 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬

٢٦٢
  ‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ?  ? EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
    ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EiF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Kλmax •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬•K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬EiiF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬•Kλemλex •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EiiiF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬،‫א‬، ،
 K،‫א‬،،،‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬visible molecular spectrometry (colorimetry) E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
ultraviolet ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (380-780 nm)‫א‬
 K(200-380 nm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬molecular spectrometry
(Radiation source)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، (sample cell)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kmonochromator‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬detector‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

 

‫א‬


 ‫א‬
‫א‬
0.000

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١F 



-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WSingle-Beam System‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬،E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬
 KBlank Solution‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WDouble-Beam System‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢FW






-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١J ١J ١
 Colorimeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ExF

A
x

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣F


-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K100 ml •
K50 ml‫א‬ •
K •
 K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 g/l -١
 K100 ml
0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g/lW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
KE10 g/lF‫א‬‫א‬50 ml‫א‬
 Wλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬E430__710 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬λmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 W‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.0‫א‬‫א‬،λmax .١
KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣


-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬10 g/l‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 K100 ml
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
 KE0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g/lF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 Kλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬  -٧
 K A1 • C2 = A2 • C1 ‫א‬‫א‬  -٨















-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١J ١J ٢
 Spectronic 20D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KEyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ExF

A
x

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KExF‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K •

-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K100 ml •
K250 ml •
K50 ml‫א‬ •
K •
K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 g/l -١
 K250 ml
‫א‬3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/lW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
KE20 g/lF‫א‬‫א‬50 ml
 Wλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬E370__410 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬λmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 W‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.0‫א‬‫א‬،λmax -١
KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K250 ml‫א‬20 g/l‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
 KE3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/lF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 Kλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  -٧
 K A1 • C2 = A2 • C1 ‫א‬‫א‬  -٨















-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١J ١J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Cr2O 72 - ‫א‬‫א‬MnO4J ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥F‫א‬λ2λ1




A 
 Ex+yF



Y 
 x

λ1 λ2  λ 


‫א‬‫א‬WE٥F

‫א‬y،λ1‫א‬x •
Kλ2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W
1
 Aλ1 = 1εx · cx + 1εy · cy …………….1

2
 Aλ2 = 2εx · cx + 2εy · cy ………….2
- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 y،x  2εy،1εy2εx،ε1x •

KEb = 1F‫א‬ ε = A ‫א‬‫א‬
c
Kλ2λ1‫א‬‫א‬2A1A •

Wcycx‫א‬‫א‬21‫א‬ •

1 2 2 1
A• ε − A• ε
y y
 Cx = ……………….3
1 2 2 1
ε • ε − ε • ε
x y x y

2 1 1 2
A• ε − A• ε
Cy = x x ………............4
2 1 1 2
ε • ε − ε • ε
y x y x


- ١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
KKIO4‫א‬‫א‬ •
WE0.002 MF‫א‬ •
30K110° C‫א‬‫א‬1.0 g 
‫א‬‫א‬150 ml 400 ml0.08 g 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬250 ml‫א‬‫א‬
250 mlE0.017 MFK2 Cr2O72- ‫א‬‫א‬ •
W
K120° C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.0 g
‫א‬150 ml 400 ml1.25 g 30-40
‫א‬‫א‬250 ml‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K250 ml‫א‬ •
K10 ml •
K‫א‬ •
K250 ml‫א‬ •
K400 ml •
 K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
WEεF‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 , 15 , 25 mlW ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
 K50 ml250 ml
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 ml -٢
KKIO4‫א‬‫א‬0.5 g
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

- ١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

250 ml‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
0.5M ‫א‬545 nm440 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K‫א‬
545 440 nm‫א‬‫א‬Eε =
A FW
 ε‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫ א‬-٦
C
Knm
W‫א‬EεF‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 , 15 , 25 mlW ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
 K100 ml250 ml
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 ml -٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.5M ‫א‬545 nm440 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬
K545 nm440 nm‫א‬‫א‬ε‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٤
W‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Cr2O72−  MnO −4  •
K545 nm440 nm‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
440 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ε‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬545 nm
545 440 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ε‫ א‬-٤
Knm

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

440 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K545 nm
 ε 545nm  ε 440nm  ε 545nm  ε 440nm  -٦
λmax =545 nmλmax =440 nmEAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


⎛ε ×A ⎞ − ⎛ε ×A ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ Cr 440 545 ⎠ ⎝ Cr 545 440 ⎠
 C − =⎛
MnO ε ×ε ⎞ − ⎛ε ×ε ⎞
⎜
4 ⎝ Cr 440 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Mn545 ⎠ ⎝ Mn440 Cr 545 ⎠

⎛ε ×A ⎞ − ⎛ε ×A ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
 C = ⎝ Mn545 440 ⎠ ⎝ Mn 440 545 ⎠
2− ⎛ε ⎞ − ⎛ε ⎞
Cr O ⎜ ×ε ⎟ ⎜ ×ε ⎟
2 7 ⎝ Cr 440 Mn545 ⎠ ⎝ Mn440 Cr 545 ⎠











 

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١J ١J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،Fe 2+‫א‬١،١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

N N
2+
Fe + 3 Fe
N N

λmax،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬λmax‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬3.5‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬
 W Fe 2 + ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 4Fe3+ + 2 NH 2OH → 4Fe 2 + + N 2O + 4 H + + H 2O
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.0702 g10 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fe ( NH 4 )2 ( SO4 )2.6 H 2O ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2.5 ml،
‫א‬‫א‬100 ml١٠،١0.1 g‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
10 g‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K100 ml‫א‬HCl‫א‬
- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬100 ml‫א‬10 g‫א‬W‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1L •
K‫א‬ •
K •
K100 ml‫א‬ •
 K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 ml‫ א‬.١
 K100 ml
 K 100 ml‫א‬‫א‬50 ml‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬100 ml‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬1 ml‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬ 8 ml‫א‬‫א‬5 ml
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 K١‫א‬‫א‬p.p.m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٧
‫א‬700 nm400 nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٨
،λmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،λmax‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
 K‫א‬‫א‬λmax  -٢
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  -٣
 Kp.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬Fε‫ א‬-٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 Kp.p.m‫א‬















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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١J ١J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K100 ml •
K25 ml‫א‬ •
K100 ml •
K •
K‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬10 g/l -١
 K100 ml
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 g/lW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
KE10 g/lF‫א‬‫א‬25 ml‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Wλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬E240__340 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ λmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 W‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.0‫א‬‫א‬،λmax -١
KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K100 ml10 g/l‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
 KE1, 2, 3, 4, 5 g/lF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 Kλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
 Kλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬  -٩
 K A1 • C2 = A2 • C1 ‫א‬‫א‬  -١٠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١J ١J ٦
UV-1601PC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K •
K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100 ml •
K500 ml •
K1000 ml •
K100 ml‫א‬ •
K •
K •
K •
K‫א‬ •
K •



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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬W 
EHNO3F‫א‬‫א‬10 ml‫א‬1.0 g‫א‬ .١
K100 ml
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENO2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬5 ml .٤
‫א‬،ENO2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ .٧
 K500 ml‫א‬ .٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000 p.p.m .١
K1000 ml
200, 400, 600, Wp.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 KE1000 p.p.mF‫א‬‫א‬100 ml‫א‬800, 1000
 Wλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬E390__800 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬λmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣


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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.0‫א‬‫א‬،λmax -١
KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 K1000 ml
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢
 K100 ml‫א‬E200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 p.p.m F -٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
 Kλmax‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٧
 Kp.p.m‫א‬‫א‬  -٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٩









- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fluorescence‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬10-6-10-9sec.
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬

‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﺔ اﻹﺛﺎرة‬
λex 
‫ﺗﺄﻟﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻟﻖ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺟﺰ‬ 

‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬

‫وﻋﺎء اﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
 ‫أﺷﻌﺔ ﻧﺎﻓﺬة‬


‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻟﻖ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻟﻖ‬ 
 ‫ﺣﺎﺟﺰ‬

 ‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

 ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬


 ‫ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﺔ اﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎث‬
‫ﺁﻟﺔ ﻋﺮض‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪر‬ λem



‫א‬‫א‬WE٦F 


- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WJ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 F = KØI0 (2.303 ε b c)

‫א‬‫א‬ cF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 F = Kc
‫א‬K
 J 
 c A‫א‬cF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ cF‫א‬














- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ١J ٢J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-
COOH - COO
+ 2OH + CH3COO +H2O
O C CH3 OH

 O
Acetylsalicylic acidSalicylate ion
EF400 nm‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF310 nm‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K •
K‫א‬ •
KEF4 M‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K100 ml •
K‫א‬ •
K2L •
K •
K1L •
K •
K100 ml‫א‬ •


- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K100 ml0.1 g‫א‬‫ א‬-١
K‫א‬2 L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K1 L‫א‬ -٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
٠E500 ml F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
K100 ml ‫א‬100 p.p.m -٧
KE1،2،3،4،5،UFW100 ml‫א‬6 -٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 ml -٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1-5 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٠
 K‫א‬E1،2،3،4،5 mlFW‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ 5mlEUF‫א‬‫א‬ -١١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٢
 K‫א‬p.p.mE‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬0.1 g‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3.65 p.p.m
 W‫א‬
 3.65Zp.p.m‫א‬ •
 3.65Zmg‫א‬ •
3.65 ×10-3Zg‫א‬ •
 3.65 × 10-3 g‫א‬
2.64 × 10-5 Z  138.12 Z Z ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬Z‫א‬Q
 2.64 × 10-5Z‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬Zg‫א‬ •
4.76 × 10-3 gZ180.12×2.64 × 10-5Z
100
0.096 g Z  5
C 4.76 × 10-3 Z ‫א‬‫א‬ •

g‫א‬
100 C Z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴
 ‫א‬

 0.096
 96% Z 100 C  0.1
Z
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
Kp.p.m‫א‬ •
Kgmg‫• א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
Kg‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬







- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١J ٢J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B2
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬5%ERibo FlavinFB2
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KB2 •
K5% V/V‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K100 ml •
K1000 ml •
K100 ml‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
0.01 g‫א‬B2100 p.p.m
  .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5% V/V
0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K100 ml‫א‬5%‫א‬‫א‬p.p.m
 W‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
، 0.0 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  0.6 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬ .٥
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K0.01 g B2  •
‫א‬E0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 p.p.mF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
K100 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬5% V/V •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬  •













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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Infra-red Spectroscopy
 W‫א‬
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
mass ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KN.M.R‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،spectroscopy
‫א‬λ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬µm‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cm-1‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧F
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 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 
 EµmF‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 0.16 ___ 4  ‫א‬
0.13 ___ 9  ‫א‬
0.13 ___ 12  ‫א‬
 0.2 ___ 25  ‫א‬
0.25 ___ 40  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F
 

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K J


















- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 cm-1

٢٨٥٠ – ٣٠٠٠  C – H
٣٠٠٠ – ٣١٠٠  EF
٣٠٥٠ – ٣١٥٠  EF‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣٠٠  

٢٨٠٠ – ٢٩٠٠
 ٢٧٠٠ - ٢٨٠٠  ‫א‬
 C = C
١٦٠٠ – ١٦٨٠
 ١٤٧٥ ‫ و‬١٦٠٠  
٢١٠٠ – ٢٢٥٠  C≡ C

  C = O
١٧٢٠ – ١٧٤٠  
١٧٠٥ – ١٧٢٥  
١٧٠٠ – ١٧٢٥  
١٧٣٠ – ١٧٥٠  
١٦٤٠ – ١٦٧٠  
١٦٧٠ ‫ و‬١٨١٠
 ١٨٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،C - O
١٠٠٠ - ١٣٠٠ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٣٦٠٠ – ٣٦٥٠  O_ H
٣٢٠٠ – ٣٥٠٠  ‫א‬
٢٤٠٠ – ٣٤٠٠  
٣٠٠ - ٣٥٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N - H
١٠٠٠ – ٣٥٠  C – N
١٦٤٠ – ١٦٩٠  ‫א‬C = N
٢٢٤٠ – ٢٢٦٠  C≡N
١٣٥٠ – ١٥٥٠
١٠٠٠ – ١٤٠٠   N = O
 ZX C-X
٦٠٠ – ٨٠٠ 
 Z
٦٦٧ ‫أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬  Z


- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ١J ٣J ١
 EIRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K •
K •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKBr‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  -٣
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
















- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ١J ٣J ٢
 EIRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫• א‬
K •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬0.001 g J ١
K‫א‬0.1 g J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K1000 kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
 K‫א‬ •




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












- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٢F
 KJ E٣F
 Kε‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٤F
 KλmaxJ E٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٧F
‫א‬ECoSO4.7H2OF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٨F
 K100 mlE1.0 g/lF‫א‬
100 mlE2.0 g/lFJ E٩F
 KE10 g/lF
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J E١٠F
 K100 mlE100 p.p.mF
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬PH=3.5‫א‬‫א‬J E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KBr‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠،١J E٨F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WJ E١F
 EKT%KAKMK
 W‫א‬J E٢F
 mgKnmKKµgK
 Wλ‫א‬‫א‬J E٣F
 mgKnmKngKµgK
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٤F
 ‫א‬K‫א‬pH‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٥F
 ‫א‬K‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٦F
 KKKK‫א‬K
 W1 p.p.mJ E٧F
 1 µg/mlK1 ng/mlK1 µg/lK1 g/lK

 150 p.p.m‫א‬J E٨F
 W‫א‬‫א‬50 ml15 p.p.m
 45 mlK5 mlK0.2 mlK500 mlK
 Wε‫א‬،0.61‫א‬،0.01J E٩F
 61K6.1K0.061K0.0061K
 W23‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF1 mole/lJ E١٠F
 23000 p.p.mK2300 p.p.mK230 p.p.mK23 p.p.mK



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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬KJ E١F
 E380-780 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٢F
 E200-380 nmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٣F
 Kε= A J E٤F
C
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،J E٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J E٧F
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬J E٨F
ml‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
× g/l‫א‬ × Z ‫א‬‫א‬
1000 ‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬
100 281.10
× 1 × Z
1000 1 × 58.93
 0.477 gZ

 C1 × V1 = C2 × V1W‫א‬J E٩F
C2 ×V
2 ZE10 g/lF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
C1
V ×C
  V1 = 2 2 = 2 × 100 = 20ml J 
C 10
1
 W‫א‬‫א‬J E١٠F
ml‫א‬ p.p.m‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
1000 × 1000 × Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
138.12 100 100
× × = 0.01g
138.12 1000 1000

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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٢F
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٣F
 K‫א‬J E٤F
 KKBr‫א‬‫א‬J E٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٦F
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٧F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٨F
 K‫א‬















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  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J E١F
 J E٢F
 J E٣F
 J E٤F
 J E٥F
 J E٦F
 J E٧F
 J E٨F
 J E٩F
 J E١٠F

 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -٢
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،،،،‫א‬،
 K،،‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 MgCl 2(s ) → MgCl 2(g ) → Mg (g ) + Cl (g )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 Mg ( g ) → Mg *g → Mg (g ) + hν
E2*

 
E1*

Eo
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬


  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬         
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬      
 ‫א‬      

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨F 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢J ١J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫• א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K100 ml •
K1000 ml‫א‬ •
 K100 ml‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬1000 p.p.m .١
K1000 ml
100 p.p.m1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K1000 ml
E5, 10, 15, 20, 25 p.p.mFW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K100 p.p.m‫א‬100 ml‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K
KE‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K1000 ml
100 p.p.m1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K1000 ml
FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K100 ml‫א‬E5,10,15,20,25 p.p.m
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬ .٧








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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢J ١J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،ENaClF‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K1000 ml •
K1000 ml‫א‬ •
K100 ml‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬1000 p.p.m .١
K1000 ml
100 p.p.m1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K1000 ml
E5, 10, 15, 20, 25 p.p.mFW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K100 p.p.m‫א‬100 ml‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

٣ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ ‫א‬ .٤

25, 50, 75, 100, 125 FW
 100 ml‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1000 p.p.mF‫א‬‫א‬Ep.p.m
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W 
K100 mlNaCl‫א‬10g J ١
 W‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K1000 ml
100 p.p.m1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K1000 ml
FW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K100 ml‫א‬E5,10,15,20,25 p.p.m
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
KE µg / g Fp.pmEi)‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
 K% ( g/g FEii)

 W
- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


p. p.m(µg / ml ) × final volume × d. factor
 EiF ( µg / g ) p.p.m =
weight of the sample (g )

p.p.m ( µg/ml) × final volume × d. factor × 10 -4
(ii) % =
weight of the sample(g)

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
KE25, 50, 75, 100, 125 p.p.mFW‫א‬‫א‬،

 W
‫א‬‫א‬،100 mlE‫א‬F‫א‬10 g‫א‬
،11 µg/ml (p.p.m)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬%EiiFµg/g (p.p.m)EiF‫א‬

 W‫א‬
11 µg × 100ml
 EiF µg / g ( p. p.m) =  = 110 µg/g 
10 g
11µg / ml × 100 ml × 10 -4
 EiiF % = = 0.011%
10 g
 

 





- ٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬?AA?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Atomic Absorption‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p.p.b‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،atomiser‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FE٪٥‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬FE
‫א‬E٪٩٥‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
EW‫א‬
 E  E‫ א‬E
E
E       



 E E E E  EW‫ א‬E

   Io    I
 ‫א‬         




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 modulation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 E٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  -٤
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،
 K
 EE E
‫א‬IoE E I+E
 
     
  ‫א‬     

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬         
          
 ‫א‬      

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩F
 
 




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢J ٢J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K100 ml •
K1000 ml •
K100 ml‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬1000 p.p.m .١
K1000 ml
100 p.p.m1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K100 ml
E5, 10, 15, 20, 25 p.p.mFW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K100 p.p.m‫א‬100 ml‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 W‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K1000 ml
100 p.p.m1000 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K100 ml
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K100 ml‫א‬E5,10,15,20,25 p.p.m)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٥












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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢J ٢J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
K •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K •
K250 ml •
K100 ml •
K25 ml •
K100 ml‫א‬ •


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬0.5 g .١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 ml .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K 1 ml‫א‬
،25 ml‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 10 ml‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬100 p.p.m‫א‬ .١
K100 ml
‫א‬100 mlNa, K, AlW
  .٢
K‫א‬
E2, 4, 6, 8, 10 p.p.mFW ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
1 100 p.p.m‫א‬100 ml‫א‬
KNa, K, AlW‫א‬‫א‬ml
 W‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
100 ‫א‬100 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬ .١
Kml
‫א‬100 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K100 ml‫א‬2, 4, 6, 8, 10 p.p.mW‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬ .٤
 ( µg / g ) p.p.m EiF‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 ٪EiiF
 W
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬0.5 g‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،25 ml‫א‬
 ‫؟‬µg/g (p.p.m)‫א‬،3 µg/ml (p.p.m)‫א‬‫א‬

 ،٢J ١J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 







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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E١F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٢F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬J E٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٥F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٦F
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٧F
110.99 g/mole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECaCl2F‫א‬J E٨F
 ‫؟‬1000 ml100 p.p.m‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،1000 p.p.mJ E٩F
 ‫؟‬1000 ml100 p.p.m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،100 ml‫א‬2.0 g‫א‬J E١٠F
‫א‬K4 µg/ml (p.p.m)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬µg/g (p.p.m)
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J E٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Na, K, AlW‫א‬‫א‬1.0 mlJ E٨F
 K‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬J E١F
 mgKnmKKµgK
10 p.p.m ‫א‬  Mg‫א‬J E٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬،5‫א‬
 50 p.p.mK15 p.p.mK5 p.p.mK2 p.p.mK
     
  ،100 p.p.m  Cu ‫א‬    J E٣F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  100 ml    20 p.p.m 
 W
 5 mlK20 mlK10 mlK2 mlK
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٤F
 W0.5‫א‬5‫א‬
 40 p.p.mK15 p.p.mK12.5 p.p.mK62.5 p.p.mK


1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40

p.p.m

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬،0.4‫א‬‫א‬ J E٥F
 W0.6‫א‬10 p.p.m‫א‬
 6.7 p.p.mK7.6 p.p.mK6 p.p.mK4 p.p.mK
 W23‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF1 mole/lJ E٦F
 23000 p.p.mK2300 p.p.mK230 p.p.mK23 p.p.m K
 Wp.p.b‫א‬‫א‬J E٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬50 mlJ E٨F

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬25 mlK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

1
0.8
0.6
A

0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30

p.p.m




- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 58.54 g/mole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NaCl‫א‬J E٩F
‫א‬100 ml100 p.p.m‫א‬
W23 g/mole‫א‬‫א‬
 0.0039 gK0.39 gK0.025 gK2.54 gK
0.6‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J E١٠F
‫א‬1200 p.p.m‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬0.5‫א‬
 1000 p.p.m K
 360 p.p.mK
1440 p.p.mK
 4000 p.p.mK
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- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E١F
 K‫א‬J E٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬KNaCl‫א‬J E٤F
 K٪٩٥‫א‬J E٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬J E٧F
 W‫א‬‫א‬J E٨F
ml‫א‬  p.p.m‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
× × Z ‫א‬‫א‬
1000 1000 ‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬
1000 100 110.99
 × × Z
1000 1000 1× 40
 0.277 gZ
 C1 × V1 = C2 × V1W‫א‬J E٩F
C2 ×V
2 ZE1000 p.p.mF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
C1
V ×C
  V1 = 2 2 = 1000 × 100 = 100ml J 
C 1000
1
 Wµg/g‫א‬J E١٠F

4.0 µg / ml × 100 ml
µg / g = = 200 µg/g
2.0g
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- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٣F
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٦F
٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٧F
٪٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J E٨F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J E١F
 J E٢F
 J E٣F
 J E٤F
 J E٥F
 J E٦F
 J E٧F
 J E٨F
 J E٩F
 J E١٠F
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- ٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١١
 K .١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٣
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬ .١٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬.١٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٨

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

1) Gary D. Chritian, Analytical Chemistry, fifth edition, John Willy & sons, Inc, 1986.
 
2) G.W. Ewing, Instrumental methods of Chemical Analysis, Fourth edition, McGraw-
Hill, New York, 1975.

3) A.I. Vogel, Textbook of Quantitative chemical Analysis, fifth edition, Longman,
London 1975.

4) J.S. Fritz & G.H. Schenk, Quantitative Chemistry, Fourth edition, Allyn Bacon,
Boston, 1979.

5) D.A. Skoog & D.M. West, Principles of Instrumental Methods of Analysis, sixth
edition, Holf Rinehart & Wiston, New York, 1991.

6) PAVIA & LAMPMAN, Introduction to spectroscopy, Saunders College Publishing.

 
،K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٦،‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K١٩٩٨

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 ٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  Colorimeter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  Spectronic 20D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬
١٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 UV-1601PC‫א‬
٢٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 Infra-red Spectroscopy‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 EIRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 EIRF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E١F‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
٤١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
٤٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٦٢  ‫א‬
  EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

٤٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٥٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E١F‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
٦١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E٣F‫א‬‫א‬
٦٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٥ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٩ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS