Thecreat

ionofnewknowledgeand/ortheuseofexi
stingknowledgei
nanewcr eativewayso
astogenerat
enewconcepts,methodol
ogiesandunderstandi
ngs.Thi
scoul
dincludesynthesi
s
andanaly
sisofprev
iousr
esearchtotheextentt
hati
tleadstonewandcreati
veout comes.

RESEARCH

"Resear
chi
sasy stemati
cinquir
yt odescri
be,
expl
ain,
predi
ct,andcont
rol
theobser
ved
phenomenon.Researchi
nvolvesinducti
veanddeduct
ivemethods.
”

ACCORDI
NGTOTHEAMERI
CANSOCI
OLOGI
STEARLROBERTBABBI
E

Itexpandsy ourknowledgebase, gi
vesthelatesti
nfor
mati
on,hel
pstoknowwhaty ou’r
eup
against,bui
ldscredi
bil
it
y ,
helpsnarrowi
ngt hescope,t
eachesbet
terdi
scer
nment,i
ntroducest
o
newi deas,helpswit
hpr oblem sol
vi
ng,helpsreachpeopl
eanditencour
agescur
iosit
y.

I
MPORTANCEOFRESEARCH

Thepr ocessbywhi chdataareorgani

zedtobetterunder
standpatternsofbehavi
orwit
hinthe
tar
getpopul at
ion.I
tisanumbr el
latermthatr
eferstomanypar t
icularf
ormsofanalysi
ssuchas
contentanalysi
s,cost-
benefi
tanalysi
s,net
workanalysi
s,pathanalysi
s,r
egressi
onanaly
sis,et
c.

DATAANALYSI
S

Ast
atementt
hatpredi
ctst
her
elat
ionshi
pb/
wthei
ndependent(
casual
)anddependent
(
out
come)vari
abl
es.

HYPOTHESI
S

Af i
eldofsoci
alr
esearcht
hatcar r
iedoutinnatural
ist
icsetti
ngsandgeneratesdatalar
gely
throughobser
vat
ionsandint
erviews.Compar edtoquantitat
iveresear
chwhichispri
ncipal
ly
concernedwit
hmakinginf
erencesf rom r
andoml ysel
ectedsampl estoal
argerpopulati
on,t
his
typeofresear
chispri
mari
lyfocusedondescr ibi
ngsmal lsamplesinnon-
stati
sti
calways.

QUALI
TATI
VERESEARCH

Asurv
eydocumentwi
thquest
ionst
hatar
eusedt
ogat
heri
nfor
mat
ionf
rom i
ndi
vi
dual
stobe
usedi
nresear
ch.

QUESTI
ONNAI
RE

Theper
sonwhoanswer
stoasur
veyquest
ionnai
reandpr
ovi
desi
nfor
mat
ionf
oranal
ysi
s.

RESPONDENT

Aclearst
atementi
nthefor
m ofaquest
ionofthespeci
fi
cissuet
hatar
esear
cherwi
shest
o
answerusi
ngdatafr
om oneormoresources.

RESEARCHQUESTI
ON

Agroupt
hati
sselect
edfrom alar
gergroup(
thepopulat
ion)
.Byst
udy
ingt
heset
her
esear
cher
t
ri
estodrawval
i
dconclusionsaboutt
hepopulat
ion.

SAMPLE
Thenumberofsubj
ect
sinast
udy
.Lar
gersampl
esar
epr
efer
abl
etosmal
l
ersampl
es,
all
else
bei
ngequal
.

SAMPLESI
ZE

Thosewhopar
ti
cipat
einr
esear
chandf
rom whom dat
aar
ecol
l
ect
ed.

SUBJECTS

Aft
erabr
iefint
roduct
ionofy
ourt
opi
c,y
oust
atey
ourpoi
ntofv
iewi
nthet
opi
cdi
rect
lyandof
ten
i
nonesentence.

THESI
SSTATEMENT

Li
stofci
tedsour
cesorr
efer
ences.

BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

Itcontai
nsmat eri
al t
hati
sappropriat
ef orenlar
gingt hereadersunderstanding,
butthatdoes
notfitverywelli
ntothemainbodyoft hepaper .Suchmat eri
almayincludetables,
charts,
summar i
es,questi
onnair
es,i
nter
viewquest i
ons, lengthystat
ist
ics,
maps, pi
ctur
es,photogr
aphs,
andmanyot hertypesofsuppl
ement arymat eri
als.

APPENDI
X

I
nfor
mat
ioncol
l
ectedthr
oughsur
veysorobserv
ati
ons.St
ati
sti
csar
epr
oducedf
rom dat
aand
dat
amustbepr
ocessedtobeofpract
ical
used.

DATA

Composet
hetit
leofr
esearch,
ful
lnameoftheresear
cher&subj
ectf
orwhi
cht
her
esear
chi
s
pr
esent
edoft
enti
mesrefer
redtoas"cov
erpage".

TI
TLEPAGE

Iti
sanov ervi
ewofther
esearchst
udyandistypi
cal
l
ytwotofourpar
agraphsi
nlength.Thi
nkof
i
tasanexecut iv
esummarythatdi
sti
l
lsthekeyel
ementsoft
heremaini
ngsecti
onsintoafew
sentences.

THEABSTRACT

Itpr
ovidesthekeyquestiont
hatther esearcherisatt
empti
ngtoanswerandar evi
ewofany
l
iter
aturethati
srel
evant.Theresearcherwi l
lprovi
dearati
onal
eforwhyther esearchis
i
mpor tantandwil
lpresentahypothesisthatattemptstoanswerthekeyquestion.Itshoul
dal
so
summar izethest
ateofthekeyquest ionfoll
owingthecomplet
ionoftheresearch.

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Collecti
onofstudies&r esearches.Thissect
ioniswhereyouwillbeprovi
dingallt
herel
evant
readingsfrom pr
ev i
ouswor ks.Providebri
efsummariesordescri
ptionsoftheworksofother
authorsthattypi
call
yincludesthenamesoft heaut
hors,t
heti
tlesofthei
rwor ksandt
hey earof
thepublicati
onofthesewor ks.
REVI
EW LI
TERATURE&STUDI
ES

Tool
susedinyourr
esearchincl
udel
abor
ator
yexper
iment
s,stat
ist
ical
ormat
hemat
ical
cal
cul
ati
ons/computat
ions,
andcompari
sonofexi
sti
ngli
ter
atur
e.

METHODS/METHODOLOGY

Itcont
ainsmostofthecit
ati
onsandanaly
sis.Thisi
sgener
all
ythel
ongestpar
tofthepapert
hat
shouldfocusonarati
onaldevel
opmentofthethesi
swit
hclearr
easoni
ngandsoli
d
argumentati
onatal
lpoint
s.

MAI
NBODY

Summarizesal
lthedat
agat
her
ed.t
hatbr
ingsev
ery
thi
ngt
oget
herandunder
scor
eswhati
tal
l
means.

CONCLUSI
ON

I
ndicat
eassoonaspossiblewhaty ouint
endtodo,andwhatyouarenotgoingtoatt
empt.You
maylimitt
hescopeofyourpaperbyanynumberoff act
ors,
forexampl
e,ti
me, per
sonnel
,
gender,
age,geogr
aphi
clocat
ion,nati
onal
ity
,andsoon.

LI
MITATI
ONSOFSTUDY

I
tisoneoft
hecommunicati
onmet
hodst
hathasbeenendowedst
ri
ctl
yuponthehumanrace.
Wit
hwords,we’
reabl
etocommuni
cat
eourthought
s,v
isi
ons,
andemoti
onstootherhumans.

SPEECH

Onewor
dmayhav
esev
eral
def
ini
ti
onsandonedef
ini
ti
onmaycor
respondt
osev
eral
wor
ds.

SYNONYMS

Iti
saverydetai
l
eddescr i
pti
onofat erm, pr
ocessorphenomenon.Whenpr epari
ngadocument
manytimesthewr i
terhastousesomet ermsthatmightbeunknownt ot
heaudiencebuti
s
essent
ial
tounderstandtheauthor’
sidea.Iti
susedtointroducethev
ocabular
ywhichmakes
communicati
oninapar ti
cul
arfiel
dsuccinctandunambi guous.

TECHNI
CALDEFI
NITI
ON

Def
ineat
erm byusi
ngamor
efami
l
iarsy
nony
minpar
ent
hesi
s.

Example:
Ast hehorsecamear
oundthecorner,
itstar
tedt
otr
ot(
jog)
.Thewor
d“j
og”i
sthe
fami
li
arsynonym ofthewor
d“t
rot
”intheparenthesi
s.

PARENTHETICALDEFINITI
ON( Oneoft heway
sonhowt
owr
it
etechni
cal
def
ini
ti
on)
.Itmeans
thati
thasaparent
hesi
sinthesentence.

Morecompl
exter
msmayneedasentencedef
ini
ti
on(
whichmaybemoret
hanonesent
ence)
.It
f
oll
owsasetpatt
ern:
NAME→ CLASS→ DEFININGCHARACTHERI
STI
CS.

Exampl
e:Mer
curyisamet
althatbecomesli
qui
datroom t
emperature.Theword“
mer
cur
y”i
s
t
heNAME,“metal
”ist
heCLASSand“ l
iqui
dataroom t
emperat
ure”isthedef
ini
ng
char
act
eri
sti
cs.

SENTENCEDEFI
NITI
ON(
Oneoft
heway
sonhowt
owr
it
etechni
cal
def
ini
ti
on)
.

I
tislong,par
agraphdefinit
ionsthatconsi
deral
lofthevarioussourcesofi
nfor
mati
on(e.
g.
descri
pti
on,process,
narrati
on,causaldi
scussi
on,andclassif
icat
ion)t
hatcanhel
pdef
inethe
ter
m adequately;
pref
erablyusedinacademicandscientif
icpaper.

EXTENDEDDEFINITI
ON(Oneofthewaysonhowt owr
it
etechni
caldefi
nit
ion)
.Iti
scomposed
ofpar
agraphunl
i
kethesent
encedef
ini
ti
onthatar
ecomposedofsentences.

Iti
sast at
ementthatdescr
ibeshowapar ti
cul
arvar
iabl
eistobemeasured,orhowanobjector
condit
ionist
ober ecogni
zed.Itt
ell
syouwhattodoorwhatt oobser
vedthati
susedbya
resear
chertomeasureandormani pul
ate.I
tneedstobepreci
sesothatareaderknowsexact
ly
whattoobservedormeasur e.

Exampl
e:Thef
ast
estbal
li
stheonet
hatcr
ossest
hef
ini
shl
i
nebef
oreal
ltheot
herbal
l
.

OPERATI
ONALDEFI
NITI
ON

I
tisdefi
nedasthesound,str
ucture,
andmeaningsy
stem ofl
anguage.Asasy
stem ofr
ules,
it
def
inesthegr
ammat i
calstr
uctureofal
anguage.

GRAMMAR

Theeightpar
tsofspeechwhichar
ever
bs,
nouns,
pronouns,
adj
ect
ives,
adv
erbs,
preposi
ti
ons,
conj
uncti
ons,andi
nterj
ect
ions.

THEBUI
LDI
NGBLOCKSOFGRAMMAR

Asi
ngul
arsubj
ectt
akesasi
ngul
arv
erbwhi
l
epl
ural
subj
ectt
akesapl
ural
ver
b.

THEBASI
CRULEFORSUBJECTANDVERBAGREEMENT

Sent
encest
ruct
ure:

Pattern1:
TERM +CLASS+DISTINGUISHINGCHARACTERI
STI
CS.Exampl
e:Br
onzei
samet
al
thatismadebycombini
ngcopperandthi
n.

Pat
ter
n2:CLASS+DISTINGUISHINGCHARACTERI
STI
CS+TERM.Exampl
e:Amet
alt
hati
s
madebycombini
ngcopperandthini
sbr
onze.

TWOSENTENCEPATTERNSTOFOLLOW TOWRI
TEAMEANI
NGFULDEFI
NITI
ON

Userel
ati
vepronounsaswellaspart
ici
pial
andpr
eposi
ti
onal
phr
asesi
ngi
vi
ngdi
sti
ngui
shi
ng
char
acter
ist
icsofthet
erm def
ined.

TI
PSTOCONSTRUCTGRAMMATI
CALLYCORRECTDEFI
NITI
ONS

Usewordssuchast
hat
,whi
ch,
who,
whom,
whoset
oconst
ructgr
ammat
ical
l
ycor
rect
def
ini
ti
ons.

Exampl
e:Apr
int
eri
samachi
net
hati
susedf
orpr
int
ingdocument
s.Thewor
d“t
hat
”isoneof
t
heexampl
esbei
ngused.

EXAMPLEOFRELATI
VEPRONOUNS

Typeofphr
aset
hatcanal
sobeusedi
nst
ati
ngt
hedi
sti
ngui
shi
ngchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
het
erm
defi
ned.

Example:Bronzeisamet
alpr
oducedbycombi
ningcopperandt
hin.Thewor
d“pr
oduced”i
sthe
phrasebeingused.

PARTI
CIPI
ALPHRASE

Fl
uisacommondiseasebroughtbyvi
ruscausi
ngf
ever
,weakness,
bodyachesandbr
eat
hing
pr
oblems.Thewor
d“causi
ng”isoneoftheexampl
esofty
peofphrasebei
ngused.

PRESENTPARTI
CIPI
ALPHRASE(
begi
nni
ngwi
th+i
ngf
orm oft
hev
erb)

Vaccinei
sasubst
ancei
nject
edforpr
otect
ionagai
nstapar
ti
cul
ardi
sease.Thewor
d“f
or”i
sone
oftheexampl
esofty
peofphrasebei
ngused.

PREPOSI
TIONALPHRASE(
begi
nni
ngwi
thapr
eposi
ti
onsuchasf
or,
to,
etc.
)

Example:Pr
agmati
csi
sthebranchofli
nguist
ict
hatdeal
swi
tht
her
elat
ionshi
pofsent
encest
o
theenv
ironmentt
heyi
nwhichtheyoccur.

Short
ened:Pr
agmati
csist
hebr
anchofli
ngui
sti
cdeal
i
ngwi
tht
her
elat
ionshi
pofsent
encest
o
theenvi
ronmentt
heyi
nwhicht
heyoccur
.

DEFI
NITIONCANBESHORTENEDBYCHANGI
NGTHERELATI
VECLAUSE(
e.g.t
hatdeal
s)i
ntoa
par
ti
ci
pialphr
ase(
e.g.deal
i
ng)
.

Itsummar izesthemai nideaofthest

udy .I
tsgoodcharacteri
sti
cscontainsthefewestpossi
ble
wor dsthatadequatelydescri
bethecontentsand/orpurposeoftheresearch.I
tsini
ti
alai
mi sto
capt ur
ether eader
’satt
entionandtodrawhi sorheratt
entiontotheresearchpr
oblem bei
ng
i
nv esti
gated.

TI
TLE

Itpr
edictst
hecontentoftheresearch(don’
tmisl
eadorestabl
ishwr ongexpectations),
should
beinter
esti
ngtothereader(usewor dsthatcr
eateaposit
ivei
mpr ession)
,itr
eflectsthetoneof
writ
ing(def
inet
heandkeept het onewhetheri
tisser
iousorcasual),andi
tcontainsi mport
ant
keywords.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFAGOODRESEARCHTI
TLE

Iti
susedi nresear
chworkasacl
aimt
hatoutl
i
nestheprobl
em addressedbyast
udy
.Itbr
ief
ly
addressedthequesti
on:
Whatist
hepr
oblem t
hatt
heresear
chwi l
laddress?

STATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEM

Par
tA(
Thei
deal
):Descr
ibesadesi
redgoal
ori
deal
sit
uat
ion;
expl
ainshowt
hingswoul
dbe.

Par
tB(
Ther
eal
i
ty)
:Descr
ibesacondi
ti
ont
hatpr
event
sthegoal
,st
ate,
orv
aluei
nPar
tAf
rom
gett
ingachi
evedorr
eal
i
zedatt
hist
ime;
expl
ainshowt
hecur
rentsi
tuat
ionf
all
sshor
toft
he
goalori
deal
.

Par
tC(Theconsequences):I
dent
if
iest
hewayy
oupr
oposet
oimpr
ovet
hecur
rentsi
tuat
ionand
movei
tclosert
othegoal ori
deal
.

THEFORMATFORWRI TI
NGASTATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEM (
Aper
suasi
vest
atementof
pr
obl
em usual
l
ywr
it
teninthr
eepar
ts)

Any
thi
ngt hatgi
vesdi
rectev
idenceaboutt
hepeople,
events,
orphenomenaaboutt
her
esear
ch.
I
twil
lusuall
ybethemainobjectsoft
heanaly
sissuchastheint
erv
iew.

PRI
MARYSOURCE

Anythi
ngt
hatdescri
bes,int
erpr
ets,eval
uates,
oranal
yzesi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom pr
imar
ysour
ces
suchasbooks,
arti
cles,
document ari
es,et
c.

SECONDARYSOURCE

Aconv er
sat
ional
practi
cewhereknowledgei
sproducedthrought
hei
nter
act
ionb/
wan
i
nter
viewerandaninter
vieweeoragroupofi
nter
viewees.

I
NTERVI
EWI
NG

Parti
cul
arl
yusefulf
orgettingthestor
ybehi
ndapar t
ici
pant’
sexperi
ences.I
tcanpursuei
n-dept
h
i
nformati
onaroundat opicandmaybeusef ul
asf ol
low-uptocer
tai
nrespondent
sto
questi
onnai
res,
e.g.
,tofurtherinv
esti
gat
ethei
rresponses.Usual
l
yopen-endedquesti
onsare
askedduri
ngthisacti
vit
y.

I
NTERVI
EWS

I
nfor
mal ,
conver
sati
onali
ntervi
ew,gener
ali
nter
viewgui
deappr
oach,
standar
dized,
open-
ended
i
nter
view,cl
osedfi
xed-
responseint
ervi
ew.

DI
FFERENTTYPESOFI
NTERVI
EWS

Nopredeter
minedquest
ionsar
easkedinor
dertoremai nasopenandadaptabl
easpossi
blet
o
t
heinter
viewee’
snat
ureandpri
ori
ti
es;
duri
ngtheinter
view,thei
nter
viewer“
goeswi
ththefl
ow”.

I
NFORMAL,
CONVERSATI
ONALI
NTERVI
EW

I
tisintendedtoensurethatthesamegeneralideasofinfor
mationarecollect
edfrom each
otheri
ntervi
ewee;t
hisprovidesmorefocusthant heconver
sat
ionalapproach,butst
il
l al
l
owsa
degreeoffreedom andadaptabi
li
tyi
ngetti
nginfor mat
ionfr
om theint
erviewee.

GENERALI
NTERVI
EW GUI
DEAPPROACH

Thesameopen- endedquesti
onsareaskedtoal
lint
ervi
ewees( anopen-endedquest i
oniswher
e
respondent
sarefreetochoosehowt oanswert
hequestion,
i.
e.,theydon’tsel
ect“yes”or“
no”
orprovi
deanumer icr
ati
ng,etc.
);t
hisappr
oachfaci
l
itat
esfasterint
ervi
ewst hatcanbemor e
easil
yanaly
zedandcompar ed.
STANDARDI
ZED,
OPEN-
ENDEDI
NTERVI
EW

Herearewher
ealli
nter
vieweesareaskedt hesamequest
ionandaskedtochooseanswer
s
f
rom amongthesamesetofal t
ernat
ives.Thisfor
mati
susefulf
orthosenotpr
acti
cein
i
nterv
iewi
ng.

CLOSED,
FIXED-
RESPONSEI
NTERVI
EW

Theabst
ract
,int
roduct
ion,
met
hodol
ogy
,resul
ts,
discussi
on,
andr
efer
ences.

COMPONENTSOFARESEARCHREPORT

Themosti mpor t
antfortwor easons.Fi
rstitall
owsr eaderstoev al
uatet hequali
tyofthe
researchandsecond, i
tprov
idest hedetail
sbywhi chanot herresearchermayr epli
cateand
vali
datethefindi
ngs.Theinformationinthissecti
oni sarr
angedi nchr onologi
calorderwit
ht he
mosti mportanti
nfor
mat i
onatt hetopofeachsect ion.Ideall
ythedescr ipti
onheredoesn’tforce
yout oref
ertootherdocument s;however,iftheauthorisrely
ingonexi stingmethods,theywi l
l
ber ef
erenced.

METHODOLOGY

I
nlongerresear
chpapers,t
hissect
ioncont
ainst
hedataandperhapsashor
tintroduct
ion.
Typi
cal
ly,
theinter
pret
ati
onofthedataandtheanal
ysi
sisreser
vedfort
hediscussionsect
ion.

RESULTS

Thisiswheretheresul
tofthestudyisinter
pret
edandevaluat
edagainsttheexi
stingbodyor
researchl
it
eratur
e.Thi
siswher etheauthorswil
lpoi
ntanyanomali
es.Itwil
lal
soat t
emptto
connecttheresul
tstothebiggerpict
ureandshowhowt heresul
tsmightbeapplied.

DI
SCUSSI
ON

Thi
ssectionprovi
desali
stofeachaut
horandpaperci
tedintheresear
chr
epor
t.Anyf
act
,idea,
ordi
rectquotat
ionusedi
ntherepor
tshoul
dbecitedandrefer
enced.

REFERENCES