Leisure Spending Behavior of The People

Uploaded on 26 December, 2017
Leisure Spending Behavior of the People Living in Dhaka City and Its
Importance on Travel and Tourism.
CHAPTER-01
Introduction
In general, leisure means time that a person gets after his or her working hours. Leisure, or
free time, is time spent away from business, work, and domestic chores. In broader term,
leisure can be defined as a time, activity, and state of mind that is differentiated from ‘work’
where it entails an activity that is relatively undertaken primarily for the purposes of pleasure
which is internally rewarding to the individual. Most of the people spend the leisure for
amusement or for the works that give them satisfaction.
Most sociologists have treated modern leisure as a historical outcome – a product of the
broader division of labor associated with modernization – rather than a sociocultural
universal. During the industrial revolution paid work was substantially relocated into offices,
mines and factories. In industry, employees worked at set times, fixed by the clock, under
work-specific authority and often amid work-specific relationships with colleagues.Thus
work became a part of life, and leisure, while not the whole of non-work time, was located
within it, and in modern societies it is during this leisure time, their own time, that people
enjoy relative freedom to determine their own activities, and to do things for the pure
enjoyment (Roberts, 2010).
Whatsoever is the debate about the similarity or dissimilarity between pre-modern and
modern leisure, it rejuvenates our working spirit, and thus it is not laziness, rather some
believe leisure a part of our work.
So many previous researches have shown that various types of leisure activity have a direct
effect on life satisfaction (Palmore 1979; Kelly 1982; Riddick and Stewart 1994). Leisure can
be a source of ‘optimal experience’ (as said by Roberts, 2010), which Csikzentmihalyi (1990)
calls ‘flow’. All uses of leisure raise levels of self-reported life satisfaction provided the
leisure is active (takes people out of their homes), social rather than solitary, and structured
so that the behavior can become routine (Roberts, 2010). Uses of leisure also improve
physical health. (Isao-Ahola and Mannell, 2004).
Leisure Spending Behavior of People Living in Dhaka City and Its Importance on Travel and Tourism 1
Tourism is often examined to identify whether it has any relation with leisure. Undoubtedly
there is a positive relation between tourism and leisure. The tourism-related literature
frequently highlights the observation that, over the past decade, long-distance leisure travel
has become commonplace for many households (LaMondia and Bhat, 2010). In particular,
many individuals and households now view travel and tourism as an extension of their daily
activities (Larsen, 2008; LaMondia and Bhat, 2010).
The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) defines tourism as “the
activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not
more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.”
Tourism and hospitality industry is one of the world’s largest and fastest growing industries
and it is considered vital to the world economy. The attention towards tourism in modern
economies has increased because of its impact and influence on their growth (Brida,
Lanzillotta, Lionetti and Risso, 2010).According to the UNWTO’s Tourism Highlights-2012,
international tourist arrivals grew by 4.6% to reach 983 million worldwide, up from 940
million in 2010. International tourism receipts for 2011 are estimated at US$ 1,030 billion
worldwide, up from US$ 928 billion in 2010 (+3.9% in real terms), setting new records in
most destinations. Tourism exports account for as much as 30% of the world’s exports of
commercial services and 6% of overall exports of goods and services.
Keeping in view the fastest growth of tourism industry throughout the globe and the observed
relationship of leisure to tourism, many countries are emphasizing now on the leisure
spending behavior of tourists. Consequently, understanding leisure spending behavior and its
impact on tourism have been very important as Bangladesh has huge potential for tourism
development.
This study would emphasize on identifying leisure spending behavior of the people living in
Dhaka city. This research basically tried to find out the answers to the following questions:
1. What is the perception of the people of Dhaka City about their leisure?
2. How people of Dhaka City spend their leisure time?
3. What is the usual behavior of people regarding leisure?
4. Is it possible to influence people to spend leisure time and money on tourism?
1.1. Leisure
Leisure is personal time during which one is free from obligations. This freedom from any
"must do" activity results in a choice—a personal decision about how to spend one’s time.
Godbey (2003) has stated that “the important thing in defining an experience as leisure is that
individuals believe that they are free or that they are controlling events rather than being
controlled by events.”
Torkildsen (1999) has described the meaning of the word “leisure” in different languages.
The English word “leisure” appears to be derived from the Latin licere, “to be permitted” or
“to be free”. Hence the French word loisir, meaning “free time”, and the English word
“licence”—permission or freedom to act. Thus the word “leisure” is associated with a
complexity of meanings in language. Generally it is defined in terms of “freedom from
constraint”, “opportunity to choose”, “time left over after work” or as “free time after
obligatory social duties have been met”.
Jovičić et al (2012) define that, “Leisure time appeared as a phenomenon with the
development of the industrial society and with the division of time to work hours and the time
which is work-free, when the individual can satisfy their need of self-actualization. Leisure
time activities are supposed to provide joy, pleasure and relaxation to the individual.”
The true meaning of leisure may be different on the subject of the gender. First, the main
gender differences are said to be, that men associate leisure with particular times (when they
are not at work) thus making time budgets appropriate for quantifying their leisure, whereas
women tend to identify leisure with particular kinds of experience, activities and being with
particular people (Shaw, 1985). Second, it is alleged that men tend to appraise their leisure
quantitatively (how much time they have and how much they do in this time), whereas
women’s appraisals are in terms of the quality of their experiences (Gregory, 1982; Lenskyj,
1988).
Leiper (1984) examined leisure and recreation activities and discovered that two types of
leisure exist: “recreational leisure” which provides restoration to the participant and “creative
leisure,” which allows the participant to enjoy something novel or new. The primary
functions of recreation are rest, relaxation, and entertainment.
1.2. Evolution of Leisure Studies as a Discipline

The sociology of leisure was created as a sub-discipline in the 1960s, indicated by the
formation of the International Sociological Association’s Research Committee 13 (RC13) in
1970 (Roberts, 2010). But leisure was studied previously (De Grazia, 1962; Lundberg et al.,
1934), though as a branch in studies of workers in particular occupations, or in family and
neighborhood research (Roberts, 2010).
Since the 1960s, the sociology of leisure has been developed mainly by western scholars, and
those based on other parts of the world have been more likely to adopt than to challenge
western sociology’s definitions and classifications of leisure activities. However, leisure is
now being studied by sociologists in all parts of the world: in Eastern Europe, Africa, the
Middle East, Latin America and especially in the Asian countries that are becoming major
global economic centres (Amaral, 2008; Saad, 2007; Tsai, 2008). It is noteworthy that the
cultural specificities of western leisure are currently being highlighted by scholars from India,
Japan and China (Fox and Klaiber, 2006; Iwasaki et al., 2007).
From the 1970s onwards, leisure studies departments and courses spread throughout
universities in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, and then, though far less densely,
throughout the rest of Europe, Asia and Latin America (Roberts, 2010).
CHAPTER-02
Relationship between Leisure and Tourism
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. At present, leisure and tourism are one
of the fastest growing industries and the biggest structural employment providers worldwide.
These cover a whole spectrum of activities, from visiting a tourist attraction and going to a
health club to eating in a restaurant or travelling abroad. Although the sector is providing
enormous opportunities to economic development, the researchers are involving more than
ever before on leisure research. The most prominent research areas are: understanding
people's changing leisure activities and travel behavior; Investigating changes in the pattern
of tourism, including the issue of sustainability; studying employment in leisure and tourism
and the issues faced by the industry including health and safety; exploring leisure and tourism
activities around the world, including the businesses and organizations which make up this
industry; gaining skills in applying knowledge to real-world situations, including planning
and carrying out investigations; and so on.
Tourism is often viewed as an expression of human behavior. Przeclawski (1986) signifies

that tourism "is the set of ideas, the theories, or ideologies for being a tourist and it is the
behavior of people in touristic roles, when the ideas are put into practice."
The definition of tourism proposed by the World Tourism Organization and the United
Nations Statistical Commission (1994) is presented in Table 1.
- Tourism arises out of a movement of people to, and their stay in, various places, or
destinations.
- There are two elements in tourism – the journey to the destination and the stay
(including activities) at the destination.
- The journey and stay take place outside the usual environment or normal place of
residence and work so that tourism gives rise to activities that are distinct from the
resident and working populations of the places through which they travel and stay.
- The movement to destinations is temporary and short term in character – the

intention is to return within a few days, weeks or months.(not more than one
consecutive year)
- Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or
employment in the places visited.
Table 1: Definition of tourism (WTO and UNSTAT, 1994)
Leiper’s (2004) model of whole tourism systems is a commonly cited conceptualization of

tourism underpinned by system theory. The model (Figure 1) conceptualizes tourism as an
open system consisting of five interrelated elements: one human element (tourists), one
industrial/organizational element (tourist industries), and three geographic elements
(traveller-generating region, transit route, tourist destination region). These five elements are
subject to influence by external environments (legal, economic, political environments).
Figure 1: Whole Tourism System (source: adapted from Leiper, 2004: page 53)
Tourism is different from travel. In order for tourism to happen, there must be a
displacement: an individual has to travel, using any type of means of transportation (he might
even travel on foot: nowadays, it is often the case for poorer societies, and happens even in
more developed ones, and concerns pilgrims, hikers and so on). But as per UNWTO all travel
is not tourism.
Three criteria are used simultaneously in order to characterize a trip as belonging to tourism.
The displacement must be such that:
 It involves a displacement outside the usual environment: this term is of

utmost importance and will be discussed later on;
 Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose different from
being remunerated from within the place visited: the previous limits, where
tourism was restricted to recreation and visiting family and friends are now
expanded to include a vast array of purposes;
 Duration: only a maximal duration is mentioned, not a minimal. Tourism
displacement can be with or without an overnight stay. This study will
discuss on the individuality of transit visits, from a conceptual and
statistical point of view.
The relationships between tourism and leisure have come under increasing scrutiny by the
academics examining the concepts of tourism and leisure. Much like tourism, definitions of
recreation and leisure are contested for how, where, when, and why they are used (Poria et al,
2003).
Many academics (Mannell & Iso-Ahola, 1987; Ryan & Glendon, 1998) argue that there is a
strong link between tourism and leisure. Based on the recognition of a link between tourism
and leisure, tourism has been defined as leisure on the move (Shaw & Williams, 2002).
Some of the authors have argued that tourism is a special form of leisure, with its own
characteristics (Leiper, 1990). Understanding the conceptual relationships between tourism
and leisure is important, particularly if tourism is considered a "special" form of leisure
(Moore et al, 1995).
Moore et al (1995) suggested that, the fields of leisure and tourism are "clearly fuzzy or
overlapping" and creating taxonomies that separate the two is not only a difficult task but it
may also obscure their similarities.
It is really hard to draw a model showing the relation between tourism and leisure so
perfectly, that none can criticize it. But, several successful attempts were made by different
writers to develop models to represent the relation between leisure and tourism.
Tribe (2005) showed travel and tourism as a part of time that can be occurred either as ‘work’
or as ‘leisure and recreation’ (Figure: 2). It may be the most simple model to describe the
relation between leisure and tourism, where time is divided into two broad pieces- Work and
Leisure. Leisure may lead to recreation and recreation may be home-based or away from
home. This away from home recreation is considered as leisure travel. Again some may travel
for their business purpose.
Figure 2: Leisure and tourism (Tribe 2005)
Again, some authors tried to relate recreation with tourism and leisure. According to Hall and
Page (2006), tourism overlaps with recreation and the wider realms of leisure (Figure 3). Hall
and Page (2006) suggested that tourism and recreation should be viewed as a part of wider
concept of leisure.
Figure 3 illustrates the overlaps and relationships between leisure and tourism. Many of the
leisure facilities are usually planned and developed for the local communities but tourists also
can use them. Day-trippers and excursionists also use leisure and recreational facilities during
their trips.
Figure 3: Relationship between leisure, recreation and tourism (Hall and Page 2006)
In the figure, broken lines illustrate that the boundaries between concepts are “soft”. Work is
differentiated from leisure with there being two main realms of overlap: first, business travel,
which is seen as a work-oriented form of tourism in order to differentiate it from leisure-
based travel; second, serious leisure, which refers to the breakdown between leisure and work
pursuits and the development of leisure career paths with respect to their hobbies and
interests. Leisure itself can be divided, regarding activities, into recreational, non-recreational
and tourism. Tourism and recreation, being part of leisure, overlap each other which is shown
as ‘leisure travel’.
According to Veal (2003) tourism can be seen as a form of leisure that takes to places away
from home (Figure 4). However, travel for non-leisure purposes is also often included in
tourism, for example business and conference travel – but even these travellers generally
make use of leisure facilities at their destination, often mixing business and pleasure.
Figure 4: Leisure, tourism and geography (Source: Veal 2003)
Tourism can be seen as a form of leisure activity, but there is a question regarding that. The
question is about the tourism that takes place in non-leisure period, for example, business
tour. Again, some may have their leisure during their business tour when they are not busy
with their responsibility. Furthermore, a current trend in the travel industry is for business
travelers to visit attractive locations while on business trips (Dunnan 1992; Finney 1993;
Bing 1997). Moreover, many business travelers often extend their length of stay several days
to explore the travel destination after the often hectic business meetings have ended (Sheehy
1990).
More interestingly the relation between tourism and leisure is not always recognized even by
the academics of these fields. Tourism and leisure academics have often worked in isolation
from one another with the consequence that concepts derived from work in one field of study
have not always been utilized in the other (Harris, et al., 1987; Smith & Godbey, 1991). Yet
not all moments of a tourism experience may entail leisure, rather, tourism experiences
include timeframes in which leisure may occur (Carr & Poria, 2010).
CHAPTER-03
Leisure Behavior: Theories and Related Literature
3.1. Leisure perception

If life is nothing but sum of time, then leisure is a part of our life, as leisure is some amount
of time. The leisure choices are limitless. What all leisure choices have in common is an
opportunity to enhance the value of being a human being through personal choice and
decision making.
Article 24 of UN Universal Declaration proclaims the same. It declares the right to leisure
with the following words:
‘Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of
working hours and periodic holidays with pay.’
Huda and Akhtar (2006) claimed that, need for leisure is something inherent to human
system. Certainly the concept of leisure began since people started working, as there is a
relationship between work and leisure. But, there is continuing debate about whether a leisure
concept can be usefully applied to the free time, amusements and pastimes of pre-modern
times, and whether these societies had a different kind of leisure (Veal and Lynch, 1996).
One view is that modern leisure is actually a debased version of the purer leisure enjoyed in
ancient Greece, although just by a minority of free men (De Grazia, 1962).
However, there is agreement that modern leisure is different (Roberts, 2010).Since the
industrial revolution the length of a normal work-day had been reduced from 12, to 10, then
to eight hours. The weekend had expanded from one, to one-and-a-half, then two full days.
Annual holiday entitlement had grown (Roberts, 2010). The four-day work-week was
confidently forecast. A time was imagined when all workers would be able to take holidays.
People would enjoy ‘the time of their lives’ (Best, 1978) and humanity would enter a ‘new
Eden’ (Neulinger, 1990).
Although there is a common perception that modern lives are more harried and less leisured
than ever before, their research shows that the average person in the UK had 20 minutes per
day more leisure time in 1995 than in 1961(Gershuny and Fisher, 1999).
An average day’s leisure time ranges from 4 hours 44 minutes to 5 hours 58 minutes for men
and from 3 hours 45 minutes to 5 hours 40 minutes for women (Monostori, 2009).
While, Cox (2002) argued that, working hours for full-time employees increased slightly in
the 1990s, there has been a continuing decline in the amount of time spent on domestic
chores and preparing and eating meals in UK. He also mentioned another important
development that there has been increasing length of paid holidays, which have risen from
under two weeks in the 1950s to four weeks or more in the 1990s.
The present-day sociology of leisure has far less to say about the future than was the case in
the 1960s and 1970s. This is despite the arrival of another generation of new technologies –
the information and communication technologies – that have delivered multi-channel
television, personal computers, mobile phones and the internet (Roberts, 2010).
3.2. Ways of spending leisure/ Different Leisure Pursuits

Again whatever the type of leisure is, it reinforces emotional well-being. The idea is to fill
one’s free time doing something he/she likes—not only recreation, but activities such as
reading, spending time with friends, writing letters, playing a musical instrument or simply
spending time alone.
These activities can take place inside the house or out of home, and those can be categorized
as two distinct forms of leisure activities- inside home & out of home.
Quantitative comparisons have found very similar uses of leisure in all modern societies; the
impressive amounts of time spent watching TV, for example (Roberts, 2010). Most of the
time people spend their leisure time by eating at home, sleep & personal care, home care,
child care, shopping and domestic travel, eating out or enjoying cinema or pub, watching TV
or listening Radio (Gershuny and Fisher, 1999). Sometimes ‘relaxing’ and ‘learning
something new’ is important in people’s leisure time (Verbakel, 2012). Furthermore,
employees report that on average a quarter of their workday is spent on the Internet for
personal reasons (Cheng, 2008; Ramayah, 2010). Whereas, -similar to other countries-
watching TV, listening to music, reading, visiting friends are viewed as the most common
forms of leisure activity for the working women of Dhaka (Huda and Akhtar, 2006).
According to Cox (2002), the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS), has identified a range
of activities to be viewed as leisure activities including- ‘recreation and culture’ (including
sports, gambling, and cultural destinations), ‘commercial out of home activities’(such as
health clubs, cinemas and ten-pin bowling, museums, swimming pools, the National Lottery
and pay-TV services), ‘eating out of the home in restaurant and café,’ ‘ enjoying hotel and
accommodation’.
In addition, cinema admissions and health and fitness memberships were particularly strong
components of leisure activity (Cox, 2002). Health and fitness memberships increased by 21
per cent during 2001 as a leisure activity (Leisure Database Company, 2001).
Huda and Akhtar (2006) identified some typical free time activities of women of Bangladesh,
as reading, listening to music, watching TV, chatting or simply relaxing. Occasionally, they
prefer to visit their relatives and have family gatherings, which are very common in
Bangladeshi culture. Neighbors are considered as important sources of socialization and the
women visit mothers and sisters several times a week. Outside the house, art exhibitions,
traditional fairs, stage drama and religious festivals are the most frequently visited places by
their respondents.
Though leisure time spent out of home is increasing, but is spread ever more thinly across a
rising number of activities (Jones Lang LaSalle, 2001). It concludes that the most probable
outcome for leisure markets is a ‘speeded up’ version of the present, in which leisure venues
are in continually intense competition for consumers’ time and attention.
Vacation travel is one of the forms of this leisure out of home. But, out of home not
necessarily refers to the open place to enjoy nature, but some sort of social and personal
activities outside one’s home. Interestingly, urban open public spaces such as parks seem to
lose their popularity as shopping malls have become the new leisure centers due to the
increasing need “to consume” of today’s societies (Oğuz and Çakci, 2010). Again, it is found
from several studies that females are less likely to participate in outdoor recreation (Kelly and
Godbey, 1992; Huda and Akhtar, 2006).
3.3. Factors Affecting Leisure Activities

Leisure is somehow affected by a broader set of influencing factors, as Kelly (1992) observed
that economic, social, political, and ecological factors will shape the future of leisure. The
family, socialization process, education, cultures, etc. shapes the leisure behavior of women
more than men especially in Bangladesh (Huda and Akhtar, 2006).
Education and income have been studied as predictors of leisure involvement (Gramann and
Allison, 1999). According to Kelly (1996), education and income variables are significantly
related to leisure involvement because they often directly contribute to participation
opportunities and barriers.
Leisure is a dynamic concept. It changes over time.Jones Lang LaSalle (2001) identifies that
there is significant change observed in leisure activities of people over the change of time.
Use of leisure activities change constantly, although slowly throughout most decades
(Roberts, 2010).
Gershuny and Fisher, (1999) showed the change in time use from 1961 to 1995 (Figure 5) in
UK. In the figure, it is shown that the time spent for different leisure pursuits in early 1961in
UK had been taken over by other different leisure activities by 1995. For example, time spent
for eating at home was decreased by 43 minutes between 1961 and 1995. Similarly, time
assigned for paid work, and home care during leisure was significantly in decline during the
time period from 1961 to 1995 in UK. Sleeping, personal care etc. entered most dominantly
into the list of leisure activities with an increase of 46 more minutes from 1961 to1995.
Figure 5: Change in Time Use in UK, 1961–1995
Shopping and out-of-home leisure were the other main beneficiaries of changing time use,
though at the cost of greater time spent travelling. Interestingly, radio/TV time remained
more or less stable despite a massive increase in TV ownership during that time. However,
they suggest that there is some evidence that individuals now try to fit more activities into
their non-work time, which may contribute to feelings of time pressure.
3.3.1. Socio-cultural Factors influencing leisure behavior

The growth of leisure has not led to leisurely lives for all. Rather, it has created divided
societies (Roberts, 2010). On the one hand, there are those who work long hours, in well-paid
occupations, and who are the big leisure spenders. On the other hand, there are those who
work in low-paid precarious occupations, and whose own leisure is subject to severe time and
money constraints (Seabrook, 1988). Again, Parker (1983) proposed the idea that people who
have high involvement in their work can’t distinguish between work and leisure.
The lifestyle of special groups within the society creates their own leisure style. The presence
of sub-cultures within the society has obvious socio-cultural implications for the society and
also for the leisure activity (Huda and Akhtar, 2006). It is observed in Bangladesh that tribal
people have their own way of passing time by dancing, singing and consuming local drink.
The non-tribal people do not engage in such activities (Akhtar, 2000).
3.3.2. Demographic Characteristics of the tourists affecting leisure behavior
3.3.2.1. Gender issue

Leisure has different meanings for women and for men (Kelly and Godbey, 1992) and they
generalized the central role of gender in both predicting and explaining leisure behavior.
Whereas Shaw (1985) observed that the distribution of leisure is significantly affected by
gender. Feminists’ initial complaints were that leisure research had neglected gender in
general and women’s leisure in particular. These criticisms were immediately accepted, and it
is now 20 years since it was possible to complain that gender or women’s leisure were
neglected (Roberts, 2010).
3.3.2.2. Women
Regarding gender, women are less likely than men to participate in leisure activities
(Henderson et al., 1988; Henderson and Bialeschki, 1991; Jackson and Searle, 1985; Shaw,
1994). An initial claim was that in leisure women were the disadvantaged side due to a blend
of time and money constraints, and higher sociocultural regulation than experienced by men
(Deem, 1986; Green et al., 1990; Henderson et al., 1989). Research evidence has generally
recognized these claims, although with some important qualifications (Roberts, 2010).
According to studies related to women’s leisure, women are less involved in leisure activities
than men because of the cost, time, fear of violence, lack of transportation, skills, and abilities
associated with these activities. Not only do women generally earn less than men, but in
many cases they also carry more family and home responsibilities (Henderson et al., 1988;
Henderson and Bialeschki, 1991; Shaw, 1994).
Similarly, Dumazedier (1967) observed that women’s domestic tasks create a problem for
understanding their leisure. As (Bella, 1989) marked that women’s leisure is nothing but an
extension of family leisure.Women in general, and working women, in particular, devote
their available free time to socialization, again on family life (after spending the whole day
for family) and watching TV (Huda and Akhtar, 2006).Practically women have less leisure
time due to unequal distribution of domestic work (Hribkova, 1994).
Roberts (2010) claim that, women’s leisure time disadvantages arise from the double-shift,
with housework and childcare remaining primarily women’s work. Evidence shows that
overall women’s leisure is more fragmented (they are less likely than men to enjoy long,
unbroken periods of leisure), and less of women’s leisure time is spent in adult-only
situations (Bittman and Wajcman, 1999).As regards money, it is accepted that women have
been and are still disadvantaged (Roberts, 2010).Women are less likely than men to be able to
separate their ‘own’ from household funds (Pahl, 1990). But, situation is being changed
rapidly and the trend is towards genderless leisure (Robinson and Godbey, 1999).
Hunter and Whitson’s (1991) claimed that women do not have any leisure in terms of
freedom from obligations. This is true for women of Bangladesh also. In the daily lives of
women, time is usually fragmented, so leisure and work may occur simultaneously, for
example, in the case of housewife bringing up children (Gregory, 1982).
Generally, the average free time for women is one to two hours less than that of men all over
the world and time budget studies show that women who have paid jobs, whether full or part
time, have less free time than men (Szalai,1972).
Jackson et al (1995) observed that constraints on women’s leisure are a function of cultural
interpretation of gender and not just biological sex. Truly, the gender role shapes up the
leisure behavior of women in Bangladesh.At the end of the twentieth century, average
women of Bangladesh are rapidly overcoming social, cultural and corporate barriers and
acquiring important positions in national, private and international sectors (Huda and Akhtar,
2006).
3.3.2.3. Men
Men’s studies require masculinity, just like femininity, to be treated as a problematic social
construct, following which we recognize that there can be different versions of masculinity,
and that some men may find their masculine scripts just as constraining as femininity is for
some women (Roberts, 2010).
Again it is observed in studies that men are dominating in leisure decisions and activities over
their counterparts. Wimbush and Talbot (1988) pointed out the strong influence of male
power on women’s leisure, opportunities, friendships, and social networks throughout their
lives by pointing out male domination as one of the major constraints on leisure for working
women. Although, in contrary, a survey by BIDS (1996) claimed that between 1990 and 1995
the proportion of women reporting that men dominated household decisions on house
purchases fell from 36% to 27% in Bangladesh.
3.3.2.4. Life- cycle and Ageism

Levinson (1978) argues that individuals pursue different leisure activities according to where
they are in their lifespan.Evidence from time budget and leisure participation surveys in all
parts of the world has confirmed repeatedly that youth and young adulthood are the life
stages when people have the most time and money for leisure spending and activities, and
therefore when participation rates peak in most forms of out-of-home leisure. This is typically
followed by the squeeze, and leisure becomes family-centered, homocentric and TV-
dominated (Roberts, 2010).
Gordon et al. (1976) find that the percentage of leisure participation declines from about 80
percent in the early adulthood to about 20 percent in late adulthood. People who play sport in
late-adulthood, and those who hold office in voluntary associations during this life stage,
were typically playing these same roles (though not necessarily in the same sports or
associations) when they were young adults (McGuire et al., 1987; Mihalik et al., 1989;
Roberts et al., 1991; Scott and Willits, 1989).
Kelly (1980) indicates that the elderly are less likely to participate in outdoor recreation
because of health conditions, but more likely to join social and family activities. Gordon et al
(1976) also founded that, the elderly are less likely to participate in outdoor recreation
because they tend to avoid active leisure in the last phase of their life spans. Wearing (1999)
also agrees that ageism may make the elderly less prone to participate in outdoor recreation
due to lack of socialization and recreation skills. Kelly (1980) finds that individuals tend to
participate less in outdoor recreation as they get older, instead spending more time on social
and family activities.
But, Wearing (1999) and Floyd et al. (2006) argue that the leisure activities reduce ageism
and advance older people’s physical and mental health.
It is observed in Bangladesh that elderly people mostly spend their time with family but the
youngsters like to enjoy the free time with their friends outside the home.
3.3.2.5. Income
Kelly (1996) claims that, financial resources are required to participate in leisure activities.
While rich people look for opportunities to engage in leisure activities, poorer individuals
avoid such participation due to lack of financial resources.
The resourceful class of the society has wider choices than their poor counterparts (Huda and
Akhtar, 2006). The poorer families generally spend free time within the context of the family
and extended family (Rubin, 1976).
According to Yun-Jin Tae (2007), leisure activities that require a great deal of money are not
popular among individuals of lower income.Assenting to what Rosma and Hoffman (1980)
indicate, the notion that the lower class was less interested in leisure activities than the upper
class because of cost.
3.3.2.6. Education
White (1975) concludes that education is the most significant predictor of leisure behaviors.
Kelly (1996) also claims that education influences leisure participation more than any other
factors, since individuals of higher education are more likely than individuals of lower
education to pursue quality of life, colleagues or fellows ask to take part in leisure activities
frequently. Lucas (1990) also argues that education influences outdoor wilderness visitation.
Therefore, there is a positive relationship between education and participation in leisure
activities.
3.3.2.7. Occupation
The leisure time of a busy person differs from that of a non-busy person. Seemingly, busy
persons would like to get more free time to relax and for resting (Huda and Akhtar,
2006).Students are a socio-demographic group in which rates of leisure interest, taste and
skill formation are exceptionally high (Roberts, 2010).
3.4. Leisure spending pattern

The Leisure menu of a given society is shaped by the socio-economic situation of the
respective society (Kelly and Godbey, 1992). Interestingly, leisure spending behavior also
depends on economic and sociological characteristics of people (Weagley, 2004; Fisk, 1959).
Most of the cases consumer budgets of leisure goods depend on income, culture, habits,
lifestyle etc.(Weagley, 2004).
Thompson and Tinsley (1979) examined the income elasticity for recreation expenditures and
found per capita leisure expenditures to be positively related to income for all income classes.
Dardis et al. (1981) found that recreation expenditures were positively related to income and
education while negatively related to the age of the household head.
Consumers spending trends in leisure goods change over time (Cox, 2002) and some
variables like age (Ghanbarian, 2011; ken, 2010), gender, unemployment, lifestyles, job
status (Roberts, 2010), material status (Todd, 2005), family size (Honga et. al., 2008), social
class (Warde et al., 1999), values by individual & country level (Verbakel, 2012), are
determining factors of leisure spending attitude.
Dardis et al. (1994) found that income, the number of adults, and education had significantly
positive impacts on leisure expenditures. Weagley and Huh (2004) concluded that household
income; age, education, race of the household head; and residential locations were relatively
important factors affecting household expenditures on leisure.
Hammonds-Smith et al. (1992) found that, the higher the educational level, the more income
older people spent on entertainment. Schwenk (1994) found that the urban elderly spent more
on entertainment and reading than the rural elderly, especially, elderly women who lived
alone.
Cox (2001) found a strong relationship between economic condition and leisure spending
pattern. He argued that, stable economic conditions are conducive to strong leisure spending
growth because of the relationship between discretionary spending and consumer confidence.
Residential location is a significant factor regarding leisure. Urban households spend more on
leisure than rural households (Dardis et al. 1981).
3.5. Leisure Constraints

There are several studies investigating leisure constraints in the 1980s. Franken and van Raiij
(1981) investigated the socioeconomic factors; while Wade (1985) describes psychological
and physical constraints. Psychological constraints referred to perceived barriers, such as lack
of interest and fear, but physical constraints were caused by socio-economic status, facilities,
and the programs themselves.
According to Rosma and Hoffman (1980) perceived barriers like time, cost, and lack of
facilities limit individual leisure activities. According to McGuire (1984), external resources
(time, approval, abilities, and social and physical well-being) were major constraints
regarding leisure involvement faced by individuals who are 45 years of age or older.
Lee et al. (2001) pointed out several constraints, such as lack of money, lack of
transportation, lack of time, and lack of facilities. Lindsay and Ogle (1972) argue that leisure
non-participation depends on both lack of money and lack of interest.
Financial constraints, lack of leisure time, physical constraints, family issues, lack of interest
and psychological boundaries are not stimulating to traveling (Đeri, 2009).
Regarding influence of education and income constraints, Kelly (1996) argues that education
and income variables are important predictors of measuring leisure constraints due to the fact
that some leisure activities require not only financial resources, but also certain skills.
Finally, regarding influence of age constraints, researchers suggest that physical decline and
ageism interfere with older people’s ability to participate in leisure activities (Gross et al.,
1978; Lawton, 1985; Floyd, 2006). Wearing (1999) points out that ageism creates leisure
constraints because older people are skeptical about their abilities and their socialization
skills when participating in leisure activities.
According to Yun-Jin Tae (2007), elderly individuals face a higher number of leisure
constraints than the younger adults. For the type of leisure constraints based on age, lack of
time is the main constraint for younger people (18-49 of age) while parking and
transportation are the major constraints for older people (over 50 of age). Because the elderly
have more physical problems than younger people, driving a car could be more worrisome
for them than for younger people. But, younger people need more time to work for financial
resources.
3.6 Vacation tour as a form of leisure activity
One of the most popular out of home leisure activities is vacation travel. Vacation travel is an
experience, an essentially intangible product (Ahmed, Barber & Astous, 1998). It is produced
and consumed at the time and on site (Ahmed, 1988). Vacation travel has become popular as
a result of increased leisure time, income and technological processes, which have freed the
movements of money and people (Yau & Chan, 1990).
The physical and socio-cultural distance between the home and holiday environments is
potentially important as it may provide the opportunity for the loosening of social restraint
and an associated increase in perceive personal freedom for the tourist compared to that in the
leisure environment (Carr, 2002b) .Zimmer et al. (1995) said that travellers who are better
educated and have more disposable income tend to travel farther from home.
Vacation tour brings the concept of destination where the tourists travel to. McIntosh and
Goeldner (1990) defined travel destinations as those including natural and developed
‘mainsprings' that drive people to travel. They include national parks, amusement parks,
historical sites, cultural resources, shopping facilities, natural scenery, entertainment
facilities, recreational facilities, lodging facilities, food and beverages establishments and the
people and culture of different travel destinations.
The length of stay is of the utmost importance in examining travel/tourism issues (Masberg
1998). The length of stay is usually defined as the amount of time travelers spend at a
destination and is frequently measured by the number of days or nights the tourist spends at
the site (Uysal, McDonald, and O’Leary 1988). While length of stay is often used to define
the supply side of tourism (Gunn 1988; Tierney 1993), it can be argued that the length of stay
can be a useful measure in examining the demand side of tourism (Uysal, 1998)
3.7. Motivations for taking a holiday tour
People often go on leisure trips in an attempt to fulfill inner needs that are not easily
identified by the researcher or even by the travelers themselves (Van Doren 1983). When
people travel, they often seek to fulfill multiple unmet physiological or psychological needs
(McIntosh and Goeldner 1990).
Pearce, Morrison and Rutledge (1998) defined tourist motivation as “the global integrating
network of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices,
behavior and experience”.
Um (1987) defined vacation motives as the set of attributes that, when aggregated together,
describe a place as a travel destination. They include all elements that are related to a
destination and to travelling to the place, such as the destination's physical and cultural
characteristics, the mental and actual distance required to get to the destination, and so on.
One of the primary motivations for taking a holiday has been identified as ‘escape’; the
chance to break free of the socio-cultural bounds that govern their behavior in their home
environment (Carr & Poria, 2010). According to Iso-Ahola (1980), these motivations may be
grouped into two basic categories: approach and avoidance. That is, individuals often travel
to either leave the everyday environment behind (i.e., “escaping”) or to obtain intrinsic
rewards through experiencing new things on vacation (i.e., “seeking”).
Crompton (1979) identified nine motives. These motives are escape from a perceived
mundane environment, exploration and evaluation of self, relaxation, prestige, regression,
enhancement of kinship relationships, facilitation of social interaction, novelty, and
education.
In broad terms, vacation motives can be classified into two distinct categories: ‘push' and
‘pull factors' (Graham, 1981). Push factors include various “forces” that induce individuals to
travel (i.e., “push” them to go on a trip which include escape, rest and relaxation, adventure,
and personal interests). According to Chon, (1989) push factors include cognitive processes
and travel motivations including socialization, novelty-seeking, adventure-seeking, dream
fulfillment and the need for escape. On the other hand, pull factors attract tourists to travel to
specific sites (i.e., “pull” them to a specific destination such as climate, historic sites,
beaches, recreational opportunities, and cultural events etc.). In other words, pull factors
consist of those tangible and intangible cues of a specific destination that ‘drive' travellers to
realize their needs from a particular travel experience, such as natural attractions, food and
people (Sirakaya, Sheppard & McLellan, 1997).
Holloway (2002) emphasizes on perception of the individual who is in leisure regarding the
tour. From Figure 6 (Holloway, 2002) it can be seen that a consumer is motivated to visit a
destination only when perception of the need and attractions match.
Figure 6: The motivation process. (Holloway 2002; page 62)
Iso-Ahola (1982) argued that there are two motivational forces that influence tourists: (a) the
desire to leave the everyday environment behind, and (b) the desire to obtain psychological
rewards through travel in a contrasting environment (Figure 7).
Figure 7: A Social Psychological Model of Tourism Motivation, Source: Iso-Ahola (1982)
In the first cell of figure, individuals may travel predominantly in order to escape their
personal environment and to seek personal rewards, and other travelers may be identified by
the motivational characteristics of one of the remaining cells. In addition, Iso-Ahola (1980)
recognized that there are individuals who travel for a different combination of reasons every
time they travel, depending on what has happened to them prior to deciding to become
tourists. There are also tourists who go through each of the four cells in the course of one trip.
Iso-Ahola’s social psychological model of tourism motivation clearly categorized tourism
motivation from a social psychological point of view in the 1980s.
3.8. Factors Affecting Leisure Tourists’ Behavior

Generally socio-demographic variables such as nationality, age, income or education have
been considered quite usable as relevant determinants of tourist behavior, since they are easy
to assess (Lawson, 1995).
Regarding socio-demographic variables, Goodall and Ashworth (1988) suggested that socio-
demographic variables such as age, occupation, and income are important factors influencing
the formation of the tourist images and perceptions of the travel experience.
A simplified representation of the factors, which influence the decision to participate in

recreation, is set on Figure 8. A broad distinction can be made between the potential demands
or propensity for recreation and the supply of opportunities to realize these preferences or
desires, the variables can be grouped into the demographic, socioeconomic and situational
characteristics, which generate a propensity to recreate, and those external factors which
facilitate or constrain the decision and the choice of activity and site. (Pigram; Jenkins 2006).
Figure 8: The decision process in outdoor recreation.

(Pigram 1983, cited in Pigram, Jenkins 2006)
In addition to the influences from socio-demographic and socio-economic factors, tourist
behavior is shaped by the personal characteristics of the particular tourist concerned. Personal
characteristics, environment, the degree of culture and personal motivation mostly shape the
tourist behavior (Jovičić et al, 2012). They think, a modern tourist, led by the principle “value
for the money invested” chooses certain tourist destinations, taking the additional possibilities
of entertainment, being informed and learning new things into consideration.
Woodside and Lysonski (1989) noticed that a destination image is influenced by destination
attributes and travellers' variables such as age, income, past experiences, and personal values.
Several researchers have attempted to measure the impact of personality on choice.

According to Holloway (2002) perhaps the best known, in the field of tourism research, is
Stanley Plog (Figure 9). Plog developed a theory which classified the population of a country
by the extent to which they are either allocentrics, meaning those seeking variety, self-
confident, outgoing and experimental, or psychocentrics, meaning those who tend to be more
concerned with themselves and the small problem of life, and are inclined to seek security.
Falling between these two extremes is the midcentric personality – most vacation and leisure
travellers fall into this category. Midcentric personalities travel for the sake of a break from
their everyday routines. According to Plog an individual’s personality determines his or her
motivation for travel and choice of destination (Howell et al. 2006; McCabe 2002).
s Bandarban a
rks Asia
ort Sylhet East Asi
Pa de
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em ersi Cox’s Bazaar h& Ou
Th Riv Sout
Figure 9: Personality and travel destination choice: the allocentric-psychocentric scale.

(Reproduced by the authors for Bangladeshi tourists from Plog, 2002)
Jackson and Searle (1985) argue that an individual’s motivation, behavior, and leisure
choices have an effect on participation decisions, even though these influences are either
positive or negative.
3.9. Spending Behavior of Leisure Tourists
Understanding tourist expenditure is critically important in measuring tourism’s economic
impact on the destination because tourism is an expenditure-driven economic activity
(Frechtling, 2006). Trip expenditures have been measured in terms of total expenditure,
expenditure per person per day, total party expenditure, party expenditure per day, pre-paid
expenditure in the origin country, and expenditure in the destination.Wang et al. (2006)
disaggregated trip expenditure into six categories: lodging, meals, attractions, entertainment,
shopping, and transportation.
Leisure tourism is considered to be price and income elastic (Cooper et al, 1993).
Theoretically, a great variety of economic, social and psychological variables may influence
tourism expenditure. The effect of income was considered very important on expenditure by
several writers (e.g. Cannon & Ford, 2002; Jang et al., 2004). Price of tourism product has a
significant impact on expenditure, whether it is actual price or perception about price (Aguilo
& Juaneda, 2000; Agarwal & Yochum, 2000).
The expenditure is also affected by travellers’ social demographic characteristics. Leones et

al. (1998) found that age did not affect tourist expenditure. On the contrary, older travellers
from Japan to the United States were found to spend more than their younger counterparts
(Jang et al., 2004), whilst Wang et al. (2006) suggested a negative relationship between total
expenditure and the age of travellers. In contrast, Mak et al. (1977) found middle-aged
American travellers had a higher expenditure in Hawaii on a daily basis, but stayed
significantly shorter than young and aged travellers.
Gender was not associated with the level of spending (Agarwal & Yochum, 2000; Jang et al.,
2004). Those who are not married were found to spend more than those that were in Mak et
al. (1977), but the opposite was found by Asgary et al. (1997). However, two more recent
studies conducted by Cannon and Ford (2002) and Wang et al. (2006) suggested that marital
status did not influence the level of spending.
Trip characteristics, such as travel party size, length of stay, and first-time/repeat visitors
have also been frequently used to explain expenditure. An increase in travel party size
resulted in an increase in total travel expenditure (Agarwal &Yochum, 1999). As children are
not incomeearners, number of children in the travel party was negatively related to total party
expenditure (Agarwal & Yochum, 1999). However, Wang et al. (2006) found that number of
children did not affect total expenditure.
Length of stay at the destination can also significantly influence travellers’ expenditure
(Downward & Lumsdon, 2004; Taylor et al., 1993). Its impact was positive on total tourist
expenditure (Agarwal & Yochum, 1999; Downward & Lumsdon, 2004), but negative on
daily personal tourist expenditure (Taylor et al., 1993). Wang et al. (2006) and Mak et al.
(1977) found that expenditure did not differ between first-time and repeat visitors whilst Jang
et al. (2004) suggested that repeat visitors tend to spend less on shopping than first-time
visitors. Package tourists were found to have expenditure 10 percent lower than the average
of all tourists to Australia (Laesser & Crouch, 2006).
Spotts and Mahoney (1991) found that “heavy spenders” were more likely to be middle-
income families travelling in a large travel party in which children are often present. They
also stayed significantly longer and participated more heavily in recreation than “light
spenders”. Legohérel (1998) found the opposite findings with regard to the high spending
travellers by stating “the groups of three or more individuals that included children spent
significantly less than childless couples”. Moufakkir et al. (2004) examined visitors’
spending in a gaming destination finding that “heavy spenders” were often travelling from
outside of the state, and were younger, more affluent, and more likely to stay in hotels or
motels.
The above review indicates that income, socio-demographic and trip-related characteristics
are by far the most commonly used variables in explaining individuals’ demand for tourism
products.
3.10. Objectives of the Study
Many leisure researches around the world are devoted to original investigations that
contribute new knowledge and understanding to the field of leisure studies. Empirical reports
and review papers as well as theoretical and methodological articles are available on leisure
studies. Nonetheless, this study adds some new perspectives in leisure behavior research.
Hasan (1989) identified the major leisure spending behaviors of people of Bangladesh and its
business assertions. This study would try to explore the leisure behavior broadly and would
concentrate only on a big city i.e. Dhaka rather than whole Bangladesh. After going through
all the above mentioned literatures, this paper tried to identify the following research gaps.
3.10. 1. The Broad Research Objective

The prime objective of the study is to uncover the existing leisure spending patterns and
activities of the people living in Dhaka City and how leisure behavior influences travel and
tourism.
3.10.2. The Specific Research Objectives

In order to achieve the broad research objective of the present study, a number of specific
objectives are designed. The specific objectives of the project are given bellow:
1. To determine people’s perception regarding leisure;
2. To find out the manners of leisure spending behavior;
3. To identify the activities of people in Dhaka City during their leisure time;
4. To discover some demographic economic factors associated with leisure spending;
5. To describe the relationship between leisure and tourism; and
6. To suggest the implications of the findings of the study to tourism suppliers and
leisure marketers.
CHAPTER-04
The Study Context: Dhaka City
Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries of the world. The estimated
population of Bangladesh is 150,307,000 up to March 31, 2011 which is 2.18% of the total
population of the world (BBS, 2011). The overall density is 1263 per square kilometer, which
is much higher than most of the countries of the world (TraddingEconomics.com, 2011a).
The area of the country is 130570 sq. kilometers excluding inland water
(TradingEconomics.com, 2014).
Annual Growth of the population of

Bangladesh
2
Annual Growth Rate
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
(%)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Annual Growth of the
population of
Bangladesh(in 1.78 1.74 1.69 1.64 1.58 1.52 1.46 1.41
percentage)
Figure 10: Annual Growth of the population of Bangladesh

(Source: Trading Economics.com, 2011b)
However, according to Discovery Bangladesh (2011) the annual growth rate of the
population of Bangladesh has come up to 1.75% because the rate of acceptance of family
planning has risen to 48.7% recently. The crude birth rate per 1000 is 21 and death rate is 7
and average life expectancy reached at 66 years (UNICEF Bangladesh, 2011).
Figure 11: Population Distribution of Bangladesh according to Age.
Source: CIA world fact book 2013
Though Bangladesh is mainly a rural dominated country, transformation is going on at a great

speed. Urban population is growing at a yearly average rate of 6% since independence
(World Bank, 2011). Approximately 25% of Bangladesh’s population live in urban areas
which is projected to be more than 80 million by the year 2030 (UN World Population
Prospects: The 2002 Revision). Dhaka is the largest city of Bangladesh having 12 million
residents (World Urbanization Prospects, 2011) which is projected to be 22 million by the
year 2015 (Ahmed et Al, 2006). If it happens, then Dhaka, the 11 th largest city of the world
will be the 6th largest city of the world by 2015 (World Bank Report, 2007).
This growth of the population refers to the urban concentration of the economic activities.
Economic activities are centralized in the capital which results in the increasing number of
population. More and more economic activities have increased the flow of money among the
dwellers of the capital. And these increased amounts of money have given them opportunity
to spend on leisure activity.
Map 1: Evolution of Dhaka city from Inception
(Source: GIS Division, Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies - See more at:
http://www.geospatialworld.net/Paper/Application/ArticleView.aspx?aid=1416#sthash.T4WtmELD.dpuf)
‘Leisure’ and ‘Spending Leisure’ is relatively new terminology to the mass people. As
material prosperity is the pre-requirement for thinking about leisure. Dhaka is not a very
much old city. But during the evaluation of the city through this time people’s perception
about life, leisure recreation changes with the change of material prosperity or standard of
living. The busier the people are the more will be the thirst for leisure and recreation, the
more people will think about their activities in leisure, the more will be the need for
differentiated and defined forms of recreational activities.
With the increasing business, people of Dhaka city are becoming more and more conscious
about their leisure. Dhaka itself is also very important for leading the leisure spending
behavior of the people of the whole country. When a change is introduced in Dhaka, it is
dispersed throughout the whole country.
In 1608 AD when Dhaka city was established, production was a great challenge at that time.
Spending leisure was stuck to only a few options like yatra, palagan, jarigan etc. The people
of that time did not think about their leisure in much more structured form. Persons from rich
families (Nowab & their family) of that time spent their leisure enjoying cultural program and
traditional dance performed by the specific, selected and trained group of people. There are
some symbols of these activities available in the old Dhaka. But this type of leisure spending
behavior was not seen among the mass people. Another important fact is that the
centralization of leisure activities of that time was confined within the Old Dhaka as the
inhabitance was confined within the old Dhaka. The map is representing the geographical
concentration of people at different times.
With the passes of time after the invention of steam engine it also affected Dhaka. The
colonial ruler, the English brought engine to this subcontinent. Some industries were started
to be centralized in Dhaka. Economic solvency and material prosperity began to affect among
the people. Dhaka as business center had got more emphasise than before which led more
people to migrate to Dhaka city from other parts of the country. People started to get busier
than before. The concern for spending leisure or leisure activities was growing. The
philosophy toward spending leisure had started to develop and led them to search for more
options.
V.F.R is considered to be one of the most popular means of spending leisure time as
Bangladesh is predominantly a collectivist country, though the urban society is moving
towards individualism with the increasing number of nuclear family. People are becoming
more self centered which is also affecting leisure spending. Some of the sociologists define it
as individualism or self-centrism. This results to a significant change in the leisure spending.
People want to spend their leisure by themselves.
After cinema had been introduced in the subcontinent, it gained popularity in Dhaka. A lot of
Cineplex had been established in Dhaka city during Pakistan period & post liberation period.
There are near about 28 running cinema halls in Dhaka. Once it was one of the most popular
leisure activities. The following map shows the location of all the cinema halls in Dhaka.
Map 2: Location of Cinema Halls in Dhaka Metropolitan City
(Source: Developed by the Authors)
After the introduction of television in 1964 in Bangladesh, it started to gain popularity. That
time only BTV was telecast and the price of television was also relatively high. With the
passage of time price of television went down and satellite telecast had been introduced.
From that time watching television is the dominant activity during leisure time. It is also the
dominant leisure activity though the trend is changing among the young generation.
Leisure spending behavior of the people of Dhaka city also vary according to the density of
different areas as income level varies according to the density differences. Income level is
one of the most important determinants of leisure activity. Bangladesh is now considered one
of the most prospective developing countries of the world having a constant GDP growth rate
of more than 6. Average monthly household income is rising. According to Earnesy Engels
law, as family income rises, the percentage spent on food declines, the percentage spent on
housing remains about constant and the percentage spent on most other categories and saving
increases. With the increase of income person’s spending on leisure activity increases.
Survey Residence Income Expenditure Saving

Year
National 7203 6134 1069
2005 Rural 6095 5319 776
Urban 10463 8533 1930
National 5842 4881 961
2000 Rural 4816 4257 559
Urban 9878 7337 2541
National 4336 4096 240
1995-96 Rural 3658 3473 185
Urban 7973 7274 699
National 2578 2345 233
1985-86 Rural 2413 2179 234
Urban 3766 3540 226
Table 2: Average Monthly Household Income, Expenditure and Saving in BDT [Adapted
From: Hossain, M.M. (2011). Consumption in Rural Bangladesh: Households, Lifestyles, and
Identities’. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Helsinki.]
The MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume) (Mankiw, 2008) also exhibits a similar type of
rationale. The MPC is higher in case of poor than rich people. In Dhaka city people of most
densely populated areas or zones are having less income than people of less density zone. The
more the density indicates the less the income of people. Bongshal, Kotwali, Lalbagh,
Sutrapur. Gendaria and Chawkbazar all these area are having density of more than 75000
persons per square kilometer. So the leisure spending behavior pattern of the people of this
area varies from other areas.
With the continual change in life style pattern a need for recreation parks raised. As part of
this requirement some parks (e.g. Dhaka Sishu Park, Baldha Garden, Panthokunjo, Botanical
Garden) were established after the independence of Bangladesh. During this time spending
leisure in shopping has also got popularity.
Map 3: Outdoor Leisure Opportunities around Dhaka City
(Source: Developed by the Authors)
But a revolutionary change in the leisure spending pattern had been started when Bangladesh
got connected with the large computer network of the world in 1996. Day to day it is taking a
lot of leisure time from young generation. A significant portion of new generation spends
their leisure in using social network like face book, twitter, Linked-in etc.
Globalization or the free market economy creates new consumption pattern, new perception
pattern among the people of the city which results to the changed leisure spending behavior
pattern. Day by day people are thinking to spend their leisure time in a lot of diversified
ways. From the Dravidian period to the current days culture of Bangladesh is being modified
by a lot of internal & external factors. And the most contributing factor of the current change
in culture is Globalization. At the age of information, leisure spending behavior of Dhaka city
dwellers is being influenced by other city dwellers.
People get themselves involved with different types of activities at their leisure for self
contentment, not for achieving financial benefit. It is related to achieving self contentment
either spending money or free. This self-contentment inspires people to spend their time
especially leisure time in religious activities. Large portion of the people of Dhaka spend
their leisure time by performing their religious activity. Dhaka is called the city of mosques.
Most of the social activities were based on mosques. Mosque was the center of practicing
power in old Dhaka. The amount of time in spending leisure in mosque or religious activity is
decreasing as the city is being more materialistic.
The recent scenario is, the rapid urbanization of Dhaka City has increased tremendous
pressure on recreational facilities. People have limited access to recreation facilities like
parks; play grounds etc. due to limited affordability, lack of provisions, transportation cost
and time. Schools and Universities are devoid of open spaces and most of them are being
accommodated in hired multistoried buildings (especially private universities). Therefore, the
only attractive option left for young students as well as the people of this megacity as a way
of getting enjoyment is watching different programs on television, internet browsing and
using computer. On the other hand, now people are getting involved in travelling. They are
very interested to go outside of the Dhaka city to spend their holidays or weekends or
vacations. These trips vary according to people’s affordability.
CHAPTER-05
Methodology of the Study
5.1. Nature of the Study

This paper has basically followed quantitative research design and based on both primary and
secondary data. Nonetheless, several qualitative techniques have been used to develop the
questionnaire. Leisure spending behavior has been measured by people’s perception on
leisure. Therefore, most of the data and information are descriptive in nature. Descriptive data
can explain more about the facts. On the other hand, an exploratory study aims at gaining
familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it, often conducted to
formulate research problem or to develop hypothesis (Seltiz and Cook, 1962). However,
exploratory research can assist in investigation of problems on which little formal knowledge
is available (Rahman, 1997). Thus, different methods of exploratory research like expert
survey and secondary data analysis have been used in this study.
5.2. Scope of the Study

Total amount of leisure time in human life provides enormous space for research. People are
going through leisure time every day. Having study on this area is very much significant. If
you are now 18 years old, Leit & Leitner (2004) calculated that out of the likely 60 years you
have left, even with your major employment years still ahead of you, you will spend the
equivalent of 18 full time years in leisure; you will spend 17.8 years in sleep; 8.33 years in
work (40 years, 36 hours in a week); 7.12 years in personal care; 5.34 years in family
obligations; 1.53 years in commuting. This information definitely proves the importance of
research on leisure behavior. Besides, travel and tourism activities of human being are
observed during leisure time (Chhabra, 2006). Hence studying leisure spending behavior can
assist to understand the inside of tourist and tourism. Finally Dhaka, the capital city of
Bangladesh, has been selected for the study context in order to generalize the leisure
activities of the residence.
5.3. Primary Data Collection Procedure

Both Survey and Depth Interview (DI) have been deployed to collect primary data for the
study.
5.3.1. Sampling Design

The population size is very large in the study, since Dhaka City has more than 15 million
people. Therefore the study depends on the statistical formulae in order to determine the
required sample size.
The limited numbers of sample units have been chosen by using non-probability quota
sampling technique (Table 3). 400 individual respondents have been surveyed by using
95% confidence level (Appendix I). The study extends to the several important aspects.
Since this research studies the leisure spending behavior of people in Dhaka City,
therefore it selects eight Thana from Dhaka City Corporation randomly (Four Thanas
form Dhaka North City Corporation-DNCC and rest of the four from Dhaka South City
Corporation). The study period for primary data collection was July 10, 2013 to July 20,
2013.
Control Population Sample Composition

Characteristics Composition
Percentage Percentage Number
Sex
Male 60% 60% 240
Female 40% 40% 160
100% 100% 400
Age
20-30 30% 30% 120
31-40 20% 20% 80
41-50 20% 20% 80
51-60 20% 20% 80
Over 60 10% 10% 40
100% 100% 400
Region
Motijheel Thana 12.5% 12.5% 50
Dhanmondi Thana 12.5% 12.5% 50
Gulshan Thana 12.5% 12.5% 50
Lalbagh Thana 12.5% 12.5% 50
Mirpur Thana 12.5% 12.5% 50
Mohammadpur Thana 12.5% 12.5% 50
ShahbagThana 12.5% 12.5% 50
Uttara Thana 12.5% 12.5% 50
100% 100% 400
Table 3: Quota Sampling Design
The survey data were collected by trained interviewers (personal interview method).
Structured questionnaires were delivered in order to collect data. Descriptive statistics are
mostly used in this study as data analysis method.
5.3.2. Depth Interview Technique
The size of the participants for depth interview was five. And all the members of the DI are
leisure and tourism industry experts. Few open ended questions are used for discovering the
depth of perceptions of the respondents about the leisure behavior and its implications on
travel and tourism. The findings of the interview have been used mainly for developing the
questionnaire. The depth interviews also assist to show the path of the research.
5.4. Sources of Secondary Data

For gathering information from secondary sources about the leisure spending behavior of the
city people and its implications different home and foreign published literatures, journals,
brochures, articles, researches, case studies etc. were consulted by the study. Relevant facts
are collected from various texts, books and papers regarding the leisure behavior.
5.5. Limitations of the Study

At the time of preparing this research many types of constraints have been faced. If it would
possible to overcome those problems then it could be expected to get more good outcomes
from this paper. The study followed a non-probability sampling technique, since it is almost
impossible to determine the sampling frame which is necessary to use any probability
sampling technique. Lack of proper understanding regarding leisure by the respondents
created immense problem while collecting date.
CHAPTER-06
Findings of the Study
This chapter has been divided into three parts. In the first part, common leisure behavior has
been discussed. In the second part, leisure spending behavior of professionals has been
elucidated. And finally, attitude towards travel and tourism of residents of Dhaka city has
been discovered.
6.1. Habitual Leisure Behavior Analysis

It is observed from the survey result of the study that around 44% percent people perceive
that leisure is the time after daily activity while another 41% report that leisure is the time
having no scheduled work and only 14% respondent state that leisure is nothing but the time
of pure entertainment. In addition to that most of the people of Dhaka city get 2 to 4 hours
leisure time in a day. Figure 12 demonstrates the leisure time distribution of the people living
in Dhaka. Nonetheless, on an average people of Dhaka get 3.52 hours leisure time in a day.
Figure 12: People’s Leisure Hours in a Day (Source: Field Survey, 2014)
Most of the people, about 58%, of Dhaka city get leisure time at night. Moreover,
approximately 18% and 17% people get leisure during afternoon and evening respectively.
And getting leisure time indeed varies occupation to occupation. (Appendix II).
Most of the men and women in Dhaka involve in television watching and chatting with family
members during their leisure time. Besides internet browsing and passing time with friends have
taken a significant portion of leisure time. And around 25% people of the City do not have any
weekend day (Appendix II, F). The guys who get holiday at the end of the week spend mostly for
household work, VFR, having more sleep and going outdoor recreations (Table 4).
Std.
N Mean Deviation Variance
Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Statistic
Household Work 271 4.11 .073 1.201 1.442
Visiting Friends and
257 3.28 .079 1.260 1.587
Relatives (VFR)
Sleeping More 247 3.16 .082 1.287 1.657
Going to Parks, Clubs,
Restaurants, Cinema 186 2.68 .095 1.292 1.668
and/or shopping
Practicing Religion 171 2.64 .104 1.358 1.844
Social Work 126 2.63 .116 1.306 1.706
Sports 84 2.55 .136 1.246 1.552
Others 33 2.45 .247 1.416 2.006
Table 4: Manners of Weekend Spending
In Table 5, the survey results indicate that most of the people spend leisure time with family;
friends and relatives while a significant number of people pass their time alone. The most
striking information of the study is that about 91% residences of Dhaka have televisions and
approximately 82% people have computers/laptops or DVD players to enjoy leisure time.
Ranking Home Appliances Frequency Percentage

1 Television 363 90.8%
2 Computer/Laptops/DVD Players 327 81.8%
3 Story Books 280 70.0%
4 Small Home Plants 164 41.0%
5 Indoor Game Instruments 155 38.8%
6 Pets 65 16.2%
7 Others 30 7.5%
Total 400
Table 5: Appliances of Leisure Spending
During the vacation for Eid or Puja festival people mostly like to visit their home districts.
Domestic tour and international travel become popular in Dhaka in long vacations. The
research also finds that disposable money and available time are the most important factors to
visit domestic and international tourist destinations. Approximately 66% respondents agree
that they have sufficient leisure time while the other 21% disagree with the first group. Parks
(like Ramna Park, Botanical Garden, Baldha Garden), University Campus (specially Dhaka
University Campus), Restaurants, Historical places (like Ahsan Manjil, Lalbagh Fort) and
shopping malls are the prime leisure spending attractions of the people of Dhaka city.
Appendix-II, (H to K).
Around 82% people of Dhaka City sleep 6 to 8 hours regularly while only 9% respondents
sleep more than 8 hours (Appendix-II, V). Most of the people work 7 to 13 hours in a day and
the mode value is 10 hours in this case (Figure 13).
Figure 13: Total Daily Working Hours of Citizens of Dhaka City
6.2. Leisure Spending Behavior of Professionals

Some professionals of private organizations like bankers, doctors, lawyers, and teachers get
paid holidays (sometimes called mandatory leave) once in a year. Nevertheless, the staffs of
Government, Semi-government, and Autonomous organizations obtain half month vacation
with a full amount of basic salary in every three years active service. But the reality is that
most of the time they have the amount of money in their bank account and don’t have any
leave from their organizations. About 31% Government, Semi-government, and Autonomous
organizations’ staffs do not know about the provision of paid holidays in Dhaka. Only 37%
people among all who have the provision of paid holydays received the facilities (leave and
travel cost) at least once in their professional life. Furthermore, around 55% of staffs of
different organizations who had previous knowledge regarding the provision of paid holyday
received the facilities. Appendix-II, (I to N).
The mean value of time required to reach in the work place (office) is 1.7 hours. And same
amount of time is required to come back from office to home. Therefore, at least three and
half hours time is required to go and come back from home to office which indeed shrinks the
leisure time of people of Dhaka. Appendix-II (O) will give an idea of the distribution of the
scenario. The study also disseminates that around 26 % of working people involve in
overtime which cut their leisure time. But most of the people work eight hours in a day and
the working hours’ are normally distributed. Roughly 97% respondents truly believe that
travel and tour is necessary to reduce job stress and ensuring quality of works. But only 66%
people have long and medium haul travel habit. Winter is the most popular time to travel for
the residents of Dhaka city. Only 14% people spend less than seven hours for working and
approximately 63% respondents work between nine to fourteen hours in a weekday.
Appendix-II, (J to W).
6.3. Attitude towards Traveling during Leisure

Roughly 95% respondents of the study said that they love tour and traveling. The study again
shows that around 61% traveled inside or outside the country at least one time in last one year
from the survey. People look for holidays in calendar for having tours. (Appendix-II).
Another thing is demographic characteristics which have important role on travel habit of
people. In Table 6, travelling habits of people in different occupations in last one year from
the survey has been shown. It can be seen from the figure that housewives are relatively
travelling fewer times than their other counterparts. Again Table 7 shows high income group
travels comparatively more than low and medium income people. Figure 14 exhibits the
traveling habits of people with different education level where it is observed that highly
educated people travel more than their other counterparts.
Occupations
Frequency Percent
Traveling
Habit
No Government Job 20 16.1%
Semi Government Job 4 3.2%
Autonomus 8 6.5%
Private Job 25 20.2%
Self-employed (Business) 24 19.4%
Housewife 19 15.3%
Student 22 17.7%
Others 2 1.6%
Total 124 100%
Government Job 40 16.5%
Semi Government Job 6 2.5%
Autonomus 22 9.1%
Private Job 56 23.1%
Yes Self-employed (Business) 49 20.2%
Housewife 13 5.4%
Student 54 22.3%
Others 2 .8%
Total 242 100 %
Table 6: Travelling Habits of People in Different Occupations
Traveling Habit Total

No Yes
49 77 126
Low (Bellow 30000 Tk.)
38.9% 61.1% 100.0%
63 132 195
Income Level Medium (30000 to 75000 Tk.)
32.3% 67.7% 100.0%
12 32 44
High (75000 Tk. and above)
27.3% 72.7% 100.0%
124 241 365
Total
34.0% 66.0% 100.0%
Table 7: Traveling Habit by Income Level
Figure 14: Positive Traveling Habit by Different Education Level
Furthermore, Appendix-III shown travel habits are different by age groups, marital status,
sex, family size and education level. And all the measurements are statistically significant.
As a final point, this study is based on similar background study on the “Leisure spending
behavior of the people of Bangladesh and Its marketing significance” done by Hasan (1989).
The findings of the present study state that leisure spending means have been changed
between the times. Now people are spending more leisure time for watching TV, travelling
whereas Hasan (1989) shown that people had been spending their leisure time for reading
books, listening songs or creative activities like poetry and story writing, sewing etc. This
study has added some new items of leisure spending like browsing Internet, talking in mobile
phones those items were not observed in the report by Hasan (1989).
CHAPTER-07
Research Implications and Conclusion
This study interprets the origins, concepts and research literature in the academic areas of
leisure studies and has endeavored to uncover the existing leisure spending patterns and
activities of the people living in Dhaka City and how leisure behavior influences travel and
tourism. This research project was an attempt to find out the perception of the people in
Dhaka City regarding leisure, their leisure pursuits and leisure spending behavior, and to
discover influences of different demographic, and socio-economical variables over their
leisure spending behavior. The research project also tried to describe the relationship between
leisure and tourism.
The study explicitly explored how much leisure time people have in Dhaka city, what are
their common attitudes towards leisure time. Actually leisure spending ways and means are
changing frequently all over. This proposition is valid for Dhaka city as well.
It has been observed in this research that there has been a metamorphosis in leisure concept
and behavior which would continue in future. The means of leisure spending have been
changing over the period of time. Leisure marketers need to understand the trends of this
change. Observations by several academicians and researchers indicated that economic,
social and demographic factors would shape up the future of leisure; the present study
supports this proposition.
From this study we see most of the people get a significant amount of leisure time in Dhaka.
But mostly people are unconsciously spending their leisure time. Manners of leisure time
spending vary according to weekdays and weekend days. Dependency on different types of
electronic instruments as a means of leisure has been increased day by day in Dhaka city.
Some amusement parks have been established at the outskirt of the city for entertaining the
people. Play grounds are decreasing day by day. Most of the schools do not have a play
ground. Consequently, the city dwellers have been seen to be dependent mostly on the in-
house means for spending their leisure time. In addition, many people of the city like to spend
their leisure time in sleep, in telephone talks, internet browsing, and watching television.
Beside, the people of the city somehow unconsciously brought a relation in between leisure
and travel and tourism. People of the city like to visit their family during Eid and other
festivals in their home districts. Side by side, the domestic tourist destination visit becomes
popular with the rising trend of disposable income and available leisure time during last
couple of years. These all are the brief description regarding leisure situation and behavior of
the people of the city.
The findings provide useful information for leisure marketing organizations. Since leisure is
the important part of life people, marketers are using the issue as business opportunities like
creating new recreation, amusement and sports facilities. The marketer should know the
existing pattern of peoples’ leisure behavior and its changing trends. At the same time, the
policy makers should develop strategies regarding leisure facilities. The study observed that
the outdoor leisure facilities of the Dhaka city are very much insufficient. Since, leisure
reduce the stress level of work, it is possible to generalize from this proposition that
organizations should make leisure facilities available for their employees too.
The study suggests that the means of leisure spending have been changing over the period of
time. The people of Dhaka city are very dynamic in nature and thus the leisure behavior will
continue to change over time.
Appendix-I
Sample Size Determination Technique for Large Population
The confidence level corresponds to a Z-score. This is a constant value needed for this
equation. Here are the z-scores for the most common confidence levels:
 90% – Z Score = 1.65

 95% – Z Score = 1.96
 99% – Z Score = 2.33
In next step, by plug in the Z-score, Standard of Deviation, and confidence interval into this
equation it is possible to calculate the necessary sample size.
Necessary Sample Size = (Z-score)² – StdDev*(1-StdDev) / (margin of error)²
Here is how the math works assuming a 95% confidence level, .5 standard deviation, and a
margin of error (confidence interval) of +/- 5%.
Necessary Sample Size = ((1.96)² x .5(.5)) / (.05)²

= (3.8416 x .25) / .0025
= .9604 / .0025
= 384.16
Approximately 385 respondents are needed. Finally 400 respondents are selected for
survey.
Appendix-II
Descriptive Analysis of Variables
A. Perception about Leisure
Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Valid No scheduled work 165 41.2 41.5
Time of Entertainment 57 14.2 14.3
Time after daily activity 174 43.5 43.7
Others 2 .5 .5
Total 398 99.5 100.0
Missing System 2 .5
Total 400 100.0
B. Total Daily Leisure Hours
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 1 19 4.8 4.8 4.8
2 102 25.5 25.9 30.7
3 111 27.8 28.2 58.9
4 74 18.5 18.8 77.7
5 45 11.2 11.4 89.1
6 25 6.2 6.3 95.4
7 4 1.0 1.0 96.4
8 10 2.5 2.5 99.0
10 1 .2 .3 99.2
12 1 .2 .3 99.5
14 1 .2 .3 99.7
16 1 .2 .3 100.0
Total 394 98.5 100.0
Missing System 6 1.5
Total 400 100.0
C. Most Leisure Time in a Day

Valid Morning 5 1.2 1.3 1.3
Noon 20 5.0 5.1 6.3
Afternoon 69 17.2 17.5 23.9
Evening 70 17.5 17.8 41.6
Night 230 57.5 58.4 100.0
Total 394 98.5 100.0
Total 400 100.0
D. Most Leisure Time in a Day by Occupation
Occupation
Semi Self-
Government Government Private employed
Job Job Autonomus Job (Business) Housewife Student Others Total
Morning 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 5
Most Noon 0 1 0 0 11 3 4 1 20
Leisure
Afternoon 5 1 8 2 7 17 29 0 69
Time in a
Day Evening 10 1 12 12 8 10 15 2 70
Night 47 8 11 74 49 8 32 1 230
Total 62 11 32 88 77 38 82 4 394
E. Means of Regular Leisure Spending
N Mean Std. Deviation Variance

Family Chatting 296 3.71 .077 1.319 1.739
Watching TV 329 3.71 .070 1.269 1.611
Browsing Internet 201 3.66 .105 1.488 2.215
Chatting with Friends 207 3.04 .085 1.228 1.508
Going to Club 30 3.00 .271 1.486 2.207
Playing Games 65 2.83 .146 1.180 1.393
Practicing Religion 205 2.69 .088 1.264 1.598
Playing Video Games 62 2.60 .152 1.194 1.425
Others 29 2.52 .251 1.353 1.830
Reading Books 179 2.41 .092 1.225 1.501
Talking in Phone 198 2.39 .083 1.169 1.366
Shopping 87 2.01 .114 1.062 1.128
F. Weekly Holyday
Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Valid Yes 284 71.0 73.4
No 103 25.8 26.6
Total 387 96.8 100.0
Total 400 100.0
G. Leisure Spending Partners

Family 359 4.18 .061 1.160 1.346
Friends 360 3.66 .065 1.240 1.539
Others 30 3.10 .297 1.626 2.645
Relatives 341 2.91 .055 1.021 1.042
Individually 311 2.77 .077 1.363 1.859
Colleagues 261 2.59 .076 1.220 1.489
H. Vacation Spending Manners

Visiting Home District 355 4.65 .036 .682 .465
Stay in Dhaka 303 3.97 .051 .884 .781
Domestic Tour 303 3.67 .041 .713 .508
Others 33 3.03 .182 1.045 1.093
Traveling Foreign Country 64 2.73 .138 1.102 1.214
I. Challenges to Travel in Vacations

Disposable Money 382 3.96 .062 1.220 1.489
Available Time 351 3.75 .063 1.181 1.396
Physical Fitness 305 2.98 .074 1.298 1.684
Charming Mood 296 2.79 .073 1.248 1.558
Tour Partner 287 2.65 .076 1.292 1.669
Available Information 94 1.93 .113 1.100 1.209
Others 7 1.43 .429 1.134 1.286
J. Sufficient Leisure Time
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Strongly Disagree 43 10.8 10.8 10.8
Disagree 79 19.8 19.8 30.6
Neither Agree nor Disagree 15 3.8 3.8 34.3
Agree 142 35.5 35.6 69.9
Strongly Agree 120 30.0 30.1 100.0
Total 399 99.8 100.0
Missing System 1 .2
Total 400 100.0
J. Sufficient Leisure Time
Cumulative
Valid Strongly Disagree 43 10.8 10.8 10.8
Disagree 79 19.8 19.8 30.6
Agree 142 35.5 35.6 69.9
Strongly Agree 120 30.0 30.1 100.0
Total 399 99.8 100.0
Missing System 1 .2
K. Favorite Places for Leisure in Dhaka City

Park 255 3.51 .085 1.357 1.841
Children / Theme Park 100 2.93 .140 1.402 1.965
Shopping Mall 193 2.96 .090 1.249 1.561
Exhibitions 167 2.78 .100 1.290 1.664
Cinema / Theatre 111 3.41 .122 1.289 1.661
Historical Place 259 3.42 .085 1.365 1.864
University Campus 238 3.76 .089 1.369 1.873
Parliament Area 109 2.85 .119 1.246 1.552
Public Library 82 2.43 .142 1.286 1.655
Hotel / Restaurant 166 2.36 .105 1.353 1.830
River Bank 90 2.87 .153 1.447 2.094
Rock / Concert 30 2.80 .260 1.424 2.028
Others 20 3.10 .298 1.334 1.779
Valid N (listwise) 0
L. Information about Paid Holyday
Cumulative
Valid No 49 12.2 31.4 31.4
Yes 107 26.8 68.6 100.0
Total 156 39.0 100.0
Total 400 100.0
M. Receiving Mandatory Leave

Valid No 103 25.8 62.8 62.8
Yes 61 15.2 37.2 100.0
Total 164 41.0 100.0
Total 400 100.0
N. Receiving Paid Holyday by Mandatory Leave (Crosstabulation)
Knowledge about Mandatory Leave

No Yes Total
Receiving Paid Holyday No 41 1 42
Yes 48 58 106
Total 89 59 148
O. Time Require to Reach to Office
Hours Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid 0 15 3.8 6.9 6.9
1 97 24.2 44.7 51.6
2 66 16.5 30.4 82.0
3 24 6.0 11.1 93.1
4 14 3.5 6.5 99.5
5 1 .2 .5 100.0
Total 217 54.2 100.0
Total 400 100.0
P. No of People having Overtime

Valid No 151 37.8 73.7 73.7
Yes 54 13.5 26.3 100.0
Total 205 51.2 100.0
Not in Service 195 48.8
Total 400 100.0
Q. No. of Working Hours

Valid 0 6 1.5 2.9 2.9
1 3 .8 1.4 4.3
4 5 1.2 2.4 6.7
5 7 1.8 3.3 10.0
6 15 3.8 7.2 17.2
7 18 4.5 8.6 25.8
8 105 26.2 50.2 76.1
9 16 4.0 7.7 83.7
10 19 4.8 9.1 92.8
11 1 .2 .5 93.3
12 7 1.8 3.3 96.7
13 3 .8 1.4 98.1
14 3 .8 1.4 99.5
17 1 .2 .5 100.0
Total 209 52.2 100.0
Not in Service 191 47.8
Total 400 100.0
R. Necessity of Tour for Sound Work

Valid Strongly Disagree 2 .5 .6 .6
Disagree 3 .8 .8 1.4
Agree 29 7.2 8.0 11.0
Strongly Agree 323 80.8 89.0 100.0
Total 363 90.8 100.0
Total 400 100.0
S. Traveling Habit

Valid No 124 31.0 33.9 33.9
Yes 242 60.5 66.1 100.0
Total 366 91.5 100.0
Total 400 100.0
T. Favorite Season for Traveling
Summer 395 .08 .013 .265 .070
Rainy season 395 .04 .010 .203 .041
Fall 395 .05 .012 .247 .061
Autumn 395 .03 .009 .172 .030
Winter 394 .81 .020 .391 .153
Spring 395 .16 .019 .371 .138
Valid N (listwise) 394
U. Daily Sleeping Hours

Valid 0 1 .2 .3 .3
4 4 1.0 1.0 1.3
5 28 7.0 7.0 8.3
6 110 27.5 27.6 35.9
7 122 30.5 30.7 66.6
8 97 24.2 24.4 91.0
9 22 5.5 5.5 96.5
10 12 3.0 3.0 99.5
11 1 .2 .3 99.7
12 1 .2 .3 100.0
Total 398 99.5 100.0
Missing System 2 .5
Total 400 100.0
V. Total Daily Working Hours
Valid 0 1 .2 .3 .3
1 4 1.0 1.0 1.3
2 2 .5 .5 1.8
3 1 .2 .3 2.0
4 1 .2 .3 2.3
5 8 2.0 2.0 4.3
6 14 3.5 3.6 7.9
7 23 5.8 5.9 13.8
8 56 14.0 14.3 28.1
9 25 6.2 6.4 34.4
10 78 19.5 19.9 54.3
11 41 10.2 10.5 64.8
12 52 13.0 13.3 78.1
13 29 7.2 7.4 85.5
14 26 6.5 6.6 92.1
15 15 3.8 3.8 95.9
16 5 1.2 1.3 97.2
17 3 .8 .8 98.0
18 8 2.0 2.0 100.0
Total 392 98.0 100.0
Total 400 100.0
W. Attitude towards Tour and Traveling

Valid Strongly Negative 1 .2 .3 .3
Negative 1 .2 .3 .5
Neither Positive nor Negative 10 2.5 2.5 3.1
Positive 48 12.0 12.2 15.3
Strongly Positive 333 83.2 84.7 100.0
Total 393 98.2 100.0
Total 400 100.0
Appendix-III
Traveling Habit in Different Demographic Characteristics
Traveling Habit by Age Category

Age Category Total
Age below 40 Age 40 and above
Count 30 94 124
No
% within Age Category 20.0% 44.0% 33.9%
Traveling Habit
Count 120 122 242
Yes
Count 150 216 366
Total
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-sided)
sided) sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 10.291a 1 .001
Continuity Correctionb 9.484 1 .002
Likelihood Ratio 9.973 1 .002
Fisher's Exact Test .002 .001
Linear-by-Linear Association 10.263 1 .001
N of Valid Cases 366
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 30.49.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table
Traveling Habit by Marital Status

Marital Status Total
Unmarried Married
Count 41 83 124
No
% within Marital Status 25.2% 40.9% 33.9%
Traveling Habit
Count 122 120 242
Yes
Count 163 203 366
Total
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-
sided) sided) sided)
Traveling Habit by Sex

Sex Total
Male Female
Count 53 71 124
No
% within Sex 22.1% 56.3% 33.9%
Traveling Habit
Count 187 55 242
Yes
% within Sex 77.9% 43.7% 66.1%
Count 240 126 366
Total
% within Sex 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
Traveling Habit by family size

family size Total
5 or less than 5 More than 5
Count 76 45 121
No
% within family size 29.5% 45.0% 33.8%
Traveling Habit
Count 182 55 237
Yes
Count 258 100 358
Total
Chi-Square Tests
Traveling Habit by Education level

Education Category Total
Uneducated Educated Highly Educated
Count 1 53 68 122
No
% within education category 100.0% 44.5% 27.9% 33.5%
Traveling Habit
Count 0 66 176 242
Yes
Total Count 1 119 244 364
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

a. 2 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .34.
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1.2. Evolution of Leisure Studies as a Discipline

Relationship between Leisure and Tourism

Tourism is often viewed as an expression of human behavior. Przeclawski (1986) signifies

- The movement to destinations is temporary and short term in character – the

Table 1: Definition of tourism (WTO and UNSTAT, 1994)

Leiper’s (2004) model of whole tourism systems is a commonly cited conceptualization of

 It involves a displacement outside the usual environment: this term is of

Figure 4: Leisure, tourism and geography (Source: Veal 2003)

Leisure Behavior: Theories and Related Literature

3.1. Leisure perception

3.2. Ways of spending leisure/ Different Leisure Pursuits

3.3. Factors Affecting Leisure Activities

Figure 5: Change in Time Use in UK, 1961–1995

3.3.1. Socio-cultural Factors influencing leisure behavior

3.3.2.1. Gender issue

3.3.2.4. Life- cycle and Ageism

3.4. Leisure spending pattern

3.5. Leisure Constraints

3.6 Vacation tour as a form of leisure activity

3.7. Motivations for taking a holiday tour

Figure 6: The motivation process. (Holloway 2002; page 62)

Figure 7: A Social Psychological Model of Tourism Motivation, Source: Iso-Ahola (1982)

3.8. Factors Affecting Leisure Tourists’ Behavior

A simplified representation of the factors, which influence the decision to participate in

Figure 8: The decision process in outdoor recreation.

Several researchers have attempted to measure the impact of personality on choice.

Figure 9: Personality and travel destination choice: the allocentric-psychocentric scale.

The expenditure is also affected by travellers’ social demographic characteristics. Leones et

3.10. Objectives of the Study

3.10. 1. The Broad Research Objective

3.10.2. The Specific Research Objectives

Annual Growth of the population of

Figure 10: Annual Growth of the population of Bangladesh

Though Bangladesh is mainly a rural dominated country, transformation is going on at a great

Survey Residence Income Expenditure Saving

5.1. Nature of the Study

5.2. Scope of the Study

5.3. Primary Data Collection Procedure

5.3.1. Sampling Design

Control Population Sample Composition

Table 3: Quota Sampling Design

5.4. Sources of Secondary Data

5.5. Limitations of the Study

Findings of the Study

6.1. Habitual Leisure Behavior Analysis

Table 4: Manners of Weekend Spending

Ranking Home Appliances Frequency Percentage

Figure 13: Total Daily Working Hours of Citizens of Dhaka City

6.2. Leisure Spending Behavior of Professionals

6.3. Attitude towards Traveling during Leisure

Table 6: Travelling Habits of People in Different Occupations

Traveling Habit Total

Table 7: Traveling Habit by Income Level

 90% – Z Score = 1.65

 99% – Z Score = 2.33

Necessary Sample Size = (Z-score)² – StdDev*(1-StdDev) / (margin of error)²

Necessary Sample Size = ((1.96)² x .5(.5)) / (.05)²