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“8.Cell Biology and Biotechnology”

“What is cell?
➢ A cell is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of life".

“What is tissue?
➢ Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar structure and act together to perform
a specific function.

“Cytology”
➢ the branches of biology and medicine concerned with the structure and function of
plant and animal cells.

“Stem Cells”
➢ Stem cells are special human cells that have the ability to develop into many
different cell types, from muscle cells to brain cells. In some cases, they also have
the ability to repair damaged tissues.

“Uses of Stem Cells”

➢ 1. Regenerative Therapy
A. Cell Therapy: Stem cells are used to replace the dead cells in case of conditions
like diabetes, myocardial infarction, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc.
B. To produce blood cells required in conditions like anaemia, thalassemia,
leukemia, etc.
➢ 2. Organ Transplantation:
In case of failure of organs like kidney and liver, those can be produced with the help
of stem cells and transplanted.

“Organ transplantation”
➢ Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from
one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or
missing organ. The donor and recipient may be at the same location, or organs may
be transported from a donor site to another location

“What is biotechnology?
➢ Biotechnology is a technology that involves the use of living
organisms. Biotechnology is mainly used in agriculture, food science, and medicine.
In biotechnology, living organisms are used to make useful chemicals and products
or to perform an industrial task.
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“Benefits of Biotechnology”
➢ 1. It has become possible to increase the per hectare yield irrespective of the
limitations of crop-land area.
➢ 2. Expenses on disease control have minimized since development of resistant
varieties.
➢ 3. Due to development of fast fruit setting varieties, yield per annum has been
increased.
➢ 4. Development of stress resistant varieties which can withstand variable
temperature, water-stress, changing fertility of soil, etc. has become possible.

“Biofertilizers”
➢ Biofertilizers are the substance that contains microorganism's living or latent
cells. Biofertilizers increase the nutrients of host plants when applied to their seeds,
plant surface or soil by colonizing the rhizosphere of the plant. Biofertilizers are
more cost-effective as compared to chemical fertilizers.

“Animal Husbandry”
➢ Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are
raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products. It includes day-to-day care,
selective breeding and the raising of livestock.

“Human Health”
➢ Human health, defined as the complete state of physical, social, and mental well-
being and not merely the absence of illness, disease, or infirmity

“Vaccines”
➢ Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent diseases. A vaccine helps
the body's immune system to recognize and fight pathogens like viruses

“Gene therapy”
➢ Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by
inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.

“Cloning”
➢ Production of replica of any cell or organ or entire organism is called cloning.
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i. “Reproductive cloning”: A clone can be produced by fusion of a nucleus

of somatic cell with the enucleated ovum of anybody. Thus, there is no need of
sperm to produce the new organism.
ii. “Therapeutic cloning”: The production of embryonic stem cells for use in
replacing or repairing damaged tissues or organs, achieved by transferring a
diploid nucleus from a body cell into an egg whose nucleus has been removed.

“Food Biotechnology”: Food items like bread, cheese, wine, beer, yoghurt, vinegar
are produced with the help of microorganisms. These food items are probably the oldest
ones produced with the help of biotechnology.

DNA fingerprinting: DNA sequence of each person is unique as that of the

fingerprints. Due to this, identity of any person can be established with the help of its
available DNA. This is called as DNA fingerprinting.

“Important stages in agricultural development”

“Green revolution”
➢ Green revolution refers to the introduction of High yielding variety (HYV) of seeds
and increased use of fertilizer and irrigation methods. It took place during the 1960s
especially 1965onwards. It was aimed at providing increase in production to make
India self-sufficient in food grains.

“White revolution”
➢ The White Revolution or the Shah and People Revolution was a far-reaching series
of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

“Blue revolution”
➢ The concept of rapid increase in the production of fish and marine product through
package programme is called as blue revolution.

“Fertilizers”
➢ A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser is any material of natural or synthetic
origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues.

“Insecticides”
➢ Insecticides are pesticides that are formulated to kill, harm, repel or mitigate one or
more species of insect. Insecticides work in different ways.
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“Organic farming”
➢ an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil
fertility and biological diversity while, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic
pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers,

“Apiculture”:
➢ Apiculture is the scientific method of rearing honeybees. “ The word 'apiculture'
comes from the Latin word 'apis' meaning bee. So, apiculture or beekeeping is the
care and management of honey bees for the production of honey and the wax.