USQUE AD RADICES

Indo-European studies in honour of

Birgit Anette Olsen

Edited by
Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen · Adam Hyllested
Anders Richardt Jørgensen · Guus Kroonen
Jenny Helena Larsson · Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead
Thomas Olander · Tobias Mosbæk Søborg

Museum Tusculanum Press

2017

© Museum Tusculanum Press and the author(s) 2017

Usque ad Radices: Indo-European Studies in Honour of Birgit Anette Olsen
© Museum Tusculanum Press and the authors 2017
Edited by Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen, Adam Hyllested, Anders
Richardt Jørgensen, Guus Kroonen, Jenny Helena Larsson, Benedicte
Nielsen Whitehead, Thomas Olander & Tobias Mosbæk Søborg
Cover design by ora Fisker
Printed in Denmark by Specialtrykkeriet Viborg
ISBN 978 87 635 4576 1

Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European, vol. 8

ISSN 1399 5308

Published with support from:

Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen

Museum Tusculanum Press

Dantes Plads 1
dk – 1556 Copenhagen V
www.mtp.dk

© Museum Tusculanum Press and the author(s) 2017

Contents

Preface xiii

Henrik Vagn Aagesen

Electronic dictionary and word analysis combined: Some practical
aspects of Greenlandic, Finnish and Danish morphology 1

Douglas Q. Adams
Thorn-clusters in Tocharian 7

Miguel Ángel Andrés-Toledo

Vedic, Avestan and Greek sunrise: The dawn of an Indo-European
formula 15

David W. Anthony & Dorcas R. Brown

Molecular archaeology and Indo-European linguistics: Impressions
from new data 25

Lucien van Beek

Greek βλάπτω and further evidence for a Proto-Greek voicing rule
*-Ń̥ T- > *-Ń̥ D- 55

Lars Brink
Unknown origin 73

Antje Casaretto
Encoding non-spatial relations: Vedic local particles and the
conceptual transfer from space to time 87

James Clackson
Contamination and blending in Armenian etymology 99

Paul S. Cohen
PIE telic s-extensions and their diachronic implications 117

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viii Contents

Varja Cvetko-Orešnik & Janez Orešnik

Natural syntax of the English imperative 135

Hannes A. Fellner
The Tocharian gerundives in B-lle A-l 149

José Luis García Ramón

Anthroponymica Mycenaea 10: The name e-ti-ra-wo /Erti-lāwos/ (and
Λᾱ‑έρτης): ἔρετο· ὡρμήθη (Hsch.), Hom. ὁρμήθησαν ἐπ’ ἀνδράσιν, and
Hom. ἔρχεσθαι μετὰ φῦλα θεῶν, Cret. MN Ἐρπετίδαμος 161

Jost Gippert
Armeno-Albanica II: Exchanging doves 179

Laura Grestenberger
On “i-substantivizations” in Vedic compounds 193

Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard Hansen

Alleged nursery words and hypocorisms among Germanic kinship
terms 207

Jón Axel Harðarson

The prehistory and development of Old Norse verbs of the type
þrøngva / þręngia ‘to make narrow, press’ 221

Jan Heegård & Ida E. Mørch

Kalasha dialects and a glimpse into the history of the Kalasha language 233

Irén Hegedűs
The etymology of Prasun atˈəg ‘one; once, a (little)’ 249

Eugen Hill
Zur Flexion von ›sein‹ im Westgermanischen: Die verschollene
Entsprechung von altenglisch 3. Singular Präsens bið auf dem Festland 261

George Hinge
Verzweifelte Versuche: Zur Herkunft des pindarischen τόσσαι 279

© Museum Tusculanum Press and the author(s) 2017

 Contents ix

Adam Hyllested
Armenian gočazm ‘blue gemstone’ and the Iranian evil eye 293

Britta Irslinger
The ‘sewing needle’ in Western Europe: Archaeological and linguistic
data 307

Jay H. Jasanoff
The Old Irish f-future 325

James A. Johnson
Sign of the times? Spoked wheels, social change, and signification in
Proto-Indo-European materials and language 339

Folke Josephson
Theoretical and comparative approaches to the functions of Hittite local
particles: Interplay between local adverbs, local particles and verbs 351

Aigars Kalniņš
Hittite nt-numerals and the collective guise of an individualising suffix 361

Jared S. Klein
Two notes on Classical Armenian: 1. erkin(kc) ew erkir;
2. The 3rd pers. sg. (medio)passive imperfect in -iwr 377

Alwin Kloekhorst
The Hittite genitive ending -ā̆n 385

Petr Kocharov
The etymology of Armenian əntceṙnul ‘to read’ 401

Daniel Kölligan
Armenian lkti, lknim ‘(be) wild’ 415

Kristian Kristiansen
When language meets archaeology: From Proto-Indo-European to
Proto-Germanic in northern Europe 427

© Museum Tusculanum Press and the author(s) 2017

x Contents

Martin Joachim Kümmel

Even more traces of the accent in Armenian? The development of
tenues after sonorants 439

Sandra Lucas
Verbal complementation in Medieval Greek: A synthetic view of the
relationship between the dying infinitive and its finite substitute 453

Rosemarie Lühr
Verbakzent und Informationsstruktur im Altindischen 467

Robert Mailhammer
Subgrouping Indo-European: A fresh perspective 483

J. P. Mallory
Speculations on the Neolithic origins of the language families of
Southwest Asia 503

Hrach Martirosyan
Some Armenian female personal names 517

H. Craig Melchert
An allative case in Proto-Indo-European? 527

Hans Frede Nielsen

From William the Conqueror to James I: Language and identity
in England 1066–1625 541

Benedicte Nielsen Whitehead

Composition and derivation: A review of some elementary concepts 551

Alexander Nikolaev
Luvian (SÍG) šūrita ‘balls of yarn’ 567

Alan J. Nussbaum
The Latin “bonus rule” and benignus ‘generous, kind’ 575

© Museum Tusculanum Press and the author(s) 2017

 Contents xi

Norbert Oettinger
Gall. Cernunnos, lat. cornū ›Horn‹ und heth. Tarhunna-: Mit einer
Bemerkung zu gr. πᾶς ›ganz‹ 593

Thomas Olander
Drinking beer, smoking tobacco and reconstructing prehistory 605

Einar Østmo
Bronze Age heroes in rock art 619

Michaël Peyrot
Slavic onъ, Lithuanian anàs and Tocharian A anac, anäṣ 633

Georges-Jean Pinault
Tocharian tsälp- in Indo-European perspective 643

Tijmen Pronk
Curonian accentuation 659

Per Methner Rasmussen

Some notes on Caesar’s De Bello Gallico liber II 671

Peter Schrijver
The first person singular of ‘to know’ in British Celtic and a detail of
a-affection 679

Stefan Schumacher
Old Albanian /u ngre/ ‘he/she arose’ 687

Matilde Serangeli
Lyc. Pẽmudija (N322.2): Anatolian onomastics and IE word formation 695

O. B. Simkin
The frontiers of Greek etymology 705

Roman Sukač
Is having rhythm a prerequisite for being Slovak? 717

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xii Contents

Finn Thiesen
Paṩto etymologies: Corrections and additions to A new etymological
vocabulary of Pashto 731

Theo Vennemann gen. Nierfeld

Zum Namen der Cevennen 749

Brent Vine
Armenian lsem ‘to hear’ 767

Seán D. Vrieland
How old are Germanic lambs? PGmc *lambiz- in Gothic and Gutnish 783

Michael Weiss
King: Some observations on an East–West archaism 793

Paul Widmer & Salvatore Scarlata

Good to go: RV suprayāṇá- 801

© Museum Tusculanum Press and the author(s) 2017

Luvian (SÍG) šūrita ‘balls of yarn’

Alexander Nikolaev
Boston University

This paper argues that Luv. (SÍG) šūrita ‘balls (of yarn)’ is etymological-
ly related to Gk. σφαῖρα ‘sphere, ball, globe’ and YAv. zgərəsna- ‘round,
circular’ (IE *sgwher‑).

1 Attestations

Nom.–acc. pl. šū̆rita is attested in the following passages from Hittite ritual
texts:
KBo 5.1 iii 55–iv 8 (Pāpanikri’s Ritual = CTH 476, MH/NS):
nu SÍG SA5 anda (iv 1) taruppanzi n=at=šan ANA TÚG šer (2) tianzi
šurita=ya iyanzi nu=za LÚ patiliš (3) wātar Ì.DÙG.GA dāi n=at=kan parā
pēdāi (4) nu SILA4 wetenit katta ānšanzi KA×U-an (5) GÌR=ŠU arḫa ārri
namma=an Ì.DÙG.GA-it (6) iškizzi nu=(š)šan SÍG SA5 ANA GÌR MEŠ =ŠU (7)
ḫamanki SÍG šūrita=ma=(š)ši=(š)šan ANA SAG.DU=ŠU anda ḫūlaliyanzi1
‘They collect the red wool, put it on top of the cloth (garment?) and
make (ready? ) šūrita. The patili-officiator takes water and good oil and
brings them. They wipe down the lamb with water; he washes its mouth
and foot. Then he anoints it with good oil. He attaches red wool to his
feet, while šurita- they wrap around his head’.
KUB 5.10+ Ro 7–10 (oracular text concerned the cult of Ištar of Nineveh =
CTH 567, NH):
EZEN ašraḫitaššin=wa kuwapi iyanzi (8) nu=wa ANA DINGIR LIM IŠTU
É.GAL LIM 1 GÌN KÙ.BABBAR SÍG SA5 SÍG ZA.GÌN 1-NUTUM KU ŠNÍG.
BÀR ḫI.A (9) pisker kinuna=wa EZEN ašraḫitaššin ier KÙ.BABBAR=ma=

1 Ed. Mouton 2008: 95–109.

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568 Alexander Nikolaev

wa SÍG SA5 SÍG ZA.GÌN KUŠ NÍG.BÀR ḫI.A =ya (10) UL pier SÍG šurita=wa

wezzapanta2
‘when (before) they celebrated the ašraḫitašši-festival, they would offer
the goddess from the palace one shekel of silver, red wool, blue wool and
one set of curtains; now they celebrated the ašraḫitašši-festival, but did
not offer silver, red wool, blue wool or curtains, [and even] the šurita are
old’.3
The noun is also attested in ABoT 17 ii 6–7 (Birth Ritual of Kizzuwatna =
CTH 477A, MH), but this passage does not contribute much to our under-
standing of SÍG šurita because the governing verb is mutilated in both copies
of the text (the other being KUB 9.22 ii 11):
4 muriyališ katta gank[i] (7) SÍG šurita=ya=kan peran arḫa…4
‘Four grape(shaped)-loaves are hung down. And šurita in the front…’
Textual evidence for (SÍG) šūrita is limited to these three passages,5 but it seems
sufficiently clear that the word refers to conglomeration of wool that can be
wrapped around the lamb’s head (as in the Pāpanikri’s Ritual) or hung? at the
door (as in the Birth Ritual of Kizzuwatna). The standard translation of the
word is therefore ‘Ballen, (Woll)knäuel’ (Sommer & Eheloff 1924: 71), ‘ball,
skein of wool’ (Melchert 1993: 197). The characteristically Luvian stem in -it-
points to a Luvianism.6
In Hittite oracular texts we also find a term šuri which is a somewhat elu-
sive characteristic of entrails used in extispicy: according to Beal 2002: 63, if a
2 Ed. by Vieyra 1957: 132–33.
3 For translation of wezzapanta as a predicate see Wegner 1981: 104; slightly differ-
ently HEG II, 1208: “Alte Knäuel? (hat man geliefert)”.
4 For the verb Beckman 1983: 88 proposed k[ur]anzi ‘cut off ’, while Mouton 2008:
85 reads i[ya]nzi ‘make’.
5 KUB 14.23 6 is too broken to be informative. Beckman 1983: 100 restored a
form of šurit in KBo 31.108 i 8´–9´: -]zi SÍG miteškanzi (9) SÍG š]ūritaš dLAMÁ-aš
memiškizzi “they attach the wool … s/he speaks” (the use of mitai- would be
parallel to ḫūlaliyanzi in Pāpanikri’s Ritual), but see Starke 1990: 209 n. 686 who
argues for a different supplement of line 9 ([URU T]aurišaš). Finally, HEG II, 1208
mentions PN sù+ra/i-tà]-nu (Suritanu) allegedly written on a seal from Troy
VIIb (E9.573) in the Anatolian hieroglyphic script, but this reading has for the
most part been conjectured by edd. pr. who prudently add that “the microscopic
examination detects none of the postulated traces” (Hawkins & Easton 1996: 112;
see Alp 2001: 29 who argues for reading Tarhunta]nu).
6 See Starke 1990: 209.

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 Luvian (SÍG) šūrita ‘balls of yarn’ 569

part of entrails or the zizahi ‘cyst caused by the larvae of tapeworm’7 was seen
to be šuriš, the polarity of the outcome is reversed.8 Given the abundance of
Hurrian terminology in Hittite oracular texts, the word šuri- is probably of
Hurrian origin and is unrelated to (SÍG) šūrita.9

2 Etymology

The word has no universally accepted etymology.10 Čop 1960: 6 (followed

by Rieken 1999: 479) argued that šūrita goes back to the root *s(i̯)eu̯h1- ‘to
sew’, but this suggestion is beset with morphological and semantic problems:
on the one hand, the ‑r‑ remains unaccounted for,11 and on the other hand,
there is no evidence that the word referred to sewn articles of any kind. A
new suggestion is called for.
This paper submits that Luv. šūrit‑ with the basic meaning ‘ball’ is related
to Gk. σφαῖρα ‘sphere, ball, globe’ which likewise has no good etymology
according to the standard works of reference.12 Morphologically the Greek
word is best analyzed as an *-ih2-derivative from a root noun *σφώρ / *σφαρ‑,
most likely an endocentric *-ih2-extension (compare Gk. φύζα vs. φύγ- in

7 Haas 2008: 61 (cf. Akkad. ziḫḫum ‘pustule, cyst’ on which see Biggs 1969: 163 n.
1).
8 For a full list of attestations see de Martino 1992: 154; for a discussion see Schuol
1994: 287–8.
9 See e.g. Starke 1990: 209: “Ein Zusammenhang mit dem hurr. Orakelterminus
šuri- > heth. šuri- c. […] besteht wohl nicht”. However, some scholars have
viewed šuri- and (SÍG) šūrita as forms of the same, originally Hurrian word (nota-
bly HEG 2, 1208).
10 EDHIL 792: “No further etymology”; Hurrian origin is advocated by HEG 2, 1208
(see n. 9 above).
11 In theory, one could consider a following derivational chain *s(i̯)eu̯h1- → *suh1‑ro
→ *suh1-ri → *suh1-ri-t, but in the absence of other *-ro- derivatives from the root
*s(i̯)eu̯h1- this analysis has little to recommend itself (eminently sensible critique
of Čop’s handling of this root can be found in Rasmussen 1989: 112–3, 118).
12 GEW 826: “Ohne außergriech. Entsprechung”, EDG 1427: “No cognates outside
Greek”. Hiersche 1964: 196–7, hesitantly followed by DELG and Peters 1980: 223,
proposed a connection to (ἀ)σπαίρω ‘pant, gasp’ (*sperH-), but the variation in
consonants (“qui doit être expressive”, DELG 1074) remains unexplained. Mas-
son 1986 argued that σφαῖρα is a Semitic loanword.

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570 Alexander Nikolaev

φύγαδε or γλῶσσα vs. γλῶχες).13 Phonologically, the root of σφαῖρα may go

back to either *sbher‑ (*spher‑ with Siebs’ Law?) or *sgwher‑: the scales are
turned in favor of *sgwher‑ by YAv. zgərəsna- ‘round, circular’ (AiW 1698–9),
plausibly identified as a cognate of Gk. σφαῖρα by Scheftelowitz 1927: 229.
Scheftelowitz’ suggestion (made en passant in support of a different argu-
ment), has never got much traction among etymologists, but the compari-
son is impeccable both formally (Transponat *sgwhr̥tsno14) and semantically.
The meaning ‘round’ appears to be fairly certain to judge from the three
attestations of zgərəsna-: at V. 14.10 the compound zgərəsnō.vaγδana- ‘with
a rounded head’ describes a pestle (the Pahlavi gloss is gird waγdān ‘round-
topped’), at Frahang ī ōīm 20 the lemma +zgərəsnəm is provided with the
same translation gird ‘round’, and at N. 76.1 (Kotwal & Kreyenbroeck = 94
D.) loc. du. uzgərəsnāuuaiiō may refer either to headdress15 or to a couple of
blousy garments.16. YAv. zgərəsna- is not isolated in Iranian, as was noticed
already by Bartholomae 1899: 7–9, who realized that Mid. Pers. gird ‘round’
(never wird17), Mod.Pers. gird ‘around’ must be related to this root and not
to *u̯ert‑ ‘turn’.18

13 σφαῖρα could also be a possessive *ih2- derivative of the type μέλισσα (Att.
μέλιττα) ‘bee’ < *melit-i̯a- ‘having honey’ (μελιτ-), ϑρίσσα (Att. ϑρίττα) ‘a “hairy”
fish’ < *thrik(h)-i̯a ‘having hair’ (ϑρίξ, τριχ‑) or ἄγυια ‘street’ < *‘having lead-
ing’ (*h2eg̑us- from the root of Greek ἄγω, Latin agō); see on this type Jochem
Schindler apud Peters 1980: 200.
14 For word formation compare Av. raoxšna- ‘shining’, n. ‘light’ (< *leu̯ksno-, cf. Lat.
lūna ‘moon’) or its counterpart in Sanskrit jyotsnā ‘moonlight’ (jyut- ‘to shine’).
On the strength of these derivational parallels the *-t- in the Proto-Indo-Iranian
Transponat *sgr̥t-sna should be analyzed as part of the root: most likely, the den-
tal is due to lexical contamination with the Indo-Iranian root *u̯art- ‘to turn
around’ and its reflexes, see below, n. 18.
15 So Bailey 1970: 29, whose main reason for this interpretation is the Pahlavi trans-
lation gird waγdān ‘round-topped’ (but see Kotwal & Kreyenbroeck 2009: 47 n.
97 who argue that the commentator adopted this translation of unclear Avestan
expression from V. 14.10; for the same reason they consider unnecessary Waag’s
emendation to uzgərəsnō.vaγδana as in the Vendidad passage).
16 So Kotwal & Kreyenbroeck 2009: 47 n. 97.
17 Contrast Av. varəta-, Mid. Pers. (Bk. Pahl.) wrd ‘to turn’ (intr.), Mod. Pers. gāšt
‘to turn’ (tr.) or Av. vazra-, Mid. Pers. (Bk. Pahl.) wazr, Mod. Pers. gurz ‘cudgel’.
18 Other Iranian cognates may include Sogdian prγrs’y ‘round’ (if from
*pari‑gr̥ts, see Gharib 1995: 286), Šughni žurn ‘round’ (if from Proto-Iranian
*garθna-, see Morgenstierne 1974: 111) or Wakhi γ̆ərt ‘round’ (see Steblin-
Kamenskij 1999: 190), but while these and other forms assembled in ESIJa 3:
196–203 under the heading *gart‑ ‘to turn; round, spherical’ may point to an

© Museum Tusculanum Press and the author(s) 2017

 Luvian (SÍG) šūrita ‘balls of yarn’ 571

3 PIE *sgw( h)‑ > Proto-Luvic *su̯‑ > Luv. šu‑?

To sum up our results so far, a root *sgwher‑ ‘(to be) round’ can be recon-
structed on the strength of Gk. σφαῖρα and YAv. zgərəsna- (along with its
congeners in Middle and Modern Iranian). It appears that this root can also
give us Luv. šūrit‑ ‘ball (of wool)’. The stem šūrit‑ is most straightforwardly
analyzed as containing the denominative suffix ‑id‑ (compare Luv. paḫḫit-
‘beater’ from the root paḫḫ‑ found in Hittite paḫḫiya- ‘to beat’).19 Based on
what we know about Luvian historical phonology at present, the remaining
sequence šūr can directly continue a PIE root noun *sgwhor‑ / *sgwhr̥‑, even
though the precise sequence of sound changes required cannot be indepen-
dently demonstrated.
While Luvian undoubtedly simplified initial *sT- clusters by deleting the
sibilant (cf. Luv. tūmmant- ‘ear’ vs. Hitt. ištāman‑ ‘id.’20), it is important to
bear in mind that at the Proto-Luvic stage the (unconditional) deocclusion
of gw would have already taken place and our root would have looked like
*su̯ar‑.21 Now, we simply have no evidence to tell us the fate of initial *s + so-
norant in Luvian, and I know of no counterexamples to the following chain
of phonological developments: PIE *sgwhor‑ > PA *sgwar‑ > PLuvic *su̯ar‑ >
PLuvic *suu̯ar‑ with epenthesis > šūr‑ with contraction and accent retrac-
tion.22 Zero-grade *sgwhr̥- would probably give the same result: PA *sə gwur-23
> PLuvic *suu̯ar‑ > šūr‑ (cf. Luv. kuu̯ar- / kūr- (ku-ú-rV-) ‘to cut’, Hitt. 3 pl.
kuranzi < PIE *kwr̥-). If the phonology works, Gk. σφαῖρα, YAv. zgərəsna-
and Luv. šūrita fit together as if dovetailed.24
s-less version of the IE root *sgwher- posited above (as Bartholomae 1899: 8 sug-
gested), they may also result from contamination with reflexes of the Proto-Ira-
nian root *u̯art- with a very similar meaning.
19 See HED 8: 3–4. Incidentally, the root paḫḫ finds an etymological match in Gk.
πηρός, Lesbian πᾶρος ‘infirm, invalid, blind, lame’: this word (labeled as “iso-
lated” in EDG 1188) likely continues *peh2-ró- ‘beaten, maimed’.
20 See Melchert 1994: 271. Yakubovich 2009: 553 has recently argued that s- would
disappear before any consonant, but cf. Melchert (forthcoming). Rieken 2010:
657 suggested that initial *s‑ was not lost before a velar stop.
21 See Melchert 1994: 239.
22 For accent retraction in what must have been no longer morphologically analyz-
able stem see Yates 2015.
23 For *R̥ > uR cf. HLuv. zurnid- ‘horn’ < *k̑r̥ng-id (Hitt. karkidant- ‘horned’, Skt.
śŕ̥ṅga- ‘horn’; for the reading of hieroglyphic sign 448 as zú see Melchert 2012).
24 It might not be unreasonable to speculate that sg. šuriš, used to qualify the zizahi-
cyst in oracular texts, is not an unrelated Hurrian word (despite p. 2 above), but

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572 Alexander Nikolaev

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rather a form of the same stem šurit- in the meaning ‘ball, round (thing)’, refer-
ring to a particular shape of the cyst (viz. ‘round’ as opposed to elongated or
simply irregular shape?). But this is, of course, a mere guess.

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