018).
Mgt s6 nghiOn criu dd tirn hi6u v0 h0 qu6 cria bit n4t: nghiOn criu cria Nguy6n
Phuong H6ng Ngg. vd cQng sp (2016) vO hdu qui cta bit nat truc tuyOn,
nghiCn criu cira Nguy6n Thi Thu Suong (2015) ve m6i quan hC gi0'a lo du, trAm
cim vd mfc d6 bi bat nat, v.v.
Han ch6 cira nghi0n cuu vd van d0 ndy tai Vi0t Nam ld con thi6u c6c
,!
nghien cuu cdt doc, dhi han vC mric dQ dnh huong cira b[t nqt d6i v6i c6c v6n
d0 sric kh6e th6 ch6t cfrng nhu tinh thAn noi chung cria hoc sinh ld nan nhdn
cria bit nat vir c6c v6n dC hu6ng n6i vd v6n dd hudng ngoai n6i ri6ng tu khi c6c
em cdn ld hqc sinh cho dtin khi truong thdnh.

Nghi0n:fy.lay tqp trung trd loi c6c cdrl hoi sau: 1/ Thgc trang hgc sinh
o lta tu6i thanh thiOu ni6n c6 trdi nghi0m bi bat nat truy0n rh6ng vd truc tuy6n
nhu thO ndo?, 2lTrdi nghiOm bi bat nat c6 m6i quan h0 nhu th0 nao v6i cdc v6n
.1 , , A
^. vdn . .: ^.^
de huong noi, d0 hu6ng ngoai d hgc sinh? vd 3l Co sg kh6c bidt ndo vd
mirc d6 v6n d0 hu6ng n6i, v6n de huOng ngoai gifr'a hoc sinh bi bit nqt truydn
thgng vd b! bit n4t truc tuy6n kh6ng? HAr. ai.n nghidn cuu ld d6ng g6p thOm
k6t qu6 nghiOn criu t4i Vi0t Narn, cfrng nhu dua ra duoc nhirng khuy6n nghi
cho cdng tdc phong ngira vd can thi6p b[t nat 6 hgc sinh.

2. Miu vh phu'o'ng phip nghiOn cri'u

1

Nghi6n criu kh6o s5t 1.087 hoc sinh tai 8 trucrng trung hoc co so (THCS) I

vdr trung hoc ph6 rhdng (THPT) rr6n dia bdn FId N6i, Nghe An, Thanh H6a vd Dd I
i
Ning, trong d6, c6 45,5Yo hgc sinh ntr,54,5Yo hoc sinh nam. EQ tu6i trung binh it

cria kh6ch the la 13,8 (DO lOch chudn (ELC) lil2,05). ll

x C6ng cu nghiAn cilu I

f;

- Phi6u hoi thu thdp th6ng tin cil nhAn nguoi duoc hoi g6rn c6c c6u hoi vA
l
th6ng tin c6 nh6n nhu: trudng, l6p, ndm sinh, gibi tinh. I
- Thang do B& nat trac tuy€n (Revised cyber bullying inventory - RCBI); I
;t.

(Baker va Kavsut,2007): Thang RCBI ve trai nghi6m bi bat nat truc tuy6n g6rn :

TAP CHf TAIU LY HOC, 56 9 (246),9 - 2019 19

 t

14 cAu (item). Thang dugc thi6t kd theo dang thane Likert 4 mric (0 : Kh6ng
: :
bao gio, I M6t ifin,2: Hai hoflc ba lAn,3 Nhidu hon ba lin).

Vi0c ph6n lo4i hgc sinh c6 phii n4n nh6n cria bdt n4t trgc tuy6n hay
khdng dua tr6n b5o c6o cta hgc sinh. Hoc sinh l\ra chon it nh6t mgt cdu vdi
mric d0 "hai hodc ba lan" trd lOn o ti6u thang do Bi b6t nat ducyc x6c dinh ld
nan nhdn. DQ tin c4y b€n trong ctia thang do gdc (phiOn bin ti6ng Anh) cria
thang do Bi bit n4t lA 0,75 (Topcu vi cQng su, 2010). Trong nghi0n cfu ndy,
thang do Bi bat n4t trgc tuy6n c6 dQ tin c4y bOn trong la 0,91.

- Thang do Da kh{a csnh ,i Ui bfu nqt boi bqn cirng laa (Multidt-
mensional peer victimization scale, MPVS) (Mynard vd Joseph, 2000): Thang
do ndy duoc su dpng di5 tirn hitiu ve Ui Uit nat truydn thdng v6i c6c hinh thric
kh6c nhau nhu: bit n4t bing loi n6i, bit nqt vd mat th0 chAt, bit nat bing mOi
quan hQ @it nat vd mdt xa hQi) vd xdrn pham tdi s6n. Thang do g6rn 16 cAu,
:.
moi c6u c6 ba lua chon: 0 : Kh6ng bao gid, 1 : MQt ldn,2: Nhi6u hon mQt
l6n. Di0m t6ng cdng cao cho th6y, mric dO bi bAt nat cdng nhi6u. Trong nghi0n
cfu ndy, nan nhdn Ui bat nat duoc x6c djnh ld hoc sinh bi bit nat boi it nhAt
m6t hdnh vi cy mric dQ nhiOu hon mQt IAn, do b6t n4t c6 tinh chAt lap lai
(Olweus, 2001). DQ tin c4y ben trong cria thang do g6c (phi0n bdn titing Anh) cho
tung nhdn tO ta: Uit nat vd thO ch6t (cr : 0,85), bit n4t bing loi n6i (o : 0,75), bit
n4t blng rn6i quan h0 (cr : 0,77) vh x6rn ph4rn tdi s6n (o : 0,73). Trong nghiOn
curl ndy, dQ tin cqV bOn tlong cria timg nhdn td theo b6ng hoi g6c ld: bit nat vd th6
ch6t (o: 0,82), b5t nqt bdng lrri n6i (o: 0,80), bit n4t b[ng rn6i quan hQ (o:0,78)
vd xdm ph4rn tdi s6n (o : 0,81).

- Bdng hoi vi di€m manh vd khd khdn (Strengths and difculties questionnaire,
SDQ) (Goodrnan vd cQng sg, 2000) - bin tg thudt: Bing hoi dugc sti dung d6
tim hi6u muc dQ c6c v6n dC huOng nQi, v6n de huOng ngo4i. D6y ld c6ng cq
drinh gi6 sdng lgc tAm bQnh o trd em vd vi thdnh niOn vd cfrng ld cdng cp duoc
su dpng ph6 bitin nhArn ph6t hiQn c6c v6n dC tdrn thAn o cQng d6ng (Goodman
vd cQng sg, 2000). Khi dugc sri dpng Oe ao tr6n nhidu rnSu kh6cn th6 knac
nhau ld hgc sinh trung hoc trong nhtng nghiCn cfu trudc, bing h6i cho th6y ilQ
tin c4y o mftc tu ch6p nhdn duoc d6n cao (Akpa vd cQng su, 2016; Gdran vd
Priebe, 2008). Bing h6i g6m 5 tieu thang do, m6i tit-iu thang do g6m 5 c6u: tii5u
thang do c6c bi0u hiQn cim xtc, c6c vAn Oe nann vi ring xt, tlng dQng/gi6m
chri y, cdc viln de vC m6i quan h0 bqn bd, hdnh vi xE h6i tfch cgc-M6i cdu c6
:
ba phuong 6n lga chon, tuong ring vdi c6c muc d0: 0 Kh6ng dring, I Dring :
:
mQt phAn, 2 Hodn todn dring. Di0m s6 r,'6n dA huOng n6i vd hudng ngo4i
dugc tfnh nhu sau: Di€rn sO hudng ngoai bing t6ng cria titlu thang do Tdng

20 TAP CHITA[,1 LY HOC, 56 g (246),9 - 20tg

I

!
!
I

dQng.vd V6n.de hdnh r,i ung x[r. Di6m s6 hu6n-e nQi bang t6ng cua ti6u thang
do V6n de rn5i quan hQ vdi bqn bd vd Bitiu hi0n c6m xtc.

Tru6c khi lAy sO tieu t4i c6c trulng THCS vd TtiPT, chring t6i dd ti6n
hdnh diOu tra thir tr0n 6 hgc sinh (3 hqc sinh THCS vd 3 hgc sinh THPT), ghi l4i
nhirng kh6 kh6n, thic rnic cria c6c em, c6c c6u kh6 hi6u hoac chua rO nghia, v.v.
Tir d6, chring t6i sira lai phi6u h6i tru6c khi diOu tra chinh thuc t4i c6c trudng.
Chi khi dugc sg cho ph6p cria nhA trudng, gi6o vi6n chir nhiQm lcrp, phu huynh
hgc sinh vd hgc sinh. chring t6i ti6n hdnh cho hgc sinh ldm phi6u hoi.

S. X6t qurl nghi0n cf'u

3.1. Trdi nghipm b! btit ngt cfia hgc sinh trung hpc
K6t quA nghidn criu cho th6y, tj' 16 hoc sinh bi bit n4t trgc tuy6n, bi bit
nat truy0n th6ng vd bi bdt n4t boi ci hai hinh thfc ndy nhu sau:

21.00 o
* Khone bi bflt uat

\/ira bi bit nat tnr-vin thon.e. r'ta bi

bat nqrt truc tu1'eu
Chi bi bat nat tnrc tuveu
6,8016

Chibi bit uat tnr!'iuthone

22,80/o

i{
ll

BiCu ifi I: Tj, t€ hpc sinh c6 trai nghiQm bi bdt nqt

!
1.-

l
I
ir

ri
i{

Bi0u d6 I cho thAy, co 51,60 hgc sinh da bi bit nat (b6t nat truc tuy6n,
bit n4t truy6nth6ng ho4c ci hai hinh thftc). Ti Ie hgc sinh bi bit n4t bdi ci hai
hinh thtc chiCrn 22,8yo, ttic ld cf l0 em thi c6 khoAng 3 em ilfl tung ld np
nhdn boi cA bit nqt truy€n th6ng vd bit nat truc tuytin. Kh6ng chi c6 vfly, gifa
mric dQ bi bit npt truydn th6ng vd truc tuy5n c6 rn6i tucrng quan nh6t dinh.

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd 9 (246),9 - 2019 2t

 i

Bdng l: Tuong quan gifta hinh thdrc bdt nqt tnrc tut'irt
voi cac hinh thti'c bitt nqt tuyin thi5ng

IIinh thrlc Bi bIt nat th6 ni rit n4t bing Bi bit n4t bing
t.
Bi xAm ph?m
bit nat chit ldi n6i mor quan ng tdi sin
Bi bit nat 0,428-- 0,4i3
0,456*- 0,474--
truc tuycn
Ghi chti: **: Trong quan cd y nghTa o nttlrc 0,01 (2-du6i).

KOt qu6 trong bing tr0n cho.thdy, rnric dQ bi bat nat trgc tuyOn c6.tuong
quan thudn o mfc trung binh vdi tdt ci c6c ki6u bdt n4t truy0n th6ng. Di€u ndy
c6 nghia ld mQt s6 hgc sinh bi bdt n4t truy6n th6ng (bi bAt nqt th6 chdt, bdng ldi
noi, m6i quan hQ vd bi xdm phqm tdi s6n) cdng nhidu, thi cfrng c6 xu hu6ng bi
bit nat trgc tuy6n cdng nhidu vh ngugc lai.

Bdng 2: So sdnh mil'c d0 trdi nghiQm bi bat nat cita hoc sinh theo cap hpc

IIinh thri'c bit nat DTB DLC t df p

THCS 2,J0 5,46

Bi bit n4t trs'c tuy6n -8,78 1073,00 < 0,001
THPT 6,45 8,54

THCS 1,92 2,40

ei bat nat v6 th6 ch6t -3,40 769,06 0,001
THP'f 2,48 2,41

THCS 1,88 2,26

Bi bit nat bing lo'i n6i -4,30 885,00 < 0,00t
THPT , 55 2,37

THCS 2,40 2,47

Bi bat nat bing miii quan h6 -2,20 790,94 0,028
THPT 2,J6 2,39

TIICS ) )< 2,47

XAm pham tdi sAn -3,05 778,57 0,002
TIIPT 2.76 2,44

Ngodi ra, xern x6t mQt sO 1'6u t6 nh6n khAu, k6t quA nghiCn criu cho
th6y: Thri nhdt, so s6nh theo gi6i tinh. hoc sinh nam (DTB : 2,46; DLC : 2,54)
bi bAt nat v6 th6 chdt nhi6u hon so voi hoc sinh n[ (DTB : 1,88; ELC:2,25)
vdi t (850):3,50; p < 0.01: c6c hinh thirc khac nhau nhu bi bit n4t truc tuyOn,
bi bit nqt bing loi n6i, bi bat nat bdng m6i quan h9, bi xdm pham tdi sAn ddu
kh6ng.c6 sg kh6c biQt co ! nghia thong kd x6t theo gi6i tinh..Thri hai, so s6nh
theo cdp hgc: 6 tat ca c6c hinh thuc bat nat, hoc sinh THPT ddu co trAi nghiQm

22 TAp CHITAIvt LY HOC, Sd 9 (246),9 - 20t9

bi bat n4t nhi6u hon so r.oi hgc sinh THCS vd tdt cA su khac bi0t ndy d6u c6 y
nghia th6ng kC (p < 0,05).

. .3.2.
MOi quan hQ gifi'a trdi nghiQm b! bdt ngt vd cttc vdn cti hu6ng nQi,
viln iIA hu'6ng ngogi d hgc sinh trung hpc

Xern x6t tucrng quan gitia trii nghiQm bi.bat nat v6i v6n d6 hudng nQi,
i -l .
vdn d0 hudng ngo4i cta hoc sinh, kOt qu6 cho thdy:

ldog 3: Taong quan giil'a mtTc dQ bi bdt nqt

vd van dA hudng nQi, vdn d€ hudng ngoqi cila hoc sinh

Hinh thr[c Bi bit nat

Bi bit Ili bdt nat Bi b[t nat llixim i

bit nat ngt th6 blng ldt bing m6i phqm tiri
truc tuv6n I

chf,t not quan hG sin

Mric tlQ v6n d€ 0,302.' 0,230'. 0,299'. 0,289'. 0,286r'
hu6'ng n6i

Mric dQ v6n d6
0,340 0,261" 0,323-. 0,286*' 0,282"
hu6ng ngoai

Ghi chil: **: Twong quan c6 y nghTa d rnfic 0,01 (2-du6i).

SO ti6u b6ng 3 cho th6y, c6 tuong quan thufln, & mtc <lQ th6p gita mric
d9 trai nghiQm bi bat nat truyAn th6ng (bi bit nat thri chdt, bing loi n6i, m5i
quan hQ vd bi xdm pham tdi s6n) v6i v6n dC hudng nQi vd v6n d€ hu6ng ngo4i
o hoc sinh trung hgc. Ttc ld, nhftng hoc sinh cdng bi bit nat truydn thOng nhiAu
thi rntic etQ v64 dC truOng n6i vd v6n dC hucrng ngoai cria c6c em cdng n4ng vd
ngugg lai. M5i tuong quan gifra mric rl0 trii nghiQm bi bit nat truc iuy6n v6i
c6c v6n dC truOng nQi vi v6n <10 hu6ng ngo4i chAt ch€ hon, D6 ld m6i tuong
quan thufln d mtic trung binh. Tric ld, nhftng hgc sinh bi bat nat truc tuytin cdng
nhidu, vdn dC hudng nQi vd v6n d€ hu6ng ngoai cria c6c em cdng nlng vd I

I
ngugc lai. I
I

So s6nh Post-Hoc sri dr,rng ki6m dinh Tukey HSD dugc trinh bdy o
ia
bhng 4.
I
K6t qui cho th6y, nh6m kh6ng bi bit n4t c6 DTB mric dQ c6c vdn tt€
.,(
hudng nQi vd vdn d€ hu6ng ngo4i thdp hon so v6i DTB tuong fng cria cdc
nh6m cdn l4i. Nh6m bi bat n4t bdi ci hai hinh thric c6 DTB mric dQ v6n <tC
.t
huong n6i vd vdn dC hudng ngo4i cao hon hdn DTB tuong ring ctia 3 nh6m cdn
lai. T6t c6 sg kh6c bi€t ndy dOu c6 y nghia th6ng kC (p i O,OS). N6u xdt ri6ng
nh6rn hgc sinh chi bi bit nat truc tuy6n vd nh6m hgc sinh chi bi bit n4t t*y6n

rAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd 9 (246),9 - 2Ot9 23

th5ng, k6t qui trong b6ng tr0n cho thar kr.\:g .., s,-: khac bicrt c6 ! nghTa th6ng
kC giira hai nh6rn ndy vC DTB muc do rir J.r h;cnrs noi vd vAn-d6 hu<ing
ngo4i (p > 0,05).

Brtng 4: So sdnh vi mtlrc do cac t'an cli kro'ng noi

vd lurdng ngoai giira cac nltont

Gii tr! p
Th6ng Nh<im
SO Nh6m N DTB DLC Vt'a bi b6t
Kh6ng nat truv6n
chi hi
thiing
bi bdt th6ng, vrla bi
bIt n4t
k6
tru'c
n?t bit nSt.trg'c tuycn
tuyGn
Kh6ng bi bit nat 411 5,87
a
J 35
Vtra bi bit nat tuvdn
th6rrg, vtla bi bdt 247 9,14 1)1 < 0,001
N{fc d6
: -:
\an de
nat truc tuv6n

huong Chi bi bat nat tru'c <

54 7.13 3,97 0,018 0,00 t
noi tuvell
Chi bi bit nat tuvdn 238 7,61 3,44 < 0,001 < 0,001 0,783
th6ng

Kh6ne bi bit nat 480 6,09 3,09

Mri'c d6 Vua bi bh nat uuydn
v6n 116 thong. vu'a bi bAt 241 8,96 2,67 < 0,001
hu6'ng nat truc tuy6n
ngoqi
Chi.bi bit nat truc 54 7, 70 3,70 0,00 t 0,028
tuv6n

Chi bi bAt nat tuy6n 238 7,08 J 00 < 0,001 < 0.001 0,511
th6ng

4. K6t lu4n
K6t qu6 nghiCn criu ndy rndt l6n nira cho thdy. ty lQ hgc sinh bi bit n4t
dring brio dQng. Hon rnQt ntia s6 hoc sinh tharn gia nghi€n cfu brio c6o d6 tung
bi bat nat (ho6c bi bat nat truc tuy6n hodc bi bat nai truy0n th6ng hoac bi bit
nAt bdi cA hai hinh thric). Ti le hgc sinh bi bit nat b&i cA hai hinh thuc dring k6.
Nhirng hgc sinh bi bat nat truc tuy6n cdng nhidu thi cfrng c6 xu hu6ng Ui Uit
nat truy6n th6ng cdng nhi6u va nguoc lai. Xdt vd mat gi6i tinh, hgc sinh narn

24 TAP CHITAM LYHOC, Sd g (246),9 -2019

 c6 xu hudng bi bat nat thi ch6t nhiOu hon hoc sinh nt. Hoc sinh THCS Ui bit
nat it hon so vdi hoc sinh THPT o t6t ci c6c hinh thric.
,,1 A.
. Ve m6i quan he.gita trdi nghiCm bi bat nat vd c6c v6n d6 hucrng n6i vd
.
v6n dd hudng lgo?i, kei qua nghiOn cftu ndy cho thSry co sg ruong quan thu{n
tir mric th6p d6n trung binh, nhtng hgc sinh cdng bitat nai nhieul ti,i cac v6n
dd hucrng nQi vd vAn d0 hudng. nggAi c6 xu hu6ng cdng cao vd nguoc lai. Dac
biQt, khi so s6nh mfc dQ c6c vAn d0 ndy gifra c6c nh6m, nh6m kh6ne bi bit nat
c6 mfc dQ v6n de huOng n6i va u6n AC-nuOng ngoai th6p hon t in sJvOi nhirng
nh6rn con lai. Nhorn c6 mfc d0 v6n Ae nOi trQi hon so vdi c6c nh6m kh6c ld
I
I
nh6m hoc sinh vua bi bit nat truydn th6ng, vua b! b6t nat truc tuy6n.

Nghi€n cuu ndy mQt ldn nira cho th6y, v6n de huOng nQi vd v6n d6
hudng ngg?i o hgc sinh chi bi bat nat mQr trong hai hinh thric,lo4c truc tuy6n,
ho4c iruycn th6ng khdng rg ru khac bi6t. voltfrier te ,gniC, ;;;
;;;BanB,
nghiOn ctiu ndy chua dri bing chting AC t6t lu6n vd *6i quun hQ nh6n qu6,
nhung phAn ndo cho th6y mtc Ag v6n Ae hu6ng n6i, v6n a6 nuOng ngoai ctra
cdc nh6m co nhtng trAi nghiOm bi bat nat kh6c nhau, tu bit nat truyAl th6ng
cho dtin bit nat trgc tuyisn.

M4c du duoc thuc hi6n gidn titip qua mAng internet, v6i c6c phuong
tiOn, thi6t bi di6n tir, k6t qu6 cria nghiCn .nu nay*nh6t qu6n v6i kt5t
ira .a.
nghi0n cuu trudc d6y tr6n thti gi6i, cho thdy ilic d6ng cira Uit nat d6i vdi v6n clO
nQi, v6n d0 huOng ngoai, trong d6, n4n nhdnlia Uat nai truc tuy6n chiu
ly6rq
h0 qua ndng nC hon so v6i nan nhdn ctia bit nat truyAn th6ng. D6y cfrng ld di6u
md c6c chuong trinh phong ng.ua, can thi6p b6t-nat cAn luu y 116 Oanh gia, pnan
loai c6c nh6rn nan nh6n cria bit nat, thi6t lap ke hoach can thi6p chuy61 s6u vd
c6 thoi luong l6u ddi phu hqp vdi muc d6 v6n dA cria tring nh6m.

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