R V College of Engineering, Bengaluru

(Autonomous Institute under VTU, Belagavi)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING DRAWING

(16ME14/24)

2017-2018
 1. Conventions and Standards
1.1 Conventions and Standards: Standard sizes of drawing sheets, Lines, Dimensioning,
Scales, conventions for materials
Standard sizes of drawing sheets:
Designation Size (in mm)
A0 841 x 1489
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594
A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297

Types of Lines:

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Dimensioning:

Systems of Dimensioning:
The two recommended systems of placing the dimension figures are : Aligned System and
Unidirectional System.
Aligned System:

Unidirectional System:

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Scales:
Representative fraction:
RF is a ratio between drawing size and actual size (of same units).
RF = drawing size / actual size
Eg. 1:2, 1unit on drawing represents 2units in actual.
Types of scales:

1:2 Reduced scale drawing

1:1 Full scale drawing

2:1 Enlarged scale drawing

Conventions for materials:

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 GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
1.1 Divide a line AB 70mm into 6 equal parts.
1.2 Construct the following figures and dimension it. 1.3 Redraw the drawing as shown.
a) Equilateral triangle of sides 30mm
b) Regular pentagon of sides 30mm
c) Regular hexagon of sides 25mm
d) Circle of radius 20mm
e) Concentric pentagons of sides 30mm and 50mm

Figure: 1.3
1.4 Draw an equilateral triangle of 30mm sides. Construct a square, a pentagon and a hexagon of sides
30mm having one of their sides coinciding with the sides of triangle.
1.5 Redraw the drawing as shown.

Figure 1.5 (a) Figure 1.5 (b)

1.6 Redraw the drawing as shown.

Figure 1.6 (a) Figure 1.6 (b) Figure 1.6 (c)

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 2.0 Projection of Points.

2.1 Point A is 30 mm in front of VP, 20 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of LPP. Draw its projections.

2.2 Point B is 20 mm behind VP, 40 mm above HP and 25 mm infront of RPP. Draw its projections.

2.3 Point C is 25 mm behind VP, 35 mm below HP and 30 mm behind RPP. Draw its projections.

2.4 Point D is 30 mm in front of VP, 20 mm below HP and 25 mm infront of LPP. Draw the projections.

Draw the projections of the following points on the same XY line.

2.5 a) A is 20 mm in front of VP and 30 mm above HP.
b) B is 30 mm in front of VP and in HP.
c) C is 40 mm behind VP and 20 mm below HP
d) D is 40 mm behind VP and 50 mm above HP
e) E is 40 mm in front of VP and 30 mm below HP.

2.6 A point 20 mm below XY line is the top view of three points P, Q and R. P is 25 mm below HP, Q is 35
mm above HP and R on HP. Draw the projections of the three points and state their positions with
reference planes and the quadrants in which they lie.

2.7 A point 30 mm above XY line is the front view of two points E and F. E is 35 mm behind VP and F is
40 mm infront of VP. Draw the projections of the two points and state their positions with reference
planes and the quadrants in which they lie.

2.8 Draw the projections of a point lying 20 mm above HP and is in the first quadrant when its shortest
distance from XY line is 40 mm. Also find the distance of the point from VP.

2.9 Point P is 25 mm below HP and is situated in the third quadrant. Its shortest distance from XY line is 45
mm. Draw its projections and find its distance from VP.

2.10 Point A is 30mm infront of VP and point B is behind VP. Distance between their projectors is 60mm
and the line joining their top views makes an angle of 45 with the XY line. Find the distance of the
point B from VP

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 3.0 Projection of Lines.
3.1 A line AB 60 mm long has one end 20 mm in front of VP and 15 mm above HP. The line is inclined at
25 to HP and 40 to VP. Draw the front view and the top view of the line.
3.2 A line AB is on HP and 25mm infront of VP. B is in VP and 50mm above HP. The distance between the
end projectors when measured parallel to the line of intersection of HP and VP is 65mm. Draw the
projections of the line and find the inclinations of the line with both the reference planes of projection.
3.3 The line AB measuring 70 mm has its end A 15 mm infront of VP and 20 mm above HP and the other
end B, 60 mm infront of VP and 50 mm above HP. Draw the projections of the line and find the
inclinations of the line with both the reference planes of projection.
3.4 The front view of the line PQ 80 mm long measures 50 mm and it is inclined to XY at 50. One end of
the line P is 20 mm above HP and 25 mm in front of the VP. Draw the front view and the top view of the
line and find the inclinations of the line with HP and VP.
3.5 The top view PQ of a straight line is 70 mm and makes an angle of 60 to XY line. End Q is 10 mm in
front of VP and 30 mm above HP. The difference between the distances of P and Q above HP is 45 mm.
Draw the projections and determine the true length and true inclinations with HP and VP.
3.6 Line AB is 70 mm long. Point A is 15 mm in front of VP and 20 mm above HP. Point B is 60 mm in
front of VP and 50 mm above HP. Draw its projections and find its true inclinations with HP and VP.
Also find the distance between end projectors.
3.7 A line AB having one of its end 10mm above HP and 15mm infront of VP is inclined at 30 to HP and
45 to VP. Its top view is 50mm long. Draw the projections of the line and find out its true length.
3.8 Draw the projections of a straight line AB, 100mm long, inclined at 45 to HP and 30 VP. The end A is
in HP and the end B is in VP.
3.9 The front view of a line is 50mm long and 55 to the XY line. The line is inclined at 30 to VP. Draw
the projections of the line and find its true length and true inclination with HP. One end is nearer to HP
than the other end which is nearer to VP.
3.10 The point B of a line AB is on the horizontal plane and ab, the top view of the line makes an angle of
30 with XY line, ab being 80mm. The point A lies on the vertical plane and 50mm above the horizontal
plane. Draw the projections of the line and find its true length and true inclination.
3.11 One end of the line is 10mm infront of VP and 20mm above HP. The line is inclined at 40 to VP and
the left view of the line is 50mm long and inclined at 30 to the XY line. Draw the three views of the line
and find its true length and true inclination with HP.
3.12 The midpoint of line AB is 60 mm above HP and 50 mm infront of VP. Line measures 80 mm and is
inclined at 45 to VP and 30 to HP. Draw its projections.
3.13 The projections of a line measuring 80mm in the top view and 70mm in the front view. The midpoint of
the line is 45mm infront of VP and 35mm above HP. One end is 10mm infront of VP and nearer to it.
The other end is nearer to HP. Draw the projections of the line, find the true length and true inclinations.
3.14 A room is 5m X 3m X 4m high. An electric lamp is suspended vertically from the centre of the ceiling
at a distance of 0.8m from it. Find the distance of the lamp from any one of the ground corners and the
slope angle of the connecting line with the ground.
3.15 A divider opened at 45 is so placed on the ground such that both the ends are equidistant from VP and
the hinged end is 50mm above the ground and nearer to VP. If the distance between the ends is 80mm,
draw the projections and determine the true lengths of the legs of the divider. Also determine the
inclinations of each leg with the reference planes.

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 4.0 Projection of Planes.
4.1 An equilateral triangular lamina of 30 mm sides resting on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 45
with HP and the side on HP is inclined at 40 to VP. Draw the projections.
4.2 An equilateral triangular lamina of 30 mm sides resting on one of its corners on HP. The lamina makes
40 with HP and the side opposite to the corner on which it rests is inclined at 30 to VP. Draw the
projections.
4.3 An isosceles triangular lamina of base 25mm long and altitude 35mm is so placed on HP such that it is
seen as an equilateral triangle of 25mm sides in the front view, with the side that is parallel to VP is inclined
at 45 to HP. Draw its projections and determine the inclination of the lamina with VP.
4.4 A 30- 60 set square of 30mm shortest side is so kept such that the longest side is on HP, making an angle
of 30 VP. The set square itself is inclined at 45 HP. Draw the front view, top view and left profile view.
4.5 A square lamina of 30mm side rests on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 60 to HP and the side
on which it rests makes 30 to VP. Draw its projections.
4.6 A square PQRS of 40mm side has its diagonal PR inclined at 45 to HP and the diagonal QS inclined at
30 to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections.
4.7 A square plate of 40mm side rests on HP such that one of the diagonals is inclined at 30 to HP and 45 to
VP. Draw its projections.
4.8 The top view of a square lamina of side 60mm is a rectangle of sides 60mm X 20mm with the longer side
of the rectangle being parallel to both HP and VP. Draw the top and front views of the square lamina. What
is the inclination of the surface of the lamina with HP and VP? Indicate the inclinations of the lamina.
4.9 A rectangular lamina of sides 40mm X 60mm rests on HP on one of its longer edges. The lamina is tilted
about the edge on which it rests till its plane surface is inclined to HP at 45.The edge on which it rests is
perpendicular to VP. Draw the projections of the lamina on VP, HP and LPP.
4.10 The pentagonal lamina of 30 mm sides resting on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 45 with HP
and the side on HP is inclined at 40 to VP. Draw the projections.
4.11 A pentagonal lamina of 30 mm sides rests on one of its corners on HP with the surface inclined at 60 to
HP. The edge opposite to the corner on which it rests is parallel to VP. Draw the projections.
4.12 A pentagonal lamina of 40 mm sides is placed such that the perpendicular bisector of one of the sides is
inclined at 30 to HP and 45 VP. Draw the top and front views of the lamina.
4.13 A pentagonal lamina of 30 mm sides is having a side both on HP and VP. The surface of the lamina is
inclined at an angle of 60 with HP. Draw top and front views of the lamina.
4.14 The hexagonal lamina of 25 mm sides resting on one of its sides on HP. The lamina makes 45 with HP
and the side on HP is inclined at 40 to VP. Draw the projections.
4.15 The hexagonal lamina of 25 mm sides resting on VP with one of its sides such that the surface makes an
angle of 60 with VP. The edge on which it rests is inclined at 45 to HP. Draw the projections.
4.16 Hexagonal lamina of 25 mm sides resting on one of its corners on HP. The lamina makes 45 with HP and
the corner opposite to corner on which it rests is 25 mm infront of VP and nearer to it. Draw the projections.
4.17 Regular hexagonal lamina of 25 mm sides is resting in such way that on one of its corners on HP while the
corner opposite to the corner on which it rests, is in VP. If the lamina makes 60 to HP, draw the
projections.
4.18 Circular lamina of 50 mm diameter rests on HP on a point A on the circumference, with its surface inclined
at 45 to HP. The top view of the diameter passing through point A makes 60 to VP. Draw the projections.
4.19 A circular lamina of 50 mm diameter rests on one of its diametral point on HP with the surface inclined at
45 to HP. The diagonal passing through the point on which it rests is inclined at 30 to VP. Draw the
projections.
4.20 A circular lamina inclined to VP appears in the front view as an ellipse of major axis 30mm and minor
axis 15mm. Major axis is parallel to both HP and VP. One end of the minor axis is in both HP and VP.
Draw the projections of the lamina and determine inclination of the lamina with VP.
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 5.0 Projection of Solids.
5.1 A square prism of base sides 30 mm and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base edges which is
inclined at 30to VP. Draw its projections when the axis is inclined at 45 to HP.
5.2 A square prism of base sides 30 mm and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base corners in such
a way that the axis is inclined at 45 to HP. Draw its projections when the axis is inclined at 30 to VP.
5.3 A pentagonal prism of base sides 25mm and 60mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base corners such
that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the
projections when the axis is inclined at 40 to HP and appears to be inclined at 45 to XY line.
5.4 A hexagonal prism of base sides 25mm and 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base edges. Draw
the projections when the axis is inclined at 45 to HP and top view of the axis makes 40 to XY line when
the base is nearer to the observer.
5.5 A hexagonal prism of base sides 25mm and 50mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base corners such
that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the
projections when the axis is inclined at 40 to HP and 30 to VP.
5.6 A triangular pyramid 30 mm base edges and 50 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its slant edges. Draw
the projection of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 45.
5.7 A square pyramid 30 mm base edge and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base edges. Draw the
projection of the pyramid when the axis is inclined at 30 to HP and 45 to VP.
5.8 A square pyramid 30 mm base edge and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base corners such
that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the
projections when the axis is inclined at 45 HP and top view of the axis makes 40 to XY line when the
apex is nearer to the observer.
5.9 A pentagonal pyramid 30 mm base edges and 55 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base edges.
Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined at 30 to HP and 45 to VP.
5.10 A pentagonal pyramid 30 mm base edges and 60 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its triangular faces.
Draw the projections of the pyramid when the axis is inclined to VP at 45 and the base is nearer to the
observer.
5.11 A hexagonal pyramid of base edge 25 mm and height 50 mm rests on HP on one of its base corners such
that the two base edges containing the corner on which it rests make equal inclinations with HP. Draw the
projections when the axis is inclined at 45 to HP and top view of the axis makes 40 to XY line when the
apex is nearer to the observer.
5.12 A cylinder of base circle diameter of 50 mm and 65 mm axis length rests on HP on one of its base point
on HP with its axis inclined at 45 to HP and 30to VP. Draw the projections.
5.13 A cone of base circle diameter of 50 mm and 65 mm axis length is resting on a base point on HP. Base
makes 30 to HP. Draw the projection of the cone when the axis appears to be inclined at 45 to VP.
5.14 A square pyramid 30 mm base edge and 60 mm is suspended by a thread tied to one of the corners of its
base. It is then tilted such that the axis makes an angle of 45 with respect to the VP. Draw the projections
of the solid when the apex is nearer to the observer.

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5.15 A tetrahedron of sides 40mm is resting on one of its sides on HP. This side is parallel to VP and 40mm
away from it. It is tilted about resting side such that the base containing this edge is inclined at 30to HP.
Draw the projections of the solid.
5.16 A cube of 40mm edges rests with one of its square faces on HP such that one of its vertical square faces is
inclined at 30 to VP. A section plane parallel to VP and perpendicular to HP passes through it at a distance
of 10mm from its vertical axis and in front of it. Draw its top view and sectional front view.
5.17 A cube of 30mm edges rests with one of its square faces on HP such that one of its square faces is inclined
at 30 to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 60 to HP passes through a point on the
vertical axis 5mm below its top end. Draw its sectional top view, front view and the true shape of section.
5.18 A triangular pyramid of 30mm side of base and axis 45mm long is placed with its base on HP such that an
edge of the base is parallel to VP and nearer to it. A cutting plane inclined at 60 to HP and perpendicular
to VP bisects the axis of the pyramid. Draw the top and profile views in section. Also add true shape of
section.
5.19 A pentagonal pyramid of 20mm edge of base and 40mm high stands vertically with its base on HP and an
edge of the base perpendicular to VP. A section plane perpendicular to HP and inclined at 30 to VP cuts
the pyramid such that it passes through the pyramid at a shortest distance of 5mm from its axis and in front
of it. Draw its sectional front view and project the auxiliary view showing the true shape of the section.
5.20 A cube of 30mm edges is cut by a section plane such that the true shape of the section is a regular hexagon.
Draw the projections of the cube and find the inclination of the section plane with HP. Also measure the
length of the sides of the regular hexagon in the true shape of section.
5.21 A square pyramid of 50mm edges of base and height 70mm rests on its base on HP with one of its base
edges parallel to VP. It is cut by an inclined section plane in such a way that the true shape of the section
is a trapezium whose parallel sides measure 40mm and 20mm. Draw the front view, sectional top view
and the true shape of the section. What is the inclination of the section plane with HP? Measure the
perpendicular distance between the parallel sides in the true shape of section.
5.22 A tetrahedron of edges 70mm long is lying on HP on one of its faces. It is cut by an inclined section plane
such that the true shape of the section is an isosceles triangle of base 50mm and an altitude of 40mm. Find
the inclination of the section plane with HP. Draw the front view, the sectional top view and the true shape
of the section.
5.23 A cylinder 60mm diameter and 80mm long stands with its circular base on HP. A section plane
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 60 to HP cuts the axis at a point 28mm below its top end. Draw the
sectional top and right views and the true shape of section.
5.24 A cone diameter of base 60mm and axis 70mm long is resting on its base on HP. It is cut by a section plane
perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 to HP. The section plane passes through the axis at a point 40mm
above HP. Draw the sectional top view, front view and true shape of the section.
5.25 A cone, base 60mm diameter and axis 70mm stands vertically with its base on HP. A section plane
perpendicular to VP and parallel to one of the end generators of the cone passes at a distance of 15mm
from it. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of the section. Name the curve of the true shape of the
section.

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 6.0 Development of surfaces.
6.1 A triangular prism of base edge 30 mm and height 50 mm rests on HP with its axis vertical and a base
edge parallel to VP and farther from it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 to HP
bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.
6.2 A square prism of 30mm base edges and 65 mm axis length rests on HP with its axis vertical and two of
its lateral surfaces are equally inclined to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 to
HP bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.
6.3 A rectangular prism of base 40 mm x 25 mm and 60 mm axis length rests on HP with its axis vertical and
longer base edge perpendicular to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 to HP
bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.
6.4 A pentagonal prism of 30mm base edges and 65 mm axis length rests on HP with two of its lateral surfaces
are equally inclined to VP and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 to HP
bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.
6.5 A hexagonal prism of 30mm base edges and 60 mm axis length rests on HP with its axis vertical and one
of its lateral surfaces is inclined at 30 to VP and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and
inclined at 45 to HP bisects the axis of the prism. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained
portion of the solid.
6.6 A triangular pyramid of base edge 30 mm and height 50 mm rests on HP with its axis vertical and two of
its base edges equally inclined to VP and nearer to it. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at
45 to HP bisects the axis of the pyramid. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of
the solid.
6.7 A square pyramid of base edge 40 mm and height 60 mm rests on HP with its axis vertical and two of its
base edges parallel to VP. A section plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45 to HP bisects the axis
of the pyramid. Draw the development of lateral surface of retained portion of the solid.
6.8 A hexagonal prism of side of base 30 mm and axis 65 mm is resting with its base on HP with two of its
base edges perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a section plane which is 60 to its axis, perpendicular to VP
and passes through a point on the axis 15 mm from its top end. Draw the development of lateral surface of
the retained portion of the prism.
6.9 Draw the development of the lateral surface of a truncated cylinder, 40 mm diameter of base and height
50 mm, if the truncated flat surface of the cylinder bisects the axis at 60 to it.
6.10 A square pyramid side of base 40 mm and axis 65 mm long has its base on HP and all the edges of the
base are equally inclined to VP. It is cut with an inclined section plane so that the truncated surface is at
45 to the axis bisecting it. Draw the development of the truncated pyramid.
6.11 The frustum of a square pyramid has is base 60 mm sides, top face 30 mm and height 40 mm. Its axis is
vertical and a side of base is parallel to VP. Draw the development of lateral surfaces.
6.12 A regular pentagonal pyramid of side of base 35 mm and altitude 65 mm has its base on HP with a side of
base perpendicular to VP. The pyramid is cut by a section plane which is perpendicular to VP and inclined
at 30 to HP. The cutting plane meets the axis of the pyramid at a point 30 mm below the vertex. Obtain
the development of the remaining part of the pyramid.
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6.13 A hexagonal pyramid of sides 35 mm and altitude 65 mm is resting on HP on its base with two of the base
sides perpendicular to VP. The pyramid is cut by a plane inclined at 30 to HP and perpendicular to VP
and intersects the axis 30 mm above the base. Draw the development of the remaining portion of the
pyramid.
6.14 A right cone of 55 mm base diameter and 75 mm height stands on its base on HP. It is truncated with its
surface inclined at 45 to the axis lying at a distance of 40 mm from the apex of the cone. Obtain the
development of the lateral surface of the truncated cone.
6.15 Draw the development of the lateral surface of a funnel consisting of a cylinder and frustum of a cone. The
diameter of the cylinder is 30 mm and the top face of the funnel is 80 mm. The height of the frustum and
cylinder are equal to 50 mm and 40 mm respectively.
6.16 A hexagonal prism side of base 30mm and height 60mm is cut as shown in the fig. Draw the development
of the lateral surface of the prism.

6.17 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the pyramid shown in fig.

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6.18 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cone, whose front view is as shown in following figure

6.19 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the cylinder cut as shown in fig.

6.20 Draw the development of the lateral surface of the rectangular pyramid cut as shown in fig.

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 7.0 Isometric Projection.
7.1 Draw the isometric projections of triangular prism of side of base 30 mm, axis 60 mm long. The prism is
resting on its base on HP and an edge of base perpendicular to VP.
7.2 Draw the isometric projections of hexagonal prism of side 30 mm and height 60 mm. The prism is resting
on its base on HP and an edge of base perpendicular to VP.
7.3 A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with a side
of base perpendicular to VP. Draw its isometric projections.
7.4 A sphere of diameter 50 mm rests centrally on top of a cube of sides 50 mm. Draw the isometric projections
of the combination of solids.
7.5 A square pyramid 40 mm side and height 60 mm rests on the center of the top of a square block of side 60
mm and height 20 mm. The base edge of the pyramid is parallel to the top edge of the square block. Draw
the isometric projection of the combination of the solids.
7.6 The frustum of a square pyramid of sides of top face 20 mm, bottom face 40 mm and height 60 mm rests
centrally on top of a square block of side 60 mm and height 20 mm. The base edges of the pyramid are
parallel to the top edges of the square block. Draw the isometric projection of combination of solids.
7.7 A rectangular slab with dimensions (length x width x height) 100 mm x 40 mm x 20 mm is placed centrally
on another slab 100 mm x 60 mm x 20 such that the longer edges are parallel. Draw the isometric projection
of the combination.
7.8 A sphere of diameter 60 mm is placed centrally on the top face of a square prism side 60 mm and height
70 mm. Draw the isometric projection of the combination.
7.9 Draw the isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of side of base 40 mm and height 60 mm with a right
circular cone of base 50 mm diameter and height 60 mm, resting on its top such that the axes are collinear.
7.10 A sphere of diameter 40 mm is placed centrally on the flat face of a hemisphere of diameter 60 mm. Draw
the isometric projection of the combination.
7.11 A pentagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm and axis length 60 mm is resting on HP on its base with a side
of base perpendicular to VP. Draw its isometric projection.
7.12 Draw the isometric projection of a hexagonal prism of side of base 40 mm and height 60 mm with a right
circular cone of base 50 mm diameter and height 60 mm, resting on its top such that the axes are collinear.
7.13 A hemisphere of diameter 50 mm is centrally placed on the top of a square prism of side of base 60 mm
and height 30 mm such that the curved surface of hemisphere is touching the top face of the prism. Draw
its isometric projections.
7.14 A sphere of diameter 30 mm rests on the frustum of a hexagonal pyramid base 30 mm side, top face 18
mm side and height 50 mm, such that their axes coincide. Draw the isometric projection of their
combination.
7.15 Draw the isometric projection of a rectangular prism of 60 x80x 20 mm thick on which a tetrahedron of
sides 45 mm is placed such that their axes are collinear. One of the edges both the solids are parallel to
VP.

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7.16 Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids shown in fig.

7.17 Draw the isometric projection of the combination of solids shown in fig.

7.18 Figure shows the front and top views of solid. Draw the isometric projection of the solid.

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7.19 Draw the orthographic projection (Front view and Top view) of the given isometric view.

7.20 Draw the orthographic projection (Front view and Top view) of the given isometric view.

7.21 Draw the orthographic projection (Front view and Top view) of the given isometric view.

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7.22 Draw the orthographic projection (Front view and Top view) of the given isometric view.

7.23 Draw the orthographic projection (Front view and Top view) of the given isometric view.

7.24 Draw the orthographic projection (Front view and Top view) of the given isometric view.

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