Topic 1

changes of state

Heating and cooling curves

chemical and physical changes

what is a physical change?

a physical change alters the form of a substance, but not change it to another substance.

what is a chemical change?

when a substance undergoes a chemical change, it is changed into a different substance

with different properties.

5 signs of a chemical change

 colour change
 precipitation (when something turns cloudy)
 gas production
 temperature change
 changes in characteristic properties (odour, light given off)

Precipitation- the solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction. it looks
like a cloudy solid in an otherwise clear solution.

atomic structure

 Protons and neutrons are in the centre of the Atom, they make up the nucleus.
 the electrons circle them in shells
  the Atom is a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons
 the radius of the nucleus is much smaller than the radius of the whole Atom
 most of the mass is in the nucleus
subatomic particle relative charge relative mass
proton +1 1
neutron 0 1
electron -1 0.0005

The atomic number can be called the proton number because they are equal.
The number of electrons is always the same as the number of protons in an Atom.
The mass number of the Atom is the number of neutrons plus the number of protons.
The group number can tell us how many electrons is in the elements outer shell.

James Chadwick 1932

In 1932 he bombarded beryllium atoms with Alpha particles. a radiation occurred. Therefore,
he thought that particles with a neutral electrical charge and an approximate mass of a proton.
this is called a neutron.

The current atomic model

it is like a cloud with electrons moving too fast and unpredictable for us to know the location.
relative atomic mass

relative atomic mass, AR, is the average mass of an Atom of an element, considering the
abundance (amount) of the isotopes present.

Relative atomic mass = (mass x abundance) + (mass x abundance) / 100

Isotope, one of two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic
number and position in the periodic table and nearly identical chemical behaviour but
with different atomic masses and physical properties.

Calculating formula mass

simply add together the AR and ratio the elements appear in the formula.
add the masses together.

Purity

a pure compound contains a single chemical and is not polluted with any other chemical
or an element.

capillary tubes contain solids.

Boil the substance and check the boiling point. if the boiling point is different to the boiling
point of pure water, then it is not pure.

Testing solids

substances have unique melting points which are measured and recorded by the scientific
community. an impure substances melting point will differ slightly from that of the pure
substance.

heating a solid substance, and making the exact temperature at which it melts, is a simple way
to test the purity of a compound.

Testing liquids

much like solids, liquid can be tested with the application of heat. the boiling point of liquid
substances its constant.
Chromatography

Solvent- a liquid in which chemicals dissolve to make a solution (e.g., Water, ethanol)
Solute- a substance dissolved in a solvent
Solution- a solute dissolved in a solvent
aqueous solution- solution where solute is dissolved in water
non-aqueous solution- solution where solutes dissolved in a liquid other than water

When is chromatography used?

Paper chromatography is a technique for separating components of a mixture.

Which kind of mixtures?

water soluble mixtures such as ink's, dyes/paints, and colouring agents.

The most soluble ink travels the fastest, whilst the less water-soluble ink is left near the
bottom of the paper.

the colours separate out because they dissolve in the solvent.

Calculating RF values

A chemical can also be identified by its RF (retention factor)

it is the ratio of the distance travelled by the sample (spots) to the distance travelled by
the solvent (water).

The formula is: Rf= distance moved by sample/ distance moved by solvent

Types of chromatography

Chromatography

separation technique that replies on the affinity of components of a mixture to:

 a mobile phase (this is the phase that is a carrier for the components as they travel
through the stationary phase)
 a stationary phase (this is the phase that is stationary)

all types of chromatography rely on this

 paper chromatography
 thin layer chromatography (TLC)
 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
 gas chromatography (GC)
separating mixtures

Method what type of mixture is examples

separated
Filtration insoluble solid from liquid sand and water
Evaporation solids from solution salt and water
Distillation solvent from a solution Coke- taking water out -inky
water
separating funnel liquids that don't mix oil and water
fractional distillation liquids that do mix a mixture of liquids.
hydrocarbons
Chromatography a mixture soluble liquid's paper and dyes, TLC - thin
paper chromatography