ELECTIVE-2

ADVANCED
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY AND
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
ASSIGNMENT 3

TOPIC: ACOUSTIC MATERIALS, CURTAIN WALLS AND READY MIX CONCRETE

(18171AA040) AND ASIYA (16171AA002)

 ACOUSTIC MATERIALS
Acoustical materials are a variety of foams, fabrics, metals, etc. used to quiet workplaces, homes,
automobiles, and so forth to increase the comfort and safety of their inhabitants by reducing noise
generated both inside and outside of those spaces. Acoustical materials are used in two major ways: as
soundproofing, by which noise generated from outside a given space is blocked from entering the space;
and, as sound absorbing, where noise generated within a space is reduced inside the space itself.

Measures of Acoustical Materials Effectiveness:

There are several specifications of the acoustic properties of acoustical materials that are measured and
delineated by manufacturers and which are used to quantify the effectiveness of the material for
handling sound or noise. The most common of these include:

1. Absorption Coefficient
2. Specific Acoustic Impedance
3. Noise Reduction Coefficient
4. Sound Transmission Class
5. A-weighted Sound level Scale
The absorption coefficient, or sound absorption coefficient, is defined as the portion of sound energy
incident on a material’s surface that is not reflected.
The specific acoustic impedance is defined as the product of a material’s density and its acoustic velocity.
The effectiveness of acoustic material to absorb sound energy depends upon the frequency of the
sound, with the mid-to-high ranges being more effectively muted by most materials than the lower
frequencies.
A so-called noise reduction coefficient establishes a material’s average absorption coefficient at
frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz., and is useful for comparing a material’s effectiveness at
absorbing noise in general. In special applications, such as recording studios, the noise reduction
coefficient is less useful because it does not cover the lower base range frequencies which tend to
present the biggest problem. In these situations, using the absorption coefficient at the frequency in
question can make a better determination of a material’s effectiveness; unfortunately, noise reduction
coefficients for various commercial materials are often published whereas the absorption coefficients
generally are not.
Materials used for soundproofing are given an STC, or Sound Transmission Class,  a rating which
quantifies how well a material blocks transmission at frequencies associated with speech. Like the Noise
Reduction Coefficient associated with absorptive materials, the STC rating does not give a good
indication of a material’s effectiveness at blocking low- or high-frequency sounds, such as mechanical
noise or music.
Sound for human-occupied environments is measured by an A-weighted sound level scale, which
reduces the impact of high and low frequencies to better match the human ear’s response to the middle
ranges. This scale, with units of dBA, is sometimes referred to as noise level and is a selectable feature of
most sound meters. The dB refers to decibels, which is logarithmic versus linear scale. Table 1 below
illustrates the relationship between the decibel scale and the corresponding energy. Note that every 10
dB change adds an order of magnitude (factor of 10) to the energy level.
ACOUSTIC MATERIAL TYPES:
Majorly, acoustic materials can be broadly divided under 4 categories. These materials can be used for
specific conditions required in the design. They are as follows:

 SOUND ABSORBERS
 SOUND DIFFUSERS
 NOISE BARRIERS or BLOCKERS
 SOUND REFLECTORS

Properties of Acoustic Material:

 Sound energy is captured and adsorbed.
 It has a low reflection and high absorption of sound.
 Higher density improves the sound absorption efficiency at lower frequencies.
 Higher density materials help to maintain a low flammability performance. Hence acoustic
material should have higher density.
 It controls the sound and noise levels from machinery and other sources for environmental
amelioration and regulatory compliance.
 Acoustic material reduces the energy of sound waves as they pass through.
 It suppresses echoes, reverberation, resonance and reflection.

Uses of Acoustic Material:

 Acoustic materials can be used for noise reduction and noise absorption.
 It makes the sound more audible which is clear to listen without any disturbances.
 It suppresses echoes, reverberation, reflection and resonance.
 Important specifications for noise reduction and noise absorption products include noise
attenuation and noise reduction coefficient.
 A vinyl acoustic barrier blocks controls airborne noise (street traffic, voices, music) from passing
through a wall ceiling or floor.
  Acoustic foam and acoustic ceiling tiles absorb sound so as to minimize echo and reverboration
within a room.
 Sound proof doors and windows are designed to reduce the transmission of sound.

 Building techniques such as double wall construction or cavity wall construction and staggering
wall studs can improve the sound proofing of a room.
 A sound proof wall (treated by a accurate material) can incorporate sound proofing and acoustic
materials to meet desired sound transmission class (STC) values.

SOUND ABSORBERS: Absorption materials are the most basic and widely used acoustical materials
available. Absorbers reduce reverberation and noise by absorbing sound. Performance is engineered by
product type, location and the amount of absorbing material in your space. Absorbers are used in any
reverberant space from corridors to expansive arenas. There are many types of absorbers available and
are typically porous, open cell acoustical materials manufactured out of foam or fiberglass.
Typical materials are open cell polyurethane foam, cellular melamine, fiberglass, fluffy fabrics and other
porous materials. A wide variety of materials can be applied to walls and ceilings depending on your
application and environment. These materials vary in thickness and in shape to achieve different
absorption ratings depending on the specific sound requirements.

Examples:

1. Acoustical Foam Panels:

These acoustical foams are used in a wide variety of applications ranging from Recording and
Broadcast Studios to Commercial and Industrial Facilities. Available in Polyurethane or in Class 1 Fire
Rated foam. These products can be applied directly to walls, hung as baffles or used as freestanding
absorbers.
 Available sizes for these foam panels ranges between 1ft-6ft and the market price for each 1ft x 1ft
unit is approximately Rs. 40.
These panels are sold by Companies like Aural Exchange and MMT Acoustics.

Material Components:

 Open Cell Polyurethane Foam

 Density: 2 pound cubic foot
 Flammability: Meets UL94HF-1
 Flame Spread = 95
 Smoke Density = 340
 Tensile Strength = 20 PSI

Sound Absorption Coefficients

Thickness 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz NRC
2" 0.15 0.31 0.73 1.04 1.08 1.12 0.80
3" 0.24 0.46 1.08 1.05 0.98 0.90 0.90

4" 0.32 0.93 1.43 1.33 1.29 1.21 1.25

2. Fabric Wrapped Acoustic Panels:

These provide great acoustic qualities and are easy to install. They reduce echo and air borne sound
disturbances without being delaminated or disintegrated, providing a minimum sound absorption
level of 0.90 NRC. They are excellent for acoustic dampening and can be fire rated acoustic fabric on
request making them green building compliant.

Manufacturers: AURALEX, NANKARROW, ECOHUSH, SONARA

Dealers: AURAL EXCHANGE, GRAINGER INDUSTRIAL SUPPLY.

Price range: Ranges from Rs.500-Rs. 20,000. The price depends upon the size and customized
changes.

Construction: 6-7 PCF rigid glass fiber core, hardened edges, wrapped with acoustically transparent
fabric. The board is certified on average to contain at least 30% recycled glass, with 4% post-
consumer and 26% pre-consumer content.

Panel Depth:
 1" and 2" - Standard and 3" and 4" - can be custom ordered. Custom Shapes, odd sizes, cut-outs,
alternative fabrics and manufacturing to CAD drawings can also be quoted.
Fire Rating: Class A (ASTM E 84). Flame spread of 25 or less

Adders: additional High Impact (abuse resistant) / Tackable facing is available to improve durability
and tackablility while maintaining acoustical properties.

They are available in sizes ranging from 1ft-4ft, and has a price estimation of 600-800/- Rs per panel.

Sound Absorption Coefficients (ASTM C423)

Type Thickness 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz NRC
6-7 PCF 1" 0.09 0.27 0.80 1.01 1.03 1.01 0.80
6-7 PCF 2" 0.45 0.82 1.17 1.08 1.05 1.09 1.05
6-7 PCF 3" 0.75 1.11 1.19 1.07 1.06 1.09 1.10
6-7 PCF 4" 0.95 1.04 1.14 1.09 1.07 1.09 1.10

High Impact 1 0.10 0.43 0.92 1.04 1.00 1.00 0.85

High Impact 2 0.55 0.95 1.16 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.05

3. Ceiling Tiles:
 Ceiling Tiles absorb noise and block sound transmission.  These ceiling tiles are designed to
fit into existing 2' x 2' suspended drop tile ceiling grid systems.  They may also retrofit in a 2'
x 4' ceiling grid by installing cross tees. Ceiling tiles may also be bought as a full 24" x 24"
size, un-backed for adhesive mounting directly to walls or ceilings.
Ordinary ceilings take on new levels of visual excitement with these sculptured tiles. They
are available in five different patterns
 Available Sizes: 24" x 24" (nominal); Specify grid when ordering: 9/16 or 15/16

Fire Rating: Class 1

Material Components:

 Open Cell Melamine Foam

 Density: 0.7 pounds/cubic foot

 Flammability: Meets UL94V-0

 Flame Spread = 10

 Smoke Developed = 50

 Tensile Strength = 8 PSI

Manufacturers: NANKARROW, PRIMACOUSTICS,ARMSTRONG WORLD INDUSTIES,AURALEX

Dealers: Aural exchange India, Tanotis India, B and H Limited.

Price: approximately ranges from Rs. 4000 – Rs. 15000 depending upon quality, size and customizations.
 Sound Absorption Coefficients
Mounting 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz NRC
Un-Backed 0.26 0.60 0.64 0.93 0.97 0.93 0.80
Backed 0.22 0.44 0.85 0.95 0.97 0.95 0.80

4. Paintable Acoustical Panels:

The Acoustics First Tone Tile is a white acoustical wall panel with a soft textured appearance. Their easily
managable sizes provide installers the flexibility to mount acoustical panels around existing objects. In
addition to reducing echo and reverberation, these acoustical panels are used to create unique designs
and patterns. The glass fiber core is faced with a paintable covering. This allows you to match or
complement existing wall colors by applying a light coat of flat or matte spray paint. To customize the
look even further, many local printing companies now have the capability to produce an image directly
to the face of these panels.

Construction: 1 " Fiberglass 6 PCF acoustical core + molded fiberboard + paintable facing. Resin
hardened square edges. Paintable finish covers face and exposed edges.

 Fire Class A rating per ASTM E 84

 Panel Size: AFTT22: 2' X 2' (24 inches by 24 Inches)

 Custom Sizes Available: Thickness: 1-1/8"

 Sustainability: This product bears the Green Cross label for recycled content. The acoustical
substrate is certified on average to contain at least 35% recycled glass, with 9% post-consumer
and 26% pre-consumer content.

 Mounting: Installs using standard impaling clip method. (adhesive by others) Other mounting
options shown below.

 For use in: Recording studios, Home Theaters, Offices, Broadcast Facilities, Telemedicine,
Conference Rooms, Restaurants, Salons, Coffee Shops, Computer Gaming Systems or anywhere
absorption is desired.

 Manufacturers: PRIMACOUSTICS, ECOHUSH, AURALEX, GEERFEB, NANKARROW

 Dealers: Aural exchange India, Ultimate Support, K and M limited, Pyle industrial supply

 Price range: Ranges from Rs. 7000 – Rs. 40,000

Sound Absorption Coefficients per ASTM C423
Thickness 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz NRC

1-1/8" 0.25 0.56 0.88 1.04 0.96 0.87 0.85

2-1/8" 0.60 0.90 1.15 1.07 1.01 0.97 1.05
SOUND DIFFUSERS: These devices reduce the intensity of sound by scattering it over an expanded area,
rather than eliminating the sound reflections as an absorber would. Traditional spatial diffusers, such as
the polycylindrical (barrel) shapes also double as low frequency traps. Temporal diffusers, such as binary
arrays and quadratics, scatter sound in a manner similar to diffraction of light, where the timing of
reflections from an uneven surface of varying depths causes interference which spreads the sound.
Diffusors (or diffusers) are used to treat sound aberrations, such as echoes, in rooms. They are an
excellent alternative or complement to sound absorption because they do not remove sound energy,
but can be used to effectively reduce distinct echoes and reflections while still leaving a live sounding
space.

Examples:

1. Quadratic Residue Diffusers:

The primary purpose of these kinds of diffusers is to evenly scatter sound energy around the room.
They do it by using symmetrical positioning of the wells that scatter different frequencies. However,
they are at their most effective when some space is left between the diffuser and any physical
object- about 6 feet. That allows the diffused waves to completely form.
This material is sold by companies like NANKARROW AND HERTZ ACOUSTICS,
Market price of this is approximately 500\- Rs per unit of dimensions and is available in the market
in sizes varying from 1ft – 4ft.
 Technical Specifications:
Although it is a one-dimensional phase grating diffuser and produces a directional hemispheric polar
response, the units may be oriented in any direction and, by alternating 90 degree rotation, will
provide two-dimensional diffusion outside of the near field. Useful range of diffusion begins at 600
Hz and extends to 4000 Hz and above. It also provides some low frequency diaphragmatic
absorption in the 250Hz range due to its flexibility and outer dimensions. This may be enhanced or
reduced with back-fill insulation or dampening, as needed to control mid-bass.

 Fire Rating: Class 1 (A) Per ASTM E84

 Material: Class A Thermoplastic
 NRC: 0.30

 Size:   23-5/8" x 23-5/8"

Depth:    4" (nominal)

Weight
  3.75 lbs. per unit
:
Mount:   Drop into T-Bar Grid (15/16") or wall recessed
Model Q - Performance Characteristics
Frequency 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz NRC
Type E400 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.30 0.14 0.19 0.30
E400 w/
0.38 0.39 0.45 0.31 0.13 0.16 0.30
Insulation

 
2. Acoustic Sound Diffuser Panel:
These wall diffuser panels are used to improve the uniformity of the sound-energy
distribution in a room, which greatly help create a more balanced sound profile .These
acoustic diffusion tiles are excellent at treating distortion such as comb filtering and acoustic
focusing in musical detail, vocal clarity and response cancellations and can be used for
recording studio, listening room, home theater, living room, office. These are made out of
PVC plastic and are light weight.
Price: These can be found in the market, bearing a price of Rs. 350- 10,000 per unit
Fabric Finish: Guilford of Maine FR701 2100

Edge Design: Square

Thickness: 1" and 2" (Standard), 4" (Laminated with additional substrate.)

Typical Sizes: Ceiling Tiles - 2' x 2' or 2' x 4' (nominal) for T-Bar Suspended Grids.

Fire Rating: Class A

Manufacturers: AURICA, MMTACOUSTIX, MAONO, TROY STUDIO, AURALEX, TAYTRIX

3. Double Duty Diffuser Barrel Shaped Diffuser:

The polycylindrical (barrel shaped) diffuser will act to scatter high frequency sound and trap bass in any
location. Bass absorption will vary with size. A 2’ x 4’ unit has maximum absorption at approximately 125
Hz. Increasing size to 4’ x 8’ lowers center frequency of maximum absorption to 63 Hz. Mid to high
frequency absorption is typically 0.10 to 0.25.

The Double Duty Diffuser™ is available in white thermoplastic, standard Guilford of Maine FR701 Style
2100 fabric or other factory approved finish. Units have the option to be lined with a 1-1/2” thick layer
of glass fiber batting to increase absorption and prevent resonance. Lining is standard in larger sizes.

Diffusers are wall mounted using provided “L” brackets. Configurations are available to fit a standard T-
bar suspended ceiling grid. (15/16").

Depth: 7"

Material: Class A Thermoformed plastic (Components have been tested in accordance with ASTM E84
and determined to have a flame spread of 25 or less.)

Fire Rating: Class 1 (A)

Wall Mount Lay in Ceiling

 
Nominal Size Dimensions Dimensions
2'x2' 22-7/8" x 22-7/8" 23-3/4" x 23-3/4"  
2'x4' 22-7/8" x 46-7/8" 23-3/4" x 47-3/4"  
4'x4' 46-7/8" x 46-7/8" 47-3/4" x 47-3/4"  
3'x3' 34-7/8" x 34-7/8"    
3'x4' 46-7/8" x 34-7/8"    
3'x5' 34-7/8" x 58-7/8"    
3'x6' 34-7/8 x 70-7/8"    
4'x6'  46-7/8" x 70-7/8"    
4'x8' 46-7/8" x 94-7/8"    

4. Flat Panel Diffuser:

Flat Panel Diffuser combines absorption and diffusion into one sound panel. This device is
similar in appearance to standard fabric-covered acoustical wall panels, such as Sonora,
and can be intermixed with them.
 Acoustical performance differs significantly from outward panel appearance. The patented
internal structure uses two layers of absorption, separated by a barrier septum, to form a
low-profile, composite absorber / diffuser product.

The layers have a pattern of wells that yield an equal distribution of absorptive and reflective
regions, both vertically and horizontally. Their constructive and destructive interference with
incident sound, produced by the varied hole-pattern combinations, creates significant sound
scattering in the critical mid-frequencies.

Sound Absorption Coefficients

Thickness 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz NRC
1" - Type A 0.09 0.28 0.78 0.75 0.94 0.85 0.70
1" - E400 0.43 0.28 0.51 0.76 0.99 1.10 0.65
2" - Type A 0.23 0.83 0.78 1.01 .90 0.78 0.90

Fabric Finish: Guilford of Maine FR701 2100

Edge Design: Square

Thickness: 1" and 2" (Standard) and 4" (Laminated with additional substrate.)

Typical Sizes: Ceiling Tiles - 2' x 2' or 2' x 4' (nominal) for T-Bar Suspended Grids.

Wall Panels - Up to 4' x 10' with pattern repeating in 2' x 2' increments.

Fire Rating: Class A

NOISE BARRIERS: These materials are heavy, dense and massive to prevent sound
penetration. A common material is drywall (gypsum, sheetrock). Thin materials with high sound
blocking characteristics are lead foil and mass loaded vinyl. A sandwich of dissimilar materials
such as five-eighths inch gypsum, one- eighth inch vinyl barrier, and a half-inch finish layer of
drywall will block more effectively than an equivalent thickness of drywall alone. More energy is
lost as sound must change its speed for each different material .
The acoustical science of noise barrier design is based upon treating an airway or railway as a
line source. The theory is based upon blockage of sound ray travel toward a particular receptor;
however, diffraction of sound must be addressed. Sound waves bend (downward) when they
pass an edge, such as the apex of a noise barrier. Barriers that block line of sight of a highway or
other source will therefore block more sound. Further complicating matters is the phenomenon
of refraction, the bending of sound rays in the presence of an inhomogeneous atmosphere.
Wind shear and thermocline produce such inhomogeneities. The sound sources modeled must
include engine noise, tire noise, and aerodynamic noise, all of which vary by vehicle type and
speed.

The noise barrier may be constructed on private land, on a public right-of-way, or on other
public land. Because sound levels are measured using a logarithmic scale, a reduction of nine
decibels is equivalent to elimination of approximately 86 percent of the unwanted sound
power.

Several different materials may be used for sound barriers. These materials can include
masonry, earthwork (such as earth berm), steel, concrete, wood, plastics, insulating wool, or
composites.
Examples:

1. Concrete: Concrete is one of the most common construction materials. In fact, almost half
of all noise barriers constructed are made of concrete. It's not necessarily the best of the
best when it comes to noise reduction, but it makes up for this by being versatile. It's also
very hardy, making it a good choice when installing noise barriers in areas where
construction is difficult.
Concrete can be either made by mixing cement, sand and aggregate in water with required
proportions or it could be made by using a concrete ready mix.

For the concrete,

 Cement cost prices can ranges between 300 to 350 Rs per bag of weight 50kg depending
upon type of cement (OPC/PPC) and quantity required.
 Sand cost price can (12-13 Ton/load): Rs. 8500/Truck
 Aggregate can cost up to Rs. 700/ ton
 Ready mix concrete like Ultratech concrete can cost up to 4800/ cubic meter.

2. PVC Composite: Fixed sound barriers are useful as long-term noise mitigation, and some can
withstand harsh climate conditions for decades. However, when shorter term noise
abatement is necessary, implementing an entire sound wall out of such materials is simply
unviable.

Under these circumstances, portable acoustic barriers are far more efficient and cost-
effective. Acoustic barriers like Echo Barrier are able to achieve noise reduction figures
comparable with some fixed barrier alternatives, while still being highly resistant to the
elements. 
3. Acoustic Caulk: Like regular caulk, acoustic caulk seals gaps in windows, walls, and doors
and blocks air. Acoustic caulk has added noise blocking properties to stop sound vibrations.
And these are best for Cracks in window frames, doors, walls, ceilings.

Price: For this is approximately Rs. 500 per tube of 600ml sealant.
Manufacturers: Companies are McCoy, Green Glue, Auralex and 3M.

4. Composite foams: Composite foams combine BlockAid Barrier, acoustical foam

(either Polyurethane or FireFlex) and a ¼" Foam/Barrier Decoupler. Composite Foam is
used when you need increased noise absorption, sound transmission loss and/or
vibration damping. Composite foams can be used to create soundproof enclosures for
machinery and noisy equipment.
   

Size: 24" x 48" sheets

Thickness: Foam Only  =  1"  /   Foam + Barrier + Foam  =  1-3/8"

Material /
Polyurethane: Charcoal / FireFlex™: Light Grey
Color:

FilmFacings
Mylar (Reflective) Tuftane (Grey or Black)
:

Sound Absorption Coefficients

125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz NRC

0.33 0.24 0.63 1.23 1.35 1.14 0.85
Sound Transmission Loss (dB)
125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz STC
20 21 25 28 32 42 29

SOUND REFLECTION: Sound is defined as oscillations or auditory sensation evoked by

oscillations in particle displacement or velocity, propagated in a medium with internal force.
Sound propagates as a mechanical wave, through a medium such as air or water.
There are several features that make a material good at reflecting sound. Basically it needs to
be opposite of absorbent materials head dense and ultimately impenetrable.

1. Ovation panels: Ovation panels are perfect for auditoriums, lecture halls, and performing
arts centers. Ovation is designed for large spaces that require improved sound directivity,
strength, and timing of reflections from the ceiling area.

Ovation panels provide flexibility in acoustic and aesthetic design. Panel radiuses and
dimensions can be configured to optimize acoustic performance. Panel shapes and finishes
allow designers to integrate Ovation into a variety of décors.
Ovation panels are ceiling-suspended with attachment points on steel framing. The panels are
shipped flat and are bowed in the field. The degree of the radius curve is adjusted in the field
using turnbuckle and cable suspension to meet the architect’s or acoustical consultant’s
specifications.

Gel Coat Options:

 Gel coat with 1/2" plywood core in glossy (standard) or satin (optional) finish
 Select from standard colors or color match
 Up to 20' nominal length along the non-bowed side
 Bowing side up to 9'-4" (satin) or 9'-10" (gloss)

Laminate and Veneer Options:

 Laminate facing or hardwood veneer with a 3/4" core board

 Up to 20' nominal length along the non-bowed side
 Bowing side up to 9'-11-1/2"
 Can be spliced to create continuous widths
 Approximate weight 3 psf
  Optional: Absorber or mass layer on back side

APPLICATIONS:

 Large spaces that require improved directional strength and timing of sound reflections
to greatly enhance listening quality
 Auditoriums
 Lecture Halls
 Performing Arts Centers
 Worship Spaces
 Music Rehearsal Spaces

2. Reflector Panels: Reflector Panels control reverberant spaces with the warmth and beauty
of wood in a variety of patterns, veneers, and finishes. Reflector Panels are designed for
large spaces such as Performing Arts Centers, Lecture Halls and Auditoriums that require
enhanced sound directivity, strength, and timing of reflections to create superior acoustics.
Reflector Panels add shape and visual dimension to ceilings and walls to create a clearer and
more consistent listening environment for music educators, performers, and audiences.
Additional sound absorbing media can be installed behind the panels to further enhance
acoustical performance.
These are intended for large spaces that will benefit from improved directional strength and
timing of sound reflections to greatly enhance the listening quality of the audience like:

• Auditoriums

• Lecture Halls

• Performing Arts Centers

• Worship Spaces
• Music Rehearsal Spaces

FEATURES:

 Available in a wide variety of wood veneers or painted finishes

 Panel radius and dimensions are variable to meet both acoustical and design
requirements
 Available in a variety of standard and custom sizes and finishes to suit the architectural
and acoustical requirements of the project
 Several perforation pattern options are available for sound diffusion including
microperforations
 A retractable version is also available and is ideal for multi–use environments
 Sizes up to 4’ x 10’ (dimensions follow curvature). Larger panels may be joined in the
field
 The angle of reflection is adjusted in the field using turnbuckle and cable suspension
 Easily install Flat or Curved Panels with a wide variety of hardware options depending on
the application and need for access. Typically installed with Aircraft cable and other
hardware
 Class A Fire Rated per ASTM E-84 (USA) and CAN/ULC S102 (Canada) is standard
 FSC Certified or PEFC wood options available

Manufacturers: Kinetic noise control company,

3. Marble:
Marble is among
the most
reflective
materials on the
list because of
 it’s density and strength it only absorbs about one percent of all frequencies in the 125-
2000Hz range.
Still with the hardness rating of 3 on the Mohs scale, it’s not even the strongest material
there is.
Rates of marbles can differ with the thickness, quality and type of marble available.
thickness could range from 10mm-20mm. Here are a few marble prices listed below:
 120 /-Square Feet. Makrana Pure White Marble.
 500 /- Square Feet. White Indian Statuario Marble.
 150 /- Square Feet. White Sangemarmar Marble.
 500 /- Square Feet. Zanjhar White Marble.
 70 /-Square Feet. ambaji white marble.
 90 /-Square Feet. Makrana White Marble.

4. Granite:
Granite is a composite material with a hardness of 6.5 on the Mohs scale. It also has a
density of 168 pounds per cubic foot, which makes it denser and harder than marble. Like
most rocks granite is naturally porous. However, by the time it gets into our homes, it
usually completely becomes sealed making it a perfectly reflective surface.

Rates of marbles can differ with the thickness, quality and type of marble available.
Thickness could range from 10mm-20mm. Here are a few marble prices listed below:
 Absolute black granite: 200/- sq.ft
 Bengali black granite: 140/- sq.ft
 Black albena granite: 180/- sq.ft
 Black galaxy golden star granite: 200/- sq.ft
 Black galaxy white star granite: 180/- sq.ft
 Black granite leather finish: 150/- sq.ft
 Black marquina granite: 99/- sq.ft
 Black Milano granite: 130/- sq.ft
 Black pearl granite: 450/- sq.ft
 CURTAIN WALL
• The name “curtain wall” devices from the idea that the wall is thin and “hangs” like a curtain
on the structural frame .a wall that encloses the space within a building but does not support
the roof, typically on a modern high-rise. Lightweight wall systems installed outside of building
structure.

• Types of curtain walls:

• Strong back system:

• 1.The structural systems are built up from structural Sections capable of accommodating the
required span.

• 2.These systems can include both vertical and horizontal structural components.

• 3.Conversely, an interesting variation of this system type eliminates the vertical mullion, with
horizontal components suspended from overhead cables and fixed to anchoring building

structure at their ends. Truss system Truss systems employ a planar truss design, often in a
hierarchical system that may combine other element types including tension components.

Grid shells:
• 1.Configurations can be vaulted, domed and double- curved.
• 2.Systems can be welded, bolt-up or some combination of each.
• 3.Grid shell structures with integrated cable bracing can produce a highly efficient
structure with a refined aesthetic.

 In a gridshell, the profile may be adjusted so  that it raises quickly, to provide a
reasonable eave height, and then  spans with a low slope, to save on unusable space.
Gridshells may be  surfaces of revolution of positive curvature, or of negative curvature, 
or of both. 

There is literally an infinite number of possible plans for a  gridshell. Some of the more
common are variations on the rectangle, but  triangles, stars, ovals and other shapes are
possible. A meridian may be parabolic, elliptical, circular, or any other smooth curve.
The spring line may be Seussian in plan or elevation. This freedom of form provides for
efficient use of land and for beautiful interior space. Bucky would drool.

Designing Long Span Gridshells:

One simple algorithm to find the form of single-span gridshells requires only four parameters:
• Border of dome

• Height at apex

• One meridian

• Angle in plan about which the selected meridian is taken.

Cable truss:
• 1.While cable trusses can vary widely in both truss design and configuration with vertical,
overhead, vaulted and Domed forms easily achieved.

• 2.The trusses themselves are most often characterized by spreader strut elements
representing the only compression member in the structural system.

Cable truss glass systems are a developed form of Mast truss facade supporting structure
where the main spinal compression element is removed, leaving the spreader struts as the sole
compression elements in this truss type.

If the spreaders were also to be removed a system known as cable net is subsequently
achieved. This is also further considered in details below.

Removal of the central compression element causes a fundamental change in the structural
behavior of truss, which is no longer stable and incapable of carrying any form of applied loads.

In designing cable truss glass systems, appropriate prestress forces are required to stabilize the
truss and control deflections under design loading conditions and must be determined as part
of the system design.

These prestress forces must be balanced against the reaction loads that will be transferred to
the boundary structure.

Cable net:
1.Cable nets represents the ultimate in elegant minimalist structural systems and can provide
optimum transparency when the effect of a sheer glass membrane is desired.

2. The glass is supported by a net geometry of pre- tensioned cables

Cable-net supported glass facade systems that comprise of pre-stressed cable-net, glass panes
and glass support attachments; are commonly used in airport terminals, hotel lobbies, and
trade centres. Glass used in building facade presents an aesthetic feature as well as contributes
to the structural stiffness of the whole structural system of the building.
The glass stiffness contribution for flat cable-net system was high at the early stage of loading
(approximately 30%) but reduced when the load was increased. However, the glass stiffness
contribution for curved cable-net increased gradually as the load was increased. For both
configurations, the glass stiffness contribution remained steady at about 20% of the whole
structural stiffness as the cables in the cable-net stiffened until the maximum load was applied
to the system. Based on the static tests, the pre-stress force in the cables in the cable-net
systems can possibly be reduced by approximately 50% of the initial pre-stress force; should the
glass be considered in the analysis design of cable-net structure.

FUNCTIONS OF CURTAIN WALLS:

• Functions of Curtain Walls Elimination of Water Penetration Water penetration is the
fundamental function of a facade. Hence two stages of prevention are placed. Primary level
where complete defense of water is conducted and if that fails a secondary level where a
direction to let percolated water to drained out has to be provided.

• Air impermeability This function is more of an environment concern to reduce the emission of
carbon dioxide due to rate of heat loss or gain within the external and internal environment.
• Resistance to wind, thermal and acoustic action Wind actions are transferred by the cladding
system to the building floors which act as a linear support. Each floor level therefore supports
one level of wind load on a building.

• Massive structural elements possess higher acoustic insulation like masonry or concrete
structures.

• Solar levels This can be reduced by providing a selective solar control coating on one of the
surfaces of the glass. For example, spaces for exhibitions or displays of materials can undergo
degradation due to ultraviolet radiation. For this a UV-inhibiting film can be applied to the
surface of glazing.

• DEAKERS AND THEIR BROCHURES:

Sharkar enterprise lt.d

• curtain wall smart laminated glass ,

• pdlc switchable glass = 120/- sq.ft

• 8mm Silkscreen Printing Tempered Glass for Glass = 300/- sq.ft

• Jin Yao dark blue reflective glass curtain wall, high =180/- sq.ft

• 6-8mm glass Tempered Insulated Glass Panel = 160/- sq.ft

• 8-10mm glass Tempered Insulated Glass Panel = 260/- sq. ft

• 100% Hot Sale Customized Curtain Wall Glass = 450/- sq.ft

• clear insulated hollow or double glazing glass for curtain wall= 120-130 sq.ft

• GM Hidden Frame Curtain Wall Glass= 270/- sq.ft

• Stainless Steel Glass Curtain Wall Spider/suction cup =

260/- Glass

G V Solutions

• Glass Curtain Wall Glazing System, For Commercial Building ₹ 780/ Square Feet

• Usage/Application Commercial building Material Glass Glass Thickness 10-15 mm Height

Toughened Glass

DEALERS : -

Alufinns India Glass Fabricators

Established in the year 1978, Apart from this, we also offer exemplary Structural Face Lift,
Suspended and Structural Glazing services. Manufactured using tested material and latest
techniques, our product range is in compliance with international quality parameters.

In addition to this, we have a self owned testing laboratory where any defect

VENDORS :-

S. A. Enterprises

• With a rich experience of 15 years

• we have gained immense domain expertise in offering variegated product range.

• We offer PVC Strip Curtain walls Welding Curtain and Hand Dryers.

• These are renowned for high end features such as easy to use, long working life, low
maintenance and high efficiency.

• Our products not only make the interiors look stylish, but also help in maintaining hygiene.

Suppliers:

Hindustan Aluminium was formed on 2001 in New Delhi.

They deliver your products around the globe as and wherever required.

With support from whole of the company's base we are generating huge standards of our
products everywhere.

THERE COMPANY HAS BEEN A PIONEER MANUFACTURER, TRADER AND SUPPLIER IN THIS FIELD
AND ENGAGED IN OFFERING PRODUCTS SUCH AS STRUCTURAL GLAZING, SPIDER GLAZING, FIN
GLAZING, GLASS CURTAIN WALL AND MANY MORE TO ITS CUSTOMERS. They

ARE ALSO ENGAGED IN PROVIDING RELIABLE SERVICES FOR INSTALLATION SERVICE,

MAINTENANCE SERVICE AND FABRICATION SERVICE OF OUR OFFERED RANGE OF PRODUCTS.

READY MIX CONCRETE

Concrete is a versatile & most widely used material in civil engineering constructions. Based on
Method of production concrete can be classified as Site Mixed Concrete & Ready Mixed
Concrete

• Ready Mix Concrete is a ready-to-use material which is a mixture of Cement, Sand, Aggregate
and Water. Ready-mix concrete is normally delivered in two ways:-

1. They are the barrel truck or in–transit mixers. This type of truck delivers concrete in a plastic
state to the site.

2. The volumetric concrete mixer. This delivers the ready mix in a dry state and then mixes the
concrete on site.
• RMC is a type of Concrete which is mixed in a batching plant according to the specification of
the customer and delivered to the site by the use of transit mixer as it is away from the
construction site.

• RMC is a type of Concrete which is mixed in a batching plant according to the specification of
the customer and delivered to the site by the use of transit mixer as it is away from the
construction site.

• Batch plants combine a precise amount of gravel, sand, water and cement by weight (as per a
mix design formulation for the grade of concrete recommended by the structural consultant),
allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites.

• RMC is also eco-friendly as it reduces the noise and air pollution because mixing is done in
closed chamber as compare to site mix concrete.

• The increasing availability of special transport vehicles, supplied by the new and fast growing
automobile industry, played a positive role in the development of RMC industry.

• A plant in a central mixer or truck mixer, before delivery to the construction site in a condition
ready for placing by the builder.

• Thus, `fresh' concrete is manufactured in a plant away from the construction site and
transported within the requisite journey time.
• The RMC supplier provides two services, firstly one of processing the materials for making
fresh concrete and secondly, of transporting a product within a short time

Types of Ready Mixed Concrete:

There are three types of ready mix concrete (RMC) depending upon the mixing of the various
ingredients as given below:

1. Transit mixed concrete

2. Shrink mixed concrete
3. Central mixed concrete

1. Transit mixed concrete

It is also called dry batched concrete because all the basic ingredients including water are
charged directly into the truck mixer. The mixer drum is revolved fast at charging speed during
the loading of the material and after that it continues rotating at a normal agitating speed. In
this type of ready mix concrete, also three types of variations are possible as given below:
Concrete mixed at job site While being transported towards the destination, the drum is
revolved at a slow or agitating speed of 2 rpm, but after reaching the site just before
discharging the material, it is revolved at maximum speed of 12 to 15 rpm for nearly 70 to 100
revolution for ensuring homogeneous mixing. Concrete mixed in transit The drum speed is kept
medium during the transit time, i.e. approximately 8 rpm for about 70 revolutions. After 70
revolutions, it is slowed down to agitating speed of 2 rpm till discharging the concrete. Concrete
mixed in the yard The drum is turned at high-speed of 12 to 15 rpm for about 50 revolutions in
the yard itself. The concrete is then agitated slowly during transit time.

2. Shrink mixed concrete

The concrete is partially mixed in the plant mixer and then balance mixing is done in the truck
mounted drum mixer during transit time. The amount of mixing in transit mixer depends upon
the extent of mixing done in the central mixing plant. Tests should be conducted to establish
the requirement of mixing the drum mixer.

3. Central-mixed concrete

It is also called central batching plant where the concrete is thoroughly mixed before loading
into the truck mixer. Sometimes the plant is also referred as wet-batch or pre-mix plants. While
transporting the concrete, the truck mixer acts as agitator only. Sometimes, when workability
requirement is low or the lead is less, non-agitating units or dump trucks can also be used.
MATERIAL USED IN READY MIXED CONCRETE:

Aggregates:

They are important materials in concrete, they occupy 70–80% of the volume of concrete, the
aggregates are divided into two categories by consideration of size:

 Coarse aggregate
 Fine aggregate

Aggregates bigger than 4.75 mm are considered as coarse aggregate, with a dimension of 4.75
mm or less is considered a fine aggregate.

Cement:

Cement is composed of four main compounds: Dicalcium Silicate (2Ca0 Si.), Tricalcium silicate
(3Ca0 Si02), Tricalcium aluminate (3Ca0 Al203), Tetra-Calcium aluminoferrite (4Ca0 Al203
Fe203).

These compounds are designated as C2S, C3S, C3A, and C4AF, where C stands for calcium oxide
(lime), S for silica and A for alumina and iron oxide.

Small quantities of alcohol and magnesia are additionally present, as well as minor quantities of
alkalis and other elements.
Fly ash:

The coal used in plants is mainly composed of combustible elements such as carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen and non-combustible impurities (from 10 to 40%) commonly present as clay, shale,
quartz, feldspar and limestone.

The size of fly ash ranges from 1.0 to 100 microns and the average size is about 20 microns.

Water:

The pH value of water should be between 6.0 and 8.0 according to IS 456-2000.

Advantages of Ready Mixed Concrete:

 Quality concrete is obtained as a ready-mix concrete mix plant make use of

sophisticated equipment and consistent methods. There is strict control over the testing
of materials, process parameters and continuous monitoring of key practices during the
manufacture.Poor control on the input materials, batching and mixing methods in the
case of site mix concrete is solved in a ready-mix concrete method.

 Speed in the construction practices followed in ready mix concrete plant is followed
continuously by having mechanised operations. The output obtained from a site mix
concrete plant using a 8/12 mixer is 4 to 5 metric cubes per hour which is 30-60 metric
cubes per hour in a ready mix concrete plant.
 Better handling and proper mixing practice will help to reduce the consumption of
cement by 10 – 12%. Use of admixtures and other cementitious materials will help to
reduce the amount of cement.
 The concrete mixed is used with high versatility. It is placed by following best concrete
placing methods.
  Cement is saved and the dust caused is reduced as ready mix concrete make use of bulk
concrete instead of bags of cement.
 Cement saving will conserve the energy and the resources.
 Less consumption result in less production of cement hence less environmental
pollution.
 More durable structure is obtained thus increasing the service life and saving the life
cycle costs.
 Ready mix concrete manufacture have less dependency on human labours hence the
chances of human errors is reduced. This will also reduce the dependency on intensive
labours.
 Small or large quantities of concrete as per the specification is delivered timely at the
site.
 This demands no space for storing the raw materials at site. There is no delay due to site
based batching plant erection/ dismantling; no equipment to hire; no depreciation of
costs.
 Petrol and diesel consumed is less thus noise and air pollution is reduced.

Disadvantages of Ready Mixed Concrete:

 The transit time from the time of preparation of concrete to the delivery site, will result in loss
of workability. This will demand for additional water or admixtures to maintain the workability
as per the specification. At site, the QA/QC engineer are supposed to check the workability
through slump test before using it for construction.
 Traffic during the transit of concrete can result in setting of concrete. This will hence require
addition of admixtures to delay the setting period. But unexpected traffic is a great problem.
 The formwork and placing arrangement must be prepared in advance in large area as the
concrete can be bought in larger amounts.

Difference between Ready Mix Concrete & Site Mix Concrete:

Ready Mix Concrete Site Mix Concrete

The standard is fixed quality of The standard is inconsistent as a

concrete made in high-tech batching result of the concrete is combined by
plants in computerized environments. hand.

Construction in double-quick time. Manual mixing is time-consuming, so

 tasks take longer time to finish.

Raw materials are selected after strict The quality of raw materials is
high-quality checks. manually checked or not checked.

Repeated mixing must be finished in

Large quantities of concrete may be
large quantities because the mixer
ordered, this lets you upgrade yourself
can be too small to deal with the
and deal with various tasks.
requirement.

There is no such thing as wastage of

raw materials on your site, everything Excessive wastage of raw supplies due
is pre-mixed in our plants, relying on to manual mixing.
your needs.

Extremely unsafe, unskilled, and

Safe work practice, no disruption to untrained labourers may work
your schedule. negligently leading to harmful
working circumstances.

You don’t have to stock the materials

The danger of pilgrimage to raw
and watch them, there is no worry
materials is excessive.
about the pilgrimage.

Application of Ready Mixed Concrete:

 Foundation.
 Building.
 Highway.
 Bridge.
 Walkway.
 Retaining wall.
 Airport.
 Tunnels.
 Canals.
 Pile Foundation.
 Water tank.
 Shear wall.
 Kerb.
 Dams.
  Power Plant.

DEALERS:

Ultratech M25 Grade Readymix Concrete:

 Product Details:

1. Main MaterialRiver Sand

2. Product TypeUltratech M25 Grade Readymix Concrete
3. Applicationfor Construction Use
4. Payment TermsCash Against Delivery (CAD), Cash on Delivery (COD), Cash
Advance (CA), Cheque
5. Main Domestic MarketAll India
6. Offered ByPavani Ready Mix Concrete
  Product Description:

1. Grade Standard - M25

2. Application – Construction
3. Packaging Size - 6 cubic meter
4. Packaging Type – Bulk
5. Brand - M25
6. Material - Ultratech concrete readymix

 Company Details

Pavani Ready Mix Concrete, Registered in 2018 at Hyderabad in Telangana, is leading

Distributor, Supplier of Building & Construction Material & Supplies in India. Pavani
Ready Mix Concrete is one of Trade India's verified and trusted sellers of listed products.
With their extensive experience of supplying and trading RMC Ready Mix Concrete,
Pavani Ready Mix Concrete has made a reputed name for themselves in the market with
high quality RMC Ready Mix Concrete, Bharathi Cement Ready Mix Concrete, Ready
Made Mix Concrete etc.
Focusing on a customer centric approach, Pavani Ready Mix Concrete has a pan-India
presence and caters to a huge consumer base throughout the country. Buy Building &
Construction Material & Supplies in bulk from Pavani Ready Mix Concrete at Trade India
quality-assured products.

Ready-Mix Concrete C25:

 Main Domestic: MarketAll India

Delivery: Time1 Week

Main Export Market(s): Africa, Asia, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Middle East, Central
America
Packaging Details: 25 kg. bags

Product Description

ENTEGRE C25 Ready-Mixed Concrete

 Type F6
 Easy to use
 Packed in 25 kg. bags.

APPLICATION FIELD:

Used for repairing of holes, cracks and grooves of foundations, walls and floorings, for filling the
holes and for making beams.

REQUIREMENTS:

 Applied easily.
 High strength.
 Used both on interior and exterior surfaces.
  Allows application up to a thickness of 35 cm.

Company Details

Entegre Harc is a major brand and producer in Turkey serving the construction industry with
gypsum-based and cement-based products and construction chemicals. The company operates
its own gypsum and lime mines and has production in 3 locations in Turkey. The quality
products include gypsum plaster, POP, wall putty, cement plaster, molding plaster and mortars,
tile adhesives and grouts, waterproofing products, primers, thermal insulation products, lime
and grout.