LEAF

Types, Origin, Bundle –Sheaths and Extensions

• Class Teacher
Dr. Riffat Siddique
Assistant Professor (BPS-19)
Department of Botany
Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Pakistan.

• Course Description
Course Title: PLANT ANATOMY
Course code: Maj/Bot-306
Credit hours: 4 (3+1)

• Class
Course : BS III, 6th Semester
Major: Botany
 Table of contents
• Structure of a Leaf
• Parts of a Leaf
• Types of Leaf
• Origin of Leaf
• Bundle Sheath
• Bundle Sheath Extentions
 Structure of a Leaf
• Among the different parts of a plant, the leaf is the most essential. Primarily, leaves have two
functions: photosynthesis and transpiration.

• Leaves are thin, flat organs responsible for photosynthesis

• It develops laterally at the node, It is an important part of the shoot system and originates from
shoot apical meristems.
Parts of a Leaf
Generally, leaf base, petiole, and lamina, together form the main parts of a leaf.
• Leaf Base: This is the part where a leaf attaches to the stem. Leaf base has two small leaf-like
structure called stipules. In plants like paddy, wheat, and other monocotyledons, this leaf base is
wide and masks the stem.
• Petiole: Petiole is the long, thin, stalk that links the leaf blade to the stem.
• Lamina: Also known as leaf blade. It is the green, flat surface of the leaves. It consists of a small
branched vein and veinlets. The vein that runs along the middle of the lamina is called midrib.
Midrib divides the surface of the lamina into two. These veins and veinlets give rigidity to the leaf
blade and help in the transportation of water and other substances.
• Source: https://byjus.com/biology/leaves-morphology-types-modification/
 Parts of leaf

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=parts+of+leaf&safe=active&sxsrf=ALeKk01dx3q41Y-
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s7zHQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy14Pk3ZrpAhU88uAKHTL3AuMQ9QEwA3oECAUQNQ
 Venation
Venation is defined as the arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the leaves. Different plants show
different types of venation. Generally, there are two types of venation

• Reticulate venation: In a reticulate venation, the veinlets are randomly arranged and form a
complex network of veinlets. Ex: Dicotyledonous plants like a rose plant.
• Parallel venation: In a parallel venation, the veinlets run parallel to each other. Ex: In
monocotyledons like paddy

Parallel
venation Reticulate
venation
 Types of Leaves
• There are two broad categories of leaves – simple and compound, which are further classified into
different groups based on their shape, size, their arrangements on the stem, leaves of flowering and
non-flowering plants, and various other physical attributes.
Simple Leaf
• When a single lamina is connected to the main stem by a petiole, the leaf is said to be simple. A
simple leaf may be incised to any depth but not down to the midrib or petiole. Eg., Guava leaves.
Compound Leaf
• A compound leaf is a leaf made up of two or more leaflets. In a compound leaf, the midrib of the
leaf is branched into different leaflets and is connected by a single petiole. For eg., Pea, palm
leaves.
Types of Leaves
 Types of compound leaves
• The compound leaves are further sub-divided into the following types of leaves:

1. Types of Palmately Compound Leaf

• In a palmately compound leaf, the leaflets are attached at the tip of the petiole. Eg., Silk cotton.
these are further of various types as,
Unifoliate: These type of leaves have only one leaflet. Eg., Citrus
Bifoliate: These leaves have two leaflets. Eg., Balanites
Trifoliate: These leaves have three leaflets emerging from the same point. Eg., Oxalis
Quadrifoliate: These leaves have four leaflets arising from the same point. Eg., Marsilea
Multifoliate: This type of leaf has many leaflets arising at a common pint. Eg., Bombax
Source:https://byjus.com/biology/leaves-morphology-types-modification/#types
Types of Palmately Compound Leaves
 Types of Compound Leaf
2. Types of Pinnately Compound Leaf
• In a pinnately compound leaf, the midrib of the leaf is divided into numerous leaflets and all
connected by a common axis. Eg., Neem. These can be further differentiated into:
Pinnate: A compound leaf that has an axis on each side of the midrib is known as a pinnate leaf.
Unipinnate: The leaf with leaflets on each side of the axis. Eg., cassia
Bipinnate: Here, a secondary axis bearing the leaflet is produced by the central axis. Eg., Acacia
Tripinnate: Here, a tertiary axis bearing leaflets emerges from the secondary axis. Eg., Moringa
Decompound: Leaf with more than three pinnate. Eg., old leaves of coriander
Parapinnate: A leaf without a terminal leaflet, or with even number of leaflets, Eg., Cassia
Imparipinnate: Leaf with an odd terminal leaflet. Eg., Pea
Source:https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/1588
Types of Pinnately Compound Leaf
 Functions of Leaves
• The leaves perform the following functions:
• Photosynthesis
• Transpiration
• Guttation
Removal of excess water from the xylem at the edges of the leaves when the stomata are closed is
known as guttation.
• Storage
Leaves are a site of photosynthesis. Therefore, they store water and nutrients. The succulent and
thick leaves particularly adapt to water storage.
• Defence
Some leaves are modified into spines to protect them from being damaged or eaten by animals. For
eg., Opuntia.
 Origin of Leaf
It develops from leaf primordium from promeristem of (shoot apical meristem) SAM
i. Initiation:
• Periclinal divisions on flanks of promeristems below the apex.
• It produces a bulge called leaf buttress which grow laterally.
• Leaf primordium grows in length by activity of apical meristem present at tip.
• Further growth occurs by activity of apical, intercalary, adaxial & plate meristem
ii. Development of leaf axis
• Apical meristem forms bladeless tapering cone shaped leaf-axis.
• Activity of apical meristem ceases & further development takes place by intercalary
meristem.
• In monocots intercalary growth is more pronounced due to presence intercalary meristem.
Source:https://www.slideshare.net/JasmineBrar4/leaf-structure-adaptations-development
 Origin of Leaf

iii. Growth of Lamina by Marginal Meristem

• The cells of margins of leaf axis becomes more active & forms leaf blade with mid-rib (marginal
meristem).
• The marginal meristem of the leaf blade show little activity at base & form petiole.
• Adaxial meristem divides periclinally & makes leaf thick.
• Final shape & size of leaf takes place by activity of Plate meristem (meristem containing parallel
layers of cells dividing anticlinally only)
• Source:https://www.slideshare.net/JasmineBrar4/leaf-structure-adaptations-development
Source:https://www.slideshare.net/JasmineBrar4/leaf-structure-
adaptations-development
Marginal and Sub Marginal initials
Origin of Leaf Primordium
 Differentiation of Mesophyll Tissue

iv. Differentiation of Mesophyll

• Palisade parenchyma is formed by anticlinal divisions

• Spongy parenchyma is formed by anticlinal divisions but less frequent than palisade cells.
• The adjacent epidermal cells stop dividing & enlarge in the plane parallel to the surface of the leaf.

v. Vascular Tissue
• Vascular tissue develop by activity of procambium that develops from plate meristem. Phloem
develops earlier than xylem. The midrib & lateral veins are formed during intercalary growth.
• Source:https://www.slideshare.net/JasmineBrar4/leaf-structure-adaptations-development
Differentiation of Mesophyll Tissue
 Bundle Sheath

• The larger leaf veins are surrounded by parenchymatous with poorly developed chloroplast while
the smaller veins are enclosed in one or more layers of compactly arranged cells forming the
Bundle Sheath.

• The bundle sheath in a leaf is a layer of compactly arranged parenchyma surrounding the vascular
bundles.

• Bundle sheath may be parenchymatous or sclerenchymatous.

 Bundle sheaths

• The bundle sheaths regulate the movement of substances between the vascular tissue and the
parenchyma and, in leaves, protect the vascular tissue from exposure to air.
• Bundle sheath cells constitute ∼15% of chloroplast-containing cells
• Bundle sheath conduct fluxes of compounds both into the leaf, particularly during leaf
development, and out of the leaf, during export of photosynthates and during senescence.
• The bundle sheath also conducts the flow of water from the xylem to the mesophyll cells and then
to the intercellular spaces.
• The bundle sheath cells are the only cells outside the vasculature itself (xylem, phloem, and some
of their associated parenchyma cells) through which these substances must pass.
• Source: https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/59/7/1663/639746
Bundle sheaths
Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q
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 Roles of the bundle sheath cells in leaves of
C3 plants
• In C3 plants which are normal plants, perform light reaction and dark/ calvin cycle of
photosynthesis in mesophyll cells, as bundle sheath cells don’t have chloroplast.
• They conduct fluxes of compounds both into the leaf, particularly during leaf development, and out
of the leaf, during export of photosynthates and during senescence.
• Its metabolic roles in photosynthesis, carbohydrate synthesis and storage, the import and export of
nitrogen and sulphur, and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species.
• Sources:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353763
• https://www.google.com/search?q=what+are+bundle+sheath+in+plants&safe=active&sxsrf=ALeK
k01DWerSBAd4PPVZTyWRhmI0y6JQkw:1588658708768&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=O
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kSknOiGU9885koKfv0z9VAzbW4ADA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjvhoXwhpzpAhUC3BoKHWqu
A1AQ9QEwAHoECAoQAw#imgrc=ECsCKH7xuJjVaM
 Roles of the bundle sheath cells in leaves of in
C4 plants
• In C4 plants, the bundle sheath cells have been recruited to a very specific role in photosynthetic
CO2 fixation, in which they form a specialized compartment in which CO2 can be concentrated
around Rubisco, thus suppressing photorespiration but this is in addition to other possible function.
• In C4 plants (see C4 pathway) the bundle sheath cells contain chloroplasts and are the site of
the Calvin cycle.
• The initial fixation of carbon dioxide to form malic acid takes place in the palisade mesophyll cells,
which in C4 plants form a circle around the bundle sheath.
• This arrangement, known as Kranz anatomy or structure (after the German Kranz, wreath), ensures
that the palisade cells are in close contact with the bundle sheath cells so that the malic acid can
easily pass to the bundle sheath. It also means that the products of photosynthesis can be quickly
transferred from the bundle sheath to the adjacent phloem tissue for transport to other parts of the
plant.
• Source: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-
releases/bundle-sheath-cells
C3 and C4 plants

Source:https://www.google.c
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Kranz Anatomy
Source:
https://www.google.com/s
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 Bundle sheath extension

• A strip of ground tissue between vascular bundles and epidermis in leaf - can be hypodermal and
consist of parenchyma, collenchyma or sclerenchyma.

Heterobaric leaves
• In many dicotyledons, cells similar to bundle sheath extend towards the epidermis and are
sometimes collenchymically thickened. Leaves of sunflower have such bundle sheath extensions
Such leaves are referred to as Heterobaric.

Homobaric leaves:
• In contrast, leaves largely lacking bundle sheath extensions are termed homobaric
Bundle sheath extension

Source:https://www.google.com/se
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 Function of Bundle Sheath Extensions
• Leaves exhibiting bundle sheath extensions predominate in deciduous plants, whereas those
without are predominantly evergreen broadleaved foliage of warmer climates has suggested that
bundle sheath extensions may be involved in conduction, particularly as there is an inverse
correlation with vein frequency and distribution.
• Bundle sheath extensions appear to be an adaptation to saving water and to protecting the
mesophyll against water stress.
• Homobaric leaves found in hotter climates may have evolved to increase water use efficiencies, by
allowing lateral CO2 movement.
• Bundle sheath extensions in Heterobaric leaves are also likely to reduce the spread of disease,
because these leaves tend to be thinner.
• Bundle sheath extensions may also behave as windows, increasing light penetration into the
internal layers of the mesophyll, thus compensating for the reduction of the photosynthetic capacity
per unit leaf area caused by the non-photosynthetic extensions.
• Source:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00558.x