Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138

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Physical Communication
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/phycom

Full length article

A bandwidth efficient selective mapping technique for the PAPR

reduction in spatial multiplexing MIMO-OFDM wireless
communication system
A.S. Namitha *, S.M. Sameer
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India

article info a b s t r a c t
Article history: An inherent issue of multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-
Received 28 February 2017 OFDM) technique is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) over distinct antennas. Selective
Received in revised form 23 August 2017 mapping (SLM) is one of the most prevalent methods to reduce the PAPR without inducing any signal
Accepted 21 September 2017
deformation in OFDM or MIMO-OFDM systems. The main drawback of the SLM technique is the need for
Available online 27 September 2017
sending side information (SI) with each OFDM data symbol for retrieving the transmitted data. In this
paper, we present a low complexity SLM technique using Hadamard sequence to substantially reduce the
Keywords:
Orthogonal frequency division PAPR in MIMO-OFDM systems without the need for transmitting SI thus resulting in improved data rate/
multiplexing (OFDM) bandwidth efficiency. Simulation studies show that the proposed method achieves a significant reduction
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in PAPR and improves the bit error rate (BER) performance of the communication system as compared to
Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) some prevailing methods.
Selective mapping method (SLM) © 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Side information (SI)
High power amplifier (HPA)
Complementary cumulative distribution
function (CCDF)

1. Introduction Various methods are available in the literature to reduce the

Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is considered as the most promising
transmission technique for broadband wireless communication
systems as it can exploit the benefits of both MIMO and OFDM tech-
nologies. Though it possesses various attractive features suitable
for high data rate wireless communication over frequency selective
fading channels, it suffers from the inherent issue of high peak to
average power ratio (PAPR) of the OFDM technique.
The time domain OFDM signal at each transmit antenna of
the MIMO communication system is generated by the use of in-
verse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and hence it comprises of the
sum of independently modulated data with orthogonal subcarrier
frequencies. This leads to large peak amplitude values at certain
time instants of the MIMO-OFDM signal when compared to the
average value which governs to high PAPR. High PAPR gives rise
to non-linear distortion in high power amplifiers (HPA) and hence
causes spectral broadening, degrades the bit-error-rate (BER) per-
formance of the communication system and alters the signal con-
stellation.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: namitha_p110084ec@nitc.ac.in (A.S. Namitha),
sameer@nitc.ac.in (S.M. Sameer).
high PAPR of the single input single output (SISO) OFDM signals.
They can be mainly classified into signal distortion techniques
and scrambling techniques. Peak cancellation [1], clipping [2], tone
reservation (TR) [3], tone injection (TI) [4] and nonlinear compand-
ing [5] are some of the PAPR reduction methods which belong to
the first category. Some of the appreciable signal scrambling tech-
niques are selective mapping (SLM) method [6], partial transmit
sequence (PTS) technique [7], coding scheme [8] and complement
block coding method [9]. An overview of various prominent PAPR
reduction techniques are discussed in [10]. Among all the afore-
mentioned techniques, SLM is considered as a prominent method
as it assures a considerable reduction in PAPR without distorting
the OFDM signal of which PAPR is to be minimized. The most
recent SLM based methods for PAPR reduction available in the
literature are [11–13] and [14]. All mentioned methods except the
one proposed in [12] need side information (SI) to be transmitted
to the receiver side. Although the method proposed in [12] does not
require the SI, its PAPR reduction performance is almost the same
as that of the conventional SLM method [6]. Hence the elimination
of SI in SLM-based methods with improved performance in PAPR
reduction, is highly relevant.
In [15], a novel TI scheme that uses the clipping noise to find
the optimal equivalent outer ring extended constellations and
hexagonal constellations are proposed. Though this method gives

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phycom.2017.09.009
1874-4907/© 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.
 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138 129

a substantial reduction in PAPR, the average power increase is a system, each antenna at the transmitter side sends independent
disadvantage of this scheme whereas this is absent in the method data stream so as to maximize the data transmission rate. The
proposed in this paper. Also, this scheme requires 3 IFFT operations proposed H-SLM technique is applied to the independent data
per iteration and hence its computational complexity is higher sequence of each transmitting antenna separately as shown in
than the method proposed in this paper. In [16], a new PAPR Fig. 1. The input data stream d1f , d2f , . . . , dNt
f is partitioned into Nt
reduction technique referred to as trellis-assisted constellation parallel streams by a serial to parallel (S/P) converter. Each such
subset selection (TACSS) for OFDM is proposed. But this method stream of data is then given to the OFDM signal generation by
exploits some redundant bits per data symbol exclusively for PAPR passing through another S/P converter, proposed H-SLM process-
j
reduction which degrades the spectral efficiency of the system. ing and IFFT block i.e., each data stream df , j = 1, 2, . . . , Nt of
Many PAPR reduction schemes proposed for SISO-OFDM system dimension N × 1 is converted to the time domain OFDM signal
can also be applied to spatial multiplexed, space time block coded by the IFFT block of length N. Then, the generated OFDM signal
and space frequency block coded MIMO-OFDM systems. A novel that has reduced PAPR is passed through a parallel to serial (P/S)
adaptive TR scheme is proposed in [17] to reduce PAPR for the converter and transmitted after inserting cyclic prefix (CP) and
MIMO-OFDM system by iteratively performing the TR scheme on radio frequency (RF) processing.
the antenna which has the maximum PAPR. Another simplified The discrete time domain OFDM signal with N subcarriers at jth
j
version of TR method with low computational complexity is pro- transmitting antenna is denoted as dt and can be expressed as
posed for the PAPR reduction by combining with the cross antenna
N
rotation and inversion method for the MIMO-OFDM system in [18]. j 1 ∑ j j2π k(n−1)
dt (k) = √ df (n)e N n = 1, . . . , N (1)
The SLM scheme is extended for MIMO-OFDM system in [19], N n=1
and it assures substantial reduction in PAPR. In [20], the authors
j
proposed a small overhead SLM (s-SLM) method for space time where k = 1, . . . , N, j = 1, . . . , Nt , df (n) is the nth bit of the
block coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system. A modified version of j
frequency domain data sequence = [djf (1), djf (2), . . . , djf (N)]T
df
SLM, named as directed SLM (d-SLM), is proposed for MIMO-OFDM j
in [21]. Some PTS based methods also have been extended for modulated onto the nth subcarrier of the OFDM system and dt =
j j j
PAPR reduction in MIMO-OFDM. Ordinary PTS (o-PTS) proposed [dt (1), dt (2), . . . , dt (N)] . The PAPR of the OFDM signal at jth trans-
T

in [22] and alternative PTS (a-PTS) presented in [23] are examples mitter can be defined as the ratio of maximum power to its average
of such methods. A cooperative PTS (co-PTS) is proposed in [24] power as given below
which has low computational complexity. A modified version of [⏐
j
⏐2 ]
max ⏐dt (k)⏐
⏐ ⏐
PTS named as spatial and temporal shifting/interleaving (STS/STI) 1≤k≤N
in the form of circular shifting and interleaving is depicted in [25]. PAPRj = [⏐ ⏐2 ] (2)
j
But all of the SLM and PTS extension methods for MIMO-OFDM E ⏐dt (k)⏐
⏐ ⏐
discussed above demands SI to be sent to the receiver along with
⏐2
each transmitted data block for retrieving the original data. The
⏐
j
where E [⏐dt (k)⏐ ] is the average power of the data block at the
⏐ ⏐
requirement of SI necessitates massive bandwidth overhead and
the erroneous detection of the SI bits over the channel will lead to jth transmitter. The PAPR of the overall MIMO-OFDM system is
significant degradation in the BER performance of the receiver in defined as the maximum of all the individual PAPR of each trans-
MIMO-OFDM system. mitting antenna and can be expressed as
In this paper, we propose a modified SLM method for space
PAPRMIMO = max PAPRj .
{ }
(3)
division multiplexing (SDM) or spatial multiplexing (SM) MIMO- j=1,...,Nt
OFDM system using Hadamard sequence, named as Hadamard
The probability that the instantaneous power of an OFDM signal to
(H)-SLM. This method is capable of providing either improvement
be greater than a particular threshold value (PAPR0 ) is generally
in PAPR reduction performance or reduction in computational
computed as a performance measure for quantifying the PAPR
complexity depending on system constraints without the need for
reduction efficiency of any method. This is defined as comple-
transmission of any SI to the receiver. Here, we superimpose the
mentary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) where CCDF=1-
SI at particular locations within the data sequence according to
cumulative distribution function (CDF). The CDF or the probability
specially chosen Hadamard sequences by optimizing the proposed
that PAPRj is below the threshold level PAPR0 can be written as
objective function. This is achieved by providing more energy at
a particular location of the data block sent from each OFDM trans- )N
Pr(PAPRj ≤ PAPR0 ) = 1 − e−PAPR0
(
(4)
mitter of the MIMO-OFDM system, according to specifically chosen
Hadamard sequence. SI can be detected at the receiver based on where 1 − e−PAPR0 is the CDF of instantaneous amplitude of the
this energy difference between the data bits of the received signal. OFDM symbol and Pr represents the probability [26]. The CCDF of
Once the SI is detected at the receiver, the actual data sequence PAPR of the OFDM signal at the jth transmitting antenna is given
can be retrieved by performing the reverse processes of steps by
performed at the transmitter side. )N
Pr(PAPRj > PAPR0 ) = 1 − 1 − e−PAPR0
(
Rest of the paper is organized as follows. The system model, (5)
PAPR problem in MIMO-OFDM system and its performance mea-
where j = 1, ..., Nt . The CCDF of PAPR of the MIMO-OFDM system
sure are discussed in Section 2. The proposed SI-free H-SLM
can be defined as
method for SM-MIMO-OFDM system is described in Section 3. In
Section 4, results of extensive simulation studies are presented.
)NNt
Pr(PAPRMIMO > PAPR0 ) = 1 − 1 − e−PAPR0 .
(
(6)
The conclusion of the paper is given in Section 5.
MIMO
It is obvious from (6) that the PAPR raises as the number of
2. System model and PAPR problem in MIMO-OFDM transmit antennas Nt increases. Also, the SI bits required to be sent
to the receiver increase tremendously along with the increase in
A MIMO-OFDM system that uses SM with Nt transmit antennas Nt as described in [20]. Hence, it is extremely relevant to propose
and Nr receive antennas is considered here for developing the an efficient PAPR reduction method for the MIMO-OFDM system
proposed H-SLM method for PAPR reduction. In SM- MIMO-OFDM without the requirement of SI.
130 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138

Fig. 1. System model of SM-MIMO-OFDM transmitter for the proposed H-SLM PAPR reduction method.

3. The proposed H-SLM method without SI for SM-MIMO-OFDM

system

In the conventional SLM method [6], M alternative represen-

tations of the original data block are generated. These modified
versions of the original data sequence are called as candidate se-
quences. Finally, the candidate sequence that possesses the lowest
PAPR is selected for transmission. Hence, the CCDF of PAPR of the
candidate sequence thus selected in conventional SLM method is
reduces to

Pr(PAPR > PAPR0 ) = (1 − (1 − e−PAPR0 )N )M (7)

−PAPR0 N Fig. 2. Proposed H-SLM method for PAPR reduction in jth transmitting antenna of
where 1 − (1 − e ) is the CCDF of the individual candidate
a SM-MIMO-OFDM system.
sequence. The PAPR reduction achieved in the conventional SLM
method is under the assumption that the M candidate sequences
generated are statistically independent. The right hand side (RHS)
of (7) shows the theoretical lower bound of the conventional SLM length. The phase sequences used for generating the candidate
method for the best PAPR reduction that can be achieved under sequences are selected from a modified Hadamard matrix B, ac-
the assumption that all candidate sequences are statistically in- cording to the procedure described in Algorithm 1.
dependent. Independently generated random phase sequences are The mth phase sequence of jth transmitter of the SM-MIMO-
used to obtain different candidate sequences in the conventional OFDM system can be denoted as pjm = [pjm (1), pjm (2), . . . , pjm (N)]T ,
SLM method. Even though the generation of the phase sequences where pjm (n) stands for nth rotation factor in mth phase sequence
are assumed to be independent, they may have a fair amount of the jth transmitter where n varies from 1 to N, m varies from 1 to
of correlation between them. The random phase sequences used M and j varies from 1 to Nt . These phase sequences pjm are chosen
in the conventional SLM method are not perfectly independent from the modified Hadamard matrix B which is formulated from
as assumed for obtaining the best possible PAPR reduction given the conventional Hadamard matrix Hd where
in (7). In the proposed method, Hadamard sequences which are ⎡ ⎤
hd 11 hd 12 · hd 1N
⎡ ⎤
orthogonal to each other are chosen as phase sequences. Therefore, 1 1 · 1
⎢ hd 21 hd 22 · · ⎥ ⎢1 −1 · ·
these phase sequences perfectly satisfy the statistical indepen- Hd = ⎣ ⎢ ⎥=⎣ ⎦ . (8)
⎥
dence property for achieving the maximum PAPR reduction given · · · · ⎦ · · · ·
in (7). An improved SLM method for SISO-OFDM system that has hd N1 · · hd NN 1 · · ±1
significant performance in PAPR minimization using Hadamard
The modified Hadamard matrix B is generated as given below
sequences with less SI requirement is proposed in [27]. Here, we ⎡ ⎤
extend this method for generic SM-MIMO-OFDM system. Further- hd 11 E b12 · b1N
more, the requirement for sending SI is completely eliminated by ⎢ b21 hd 22 E · ·
bN .
⎥ [ ]
B=⎣ ⎥ = b1 · · (9)
utilizing the energy distinction between the data bits of the OFDM
⎢
· · · · ⎦
signal as illustrated in 3.2. bN1 h d
· · NN E

3.1. H-SLM method for jth transmitter of the SM-MIMO-OFDM system
The proposed H-SLM method for PAPR reduction of the OFDM
signal transmitted over jth antenna of the SM-MIMO-OFDM system
is shown as a block diagram in Fig. 2. In this method, several alter-
native representations of the original data stream of jth transmitter
j
df are generated by the Hadamard multiplication with special
phase sequences. The candidate sequences of jth transmit antenna
jm
are denoted by d̃f where m = 1, . . . , M , j = 1, . . . , Nt and M
is the number of candidate sequences which is also called as SLM
All entries of the defined square matrix B except the diagonal ele-
ments are either +1 or −1 as in the case of Hd where |bnn | = E ∀n,
E is the energy constant with |E | > 1, bn = [b1n , b2n , . . . , bNn ]T
and n = 1, . . . , N .
We denote the M selected orthogonal vectors from B as
pj1 , pj2 , . . . , pjM . The Hadamard multiplication of these selected
phase sequences with the data signal generate M candidate se-
quences. The phase factors in the phase sequence vector pjm will
rotate the corresponding phase of the data signal in such a way
as to get reduced PAPR. The selection procedure of the phase
 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138 131

Algorithm 1
1.Choose an integer value for SLM length M where M < N
2.Define a vector g = [g(1), ..., g(M)] where g(m) = 0 ∀m, m =
1, ..., M
3.For m = 1 : M
Choose a random integer value for k where 1 ≤ k < N
and k ̸ = g(m) ∀ m
Choose pjm = bk̂
g(m) = k
end

Fig. 3. 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system.

sequences from the modified Hadamard matrix is described in
Algorithm 1. The M different candidate sequences are generated
as follows utilizing this energy disparity between the data bits of the received
jm j jm signal. The procedure for detecting the SI from the received signal
d̃f = df ◦ p (10)
of jth receiver is depicted in Section 3.2.
jm
where d̃f
denotes the mth candidate sequence at the jth trans-
mitter, ‘◦’ denotes Hadamard multiplication and m = 1, . . . , M 3.2. H-SLM receiver
j j j j
and df ◦ pjm = [df (1)pjm (1), df (2)pjm (2), . . . , df (N)pjm (N)]T . Each
jm The Hadamard division of the received signal from the jth OFDM
candidate sequence d̃f is converted into time domain by IFFT receiver antenna with the kj th column of B gives the original data
operation. The PAPR of all the time domain candidate sequences sequence transmitted from the jth OFDM transmitter. We denote
are computed and the one that has the least PAPR is denoted as the H-SLM receiver with the proposed SI detection as HSLM-R-SI
js
d̃f . In order to achieve this, we formulate an objective function as for later explanations and the procedure for the detection of SI in a
given below: SM-MIMO-OFDM system is described below.
js jm MIMO-OFDM is a promising candidate for all mobile broad-
d˜f = min PAPR(d˜f ) (11) band standards because it avails the benefits of both MIMO and
1≤m<M
[⏐ ⏐2 ] OFDM technologies such as greater spectral efficiency and high
j
jm
max ⏐IFFT(df ◦ pjm )⏐
⏐ ⏐ [⏐ ⏐2 ] data throughput. Here, we consider a 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system
j
where PAPR(d˜f ) = ⏐2 ] , E ⏐IFFT(df ◦ pjm )⏐ is in which Nt = Nr = 2 where Nt and Nr respectively represents
[⏐
⏐ ⏐
j
E ⏐IFFT(df ◦ pjm )⏐ the number of antennas at the transmitter and receiver. The time
⏐ ⏐

the average power of mth candidate sequence of the jth transmit- domain OFDM data symbol vectors d̃1s 2s
t and d̃t are transmitted
ter. The objective function can be alternatively formulated as from the 1st and 2nd OFDM transmitter respectively where d̃1s t =
js
[⏐
j
⏐2 ] IFFT(d̃1s
f ) and d̃ 2s
t = IFFT( d̃2s
f ). As described in Section 3.1, d̃f
max ⏐IFFT(df ◦ pjm )⏐
⏐ ⏐
js
is the candidate sequence selected for transmission from the jth
d̃f = min ⏐2 ] . (12) transmitter.
1≤m<M
[⏐
j
E ⏐IFFT(df ◦ pjm )⏐
⏐ ⏐
The frequency domain received signal vectors from the 1st
and 2nd OFDM receiver are respectively represented by y1 and y2
js
The time domain candidate sequence d̃t is selected for trans- where
mission from the jth transmitter after inserting CP and subsequent
js js js j y1 = H11 d̃1s 2s
f + H21 d̃f + n1 (13)
RF processing where d̃t = IFFT(d˜f ) and d˜f = df ◦ pjs . Here,
we assume that pjs = bkj , j = 1, . . . , Nt i.e., we represent the and
column index selected from B for the reduction of PAPR at the
y2 = H12 d̃1s 2s
f + H22 d̃f + n2 (14)
jth OFDM transmitter as kj . The Hadamard product of bkj with
js
( ) ( )
j
the data block df provides high energy at kj th element of d˜f . 1 , h2 , . . . , hN , H21 =diag h1 , h2 , . . . , hN ,
where H11 =diag h11 11 11 21 21 21

This increase in energy per symbol of the modified data block ( ) ( )

1 , h2 , . . . , hN
H12 =diag h12 1 , h2 , . . . , hN . The
12 12
js and H22 =diag h22 22 22
d˜f is compensated by adjusting the minimum Euclidean distance
1s 2s
between signal constellation points of all the other symbols in the candidate sequences d˜f and d˜f , selected for transmission from
same data block. For the sake of simplicity and without loss of 1s
the 1st and 2nd transmitter are respectively given by d˜f = d1f ◦ p1s
generality, binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is considered for the 2s 1s 1s 1s
further explanation of the energy normalization. In the proposed and d˜f = d2f ◦ p2s , where d˜f = [d˜f (1), . . . , d˜f (N)]T ,
2s 2s 2s
method, one bit of the transmitted symbol is provided with high d˜f = [d˜f (1), . . . , d˜f (N)]T , df 1 = [df 1 (1), . . . , df 1 (N)]T and
energy. This increase in energy is compensated by distributively df 2 = [df (1), . . . , df (N)]T . The term Hmn is the channel matrix
2 2

decreasing the energy of all other bits except the high energy bit. between the mth transmitter and nth receiver as depicted in Fig. 3.
The average energy of the modified data block is adjusted such The AWGN noise vectors at 1st and 2nd receiver are represented
that it remains the same as that of the original data block by by n1 with variance σ12 and n2 with variance σ22 respectively.
maintaining the energy of all the other data bits except the high
d̃1s
|E |−1
[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
energy bit as 1 − N −1 . It is assumed that kj is the SI that is required y1 H11 H21 n1
= f
+ . (15)
to be detected at the jth OFDM receiver for retrieving the original y2 H12 H22 d̃2s
f
n2
data sequence transmitted from the jth OFDM transmitter. The [ ]
d̃1s
[ ] [ ] [ ]
absolute values of all elements of the vector bkj are unity except the r y1 r H11 H21 r n1
We denote y = ,H = , d̃ = f
and nr = .
kj th element where the kj th bit is provided with an energy constant
y2 H12 H22 d̃2s
f
n2

E and |E | > 1. We can detect the value of kj from the jth receiver by r r r
Here, y , d̃ and n are vectors of order 2N × 1 and H is a matrix of r
132 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138
[ ] [ ]
J1 Q
dimension 2N × 2N. The first and second half of yr represents the 1 × N, J2N = J2
, J1 = JN σ12 , J2 = JN σ22 and QT = Q⟨v⟩
.
received signal vector of 1st and 2nd receiver respectively. Hence, (⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ 2N ×N 2N ×N
2 2 ⏐2 )
The matrix H̃r = diag ⏐hr1,1 ⏐ ⏐hr2,2 ⏐ , . . . , ⏐hr2N ,2N ⏐ where hri,j is
⏐
the received signal vector of the 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system can be
expressed as the (i,⎡j)th element of the matrix⎤Hr , i and j varies from 1 to 2N,
|E |2 |b12 |2 · |b1N |2
yr = Hr d̃r + nr . (16) Q = ⎣ 21 |
|b 2
|E |2 · · ⎦and Q⟨v⟩ denotes the column-
· · · ·
The ith element of yr is given as follows |bN1 |2 · · |E |2
wise shifted version of Q to the right by v . By varying v from 1 to N,
yi r = hr i,i d̃ri + hr i,i+N d̃ri+N + nri for i = 1, . . . , N (17) we provide all possible combinations of k1 and k2 in the objective
function defined in (27). Our aim is to minimize the objective
yi r = hr i,i−N d̃ri−N + hr i,i d̃ri + nri for i = N + 1, . . . , 2N (18) function as follows
where h i,j is the (i, j)th element of H and
r r
d̃ri
is the ith element 2N
∑
⏐wij ⏐ .
⏐ ⏐
of dr . As mentioned, it is assumed that p1s = bk1 and p2s = bk2 . min (28)
v=1,...,N , j=1,...,N
Hence, k1 and k2 are the column indices needed to be detected from i=1
the received symbol vector of the considered MIMO-OFDM system. For each value of v , we can vary the value of j from 1 to N.
The square of the absolute value of ith element of d̃r is expressed Let αv be the minimum value of the objective function in (28) at
as v th right shift and βv be the value of j at which we get minimum
value αv for the objective function where α = [α1 , . . . , αN ] and
⏐ ⏐2 ⏐ ⏐2
i = 1, . . . , N
⏐ r⏐
⏐d̃i ⏐ = ⏐df 1 (i)bi,k1 ⏐ for (19)
⏐ ⏐2 ⏐ β = [β1 , . . . , βN ]. Now, we have to find the value of v and j
⏐2
i = N + 1, . . . , 2N and at which we get minimum value for (28). A simplified objective
⏐ r⏐
⏐d̃i ⏐ = ⏐df 2 (q)bq,k2 ⏐ for
(20) function is defined as follows:
q = i − N.
min αv . (29)
Since the normalized energy v=1,...,N
⏐ of each
⏐2 bit of the⏐ transmitted
⏐2 data
symbol is given as unity, ⏐df 1 (i)⏐ = 1 and ⏐df 2 (i)⏐ = 1 for Let Iα be the value of v at which we get minimum value for the
i = 1, . . . , N . Hence, (19) and (20) can be respectively written as objective function in (29), then kˆ1 = βIα and kˆ2 = k1 − Iα .
⏐ ⏐2 ⏐ ⏐2 ⏐ ⏐2 ⏐ ⏐2 If kˆ2 < 1, then kˆ2 = kˆ2 + N. The value of kˆ1 and kˆ2 are the
i = 1, . . . , N
⏐ r⏐
⏐d̃i ⏐ = ⏐df 1 (i)⏐ ⏐bi,k1 ⏐ ≃ ⏐bi,k1 ⏐ for (21) detected column indices and the kˆ1 th and kˆ2 th column of B are
⏐ ⏐2 ⏐
⏐ r⏐ ⏐ 2 ⏐ ⏐2 ⏐ ⏐2 the detected SI vectors. The estimate of the original data symbols
⏐d̃i ⏐ = ⏐df 2 (q)⏐ ⏐bq,k2 ⏐ ≃ ⏐bq,k2 ⏐ transmitted from
[ ] 1s
[ ]the 1st and 2nd OFDM transmitter are given by
(22) dˆf bk̂
for i = N + 1, . . . , 2N and 2s = d̂r ⊘ bk̂
1 where d̂r is the estimate of the transmitted data
dˆf 2
q=i−N symbol d̃r and ⊘ represents the Hadamard division operation.
where square of the absolute value of all non-diagonal elements of
B is unity i.e., 3.3. Computational complexity of H-SLM transmitter

⏐bi,k ⏐2 = 1 ∀ i, i = 1, . . . , N , i ̸= k1
⏐ ⏐
1
(23a) The proposed H-SLM method at the transmitter side requires
⏐bi,k ⏐2 = E 2 for i = k1
⏐ ⏐ one IFFT operation in each iteration and M number of iterations
1
(23b)
are required to solve (12) where M is known as the SLM length. For
a single N point IFFT operation, the number of complex multipli-
⏐bi,k ⏐2 = 1 ∀ i, i = 1, . . . , N , i ̸= k2
⏐ ⏐ cation required = N2 log2 N and the number of complex additions
2
(24a)
required = N log2 N. Accordingly, each IFFT operation needs the
⏐bi,k ⏐2 = E 2 for i = k2 .
⏐ ⏐
2
(24b) number of real multiplications = 2 N log2 N and the number of
real additions = 3 N log2 N. The computational complexity of jth
rewritten
Accordingasto (21) and (22), (17) and (18) can be respectively
H-SLM transmitter in a MIMO-system is 2MNlog2 N real multipli-
cations and 3MNlog2 N real additions where j = 1, . . . , Nt and
⏐ r ⏐2 ⏐ r
⏐yi ⏐ = ⏐h i,i bi,k + hr i,i+N bi+N ,k + nr ⏐2 for i = 1, . . . , N
⏐
1 2 i (25)
⏐ r ⏐2 ⏐ r Nt represents the number of transmitting antennas. Hence, the
⏐yi ⏐ = ⏐h i,i−N bi−N ,k + hr i,i bi,k + nr ⏐2
⏐
1 2 i total computational complexity of the MIMO-implementation is
for i = N + 1, . . . , 2N . (26) 2MNNt log2 N real multiplications and 3MNNt log2 N real additions
as we apply the proposed H-SLM technique individually to each
It can be noted from (25) and (26) that the energy of the first and transmitter of the MIMO-OFDM system.
second half of the received signal vector is almost identical to that
of the sum of k1 th and k2 th column of B respectively multiplied
3.4. Computational complexity of H-SLM receiver
with the corresponding channel coefficients. Hence, an objective
function is formulated to subtract all possible combinations of k1
The only significant price to pay for employing the proposed H-
and k2 from the received signal vector to get the error values. The
SLM technique compared to the conventional SLM based methods
combination of k1 and k2 at which we get the minimum error will
is a slight complexity increase at the receiver side due to the use
be the detected column indices. An error matrix W is defined in
of the SI detection block. Computational complexity analysis of the
which each entry denotes the error value, as given below
SI detection block of the proposed H-SLM is discussed here. The
W = (p ⊗ 1) − J2N − H̃r QT (27) computational complexity of the SI detection using HSLM-R-SI for a
⎡ ⎤ single receiver in a MIMO-OFDM system can be calculated in terms
w1,1 w1,N
· ·
of real multiplications and additions / subtractions required to
⎣ w2,1 · · · ⎦, pi = ⏐yri ⏐2 , i = 1, . . . , 2N ,
⏐ ⏐
where W = · · · · implement (27). The term pi = |yri |2 requires 2 real multiplications
w2N ,1 · · w2N ,N and one real addition and hence the vector p requires 2Nr N real
p = [p1 , p2 , . . . , p2N ]T , 1 is a vector of all ones with dimension multiplications and Nr N real additions where Nr =2 is considered
 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138 133

for the illustration of the proposed method in Section 3.2. In (27),
2Nr N 2 real subtractions are needed since the three terms p ⊗ 1, J2N
and H̃r QT are Nr N × N matrices. The complexity of implementing
JN σ 2 is not taken into account since this is required to be computed
only once for a particular SNR. Besides this, another 2Nr N 2 real
multiplications and Nr N 2 real additions are required in order to
implement (28). Hence, the total computational complexity of the
proposed HSLM-R-SI for a MIMO-OFDM system is Nr (2N + N 2 ) real
multiplications and 2Nr (N + N 2 ) real additions/subtractions.
3.5. Bit error rate (BER) and probability of SI detection error (Psde )
analysis of the HSLM-R-SI in SM-MIMO-OFDM system
this detection algorithm as a binary hypothesis testing problem
based on the presence of one of the two signal structure for |yi |2
where each signal has a unique statistical description or PDF [14].
Obviously, the optimum threshold of the maximum likelihood
(ML) detection algorithm is exactly half way between the means
of the two possible densities which is equal to the cross over point
of the two likelihood functions. Hence in this case, the optimal
2
decision threshold can be fixed as γ = 1+2E . The probability of
misdetection of one SI bit at the jth receiver can be written as
∫ γ
PjM = fw (w )dw (37)
0

where µ = ±E.
In the proposed algorithm, we have considered that hri is known γ
( √ )
−w+2E 2 2w E
∫
at the receiver. Hence, we can take the distribution of yri as that 1
PjM = e 2σ 2 J1 0, dw. (38)
2πσ 2 σ2
⏐ ⏐2
of nri which is Gaussian. In the proposed algorithm, pi = ⏐yri ⏐ is 0
used in the minimization metric ⏐ ⏐2 given in (27). It may be noted For the integration operation in (38), we have used a built in
that the correct mapping of ⏐yri ⏐ leads to the proper execution function ’NIntegrate’ of the mathematical computation software
of rest of the algorithm proposed ⏐ ⏐2in our paper. If the probability ‘Mathematica 10’. As it is considered that hi is known for the
distribution function (PDF) of ⏐yri ⏐ is known, then the probability analysis, PjM is derived for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
of misdetection of SI can be derived using that PDF. channel. The probability of correct detection of one SI symbol with
Let yi = u + jv , hence |yi |2 = u2 +v 2 where u and v are assumed N bits without error at the jth receiver is given by
to be Gaussian with mean µ√and variance σ 2 . Let √w = u + v ,
2 2

θ = tan−1 (u/v ), then u = ± w cos θ and v = ± w sin θ are the c

Psymb (j) = (1 − Pj M )N . (39)
solutions of this equation. In order to find fw (w ), we find fw,θ (w, θ )
initially and then integrate it with respect to θ from −π to π [13] Hence the probability of SI detection error of the jth receiver of a
where fw (w ) is the PDF of w and fw,θ (w, θ ) is the joint PDF of w and MIMO-OFDM system can be expressed as
θ. c
Psde (j) = 1 − Psymb (j). (40)
∑
fw,θ (w, θ ) = |J(w, θ )| fu,v (ui , vi ) (30) Probability of correct detection of one SI bit at the jth receiver is
i Pj D = 1 − Pj M . Let Pj b be the BER of the jth receiver of a conven-
where tional MIMO-OFDM system without applying any PAPR reduction
⏐
⏐ du dv
⏐
⏐ scheme, then the BER of the jth receiver of the MIMO-OFDM system
⏐
⏐ w
⏐ with the proposed HSLM-R-SI algorithm is given by
|J(w, θ )| = ⏐ ddu dw ⏐.
⏐
(31)
dv
⏐ ⏐ PbHSLM (j) = Pj D .Pj b + Pj M . (41)
dθ dθ
⏐ ⏐
The joint distribution of u and v , fu,v (u, v ) is given by In the proposed method, HSLM-R-SI technique is processed to the
independent data sequence transmitted from individual antenna
−(ui −µ)2 −(vi −µ)2
1 of a SM-MIMO-OFDM system. Hence, the PbHSLM and Psde analysis
fu,v (ui , vi ) = fu (ui )fv (vi ) = e 2σ 2 e 2σ 2 (32)
4πσ 2 of the proposed HSLM-R-SI for a MIMO-OFDM systems will be the
average value of that of the individual receiver antenna. The BER
and |J(w, θ )| = 1/2 in this case. By substituting (32) and the value
of the receiver using the proposed HSLM-R-SI for a MIMO-OFDM
of |J(w, θ )| in (30), we get the distribution of fw,θ (w, θ ) as follows:
√ √
system (PbMIMO ) is given by
−( w cos θ−µ)2 −( w sin θ −µ)2
( )
1 1
fw,θ (w, θ ) = e 2σ 2 e 2σ 2 Nr
1 ∑
2 4π σ 2 PbMIMO = PbHSLM (j). (42)
√ √ (33) Nr
−(− w cos θ−µ)2 −(− w sin θ−µ)2
( ) j=1
1 1
+ e 2σ 2 e 2σ 2
2 4πσ 2 The probability of SI detection error of the proposed HSLM-R-SI in
MIMO
a MIMO-OFDM system (Psde ) is given by
√ √
1 −w+2µ2 wµ(sin θ+cos θ ) wµ(sin θ+cos θ )
− Nr
fw,θ (w, θ ) = e 2σ 2 (e σ2 +e σ2 ) (34) 1 ∑
8π σ 2 MIMO
Psde = Psde (j). (43)
Nr
where j=1
∫ π MIMO
fw (w ) = f(w,θ ) (w, θ )dθ. (35) Comparison of simulated and theoretical values of PbMIMO and Psde
−π using HSLM-R-SI in a MIMO-OFDM system is given in Table 1.
By substituting (34) in (35), fw (w ) can be obtained. As it does not
4. Simulation results and discussions
result in a closed form integral, we can reach an expression of fw (w )
in terms of Bessel function.
( √ ) In this section, results of extensive simulation studies are pre-
1 −w+2µ2 2wµ sented to substantiate the efficiency of PAPR reduction and SI
fw (w ) = e 2σ 2 J1 0, (36) detection of the proposed H-SLM method. A 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM
2π σ 2 σ2
communication system that uses SM and the number of subcarriers
where J1 represents the modified Bessel function of first kind and N=256 is considered for simulation. The PAPR reduction perfor-
zeroth order. Here, fw (w ) shows the distribution of |yi |2 . The prob- mance of the proposed H-SLM transmitter is evaluated by the
ability of misdetection of one SI bit can be derived by formulating CCDF plots and the SI detection capability of the proposed H-SLM
134 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138

Table 1
Comparison of simulated and theoretical values of PbMIMO and Psde
MIMO
using HSLM-R-SI in MIMO-OFDM system.
MIMO MIMO
E SNR Psde simulation Psde theoretical BER (PbMIMO ) simulation BER (PbMIMO ) theoretical
5 0.16 0.2 0 .0039 0 .0041
2 10 6.5×10−5 7.4 ×10−5 0 2.9 ×10−7
15 0 2.2 ×10−13 0 8.5 ×10−16
5 2.8×10−2 1.3 ×10−3 0.0028 0 .0032
3 10 0 0 0 7.9 ×10−20
15 0 0 0 5.7 ×10−32
5 0 9.7 ×10−6 0 .0018 0 .001
4 10 0 0 0 1.5 ×10−20
15 0 0 0 4.5 ×10−37

algorithm to obtain a PAPR reduction similar to all the other meth-

Fig. 4. CCDF of PAPR of MIMO-OFDM signal with conventional SLM, M-SLM, class-
III SLM, modified SLM, low complexity SLM and proposed H-SLM with the same
performance of PAPR reduction.
Fig. 5. CCDF of PAPR of MIMO-OFDM signal with conventional SLM, M-SLM, class-III
SLM and H-SLM with identical computational complexity, PTS with GPW and PTS
with new phase sequence.
receiver is investigated by plotting the Psde and the BER of the
communication system under AWGN and 6 taps-Rayleigh fading
channels.
The PAPR reduction performance of the proposed H-SLM is
depicted in Fig. 4 in which the PAPR threshold values (PAPR0 ) and
the CCDF of the PAPR0 are plotted in X and Y axis respectively. The
ods compared in the graph. This implies that the proposed H-SLM
method is computationally efficient because a reduced value of M
results in less number of IFFT operations for the PAPR reduction
processing in the OFDM transmitter. In the figure, a CCDF value of
10−3 is yielded at PAPR0 =6 dB for all the other methods except the
conventional OFDM without any PAPR reduction. However the SLM
length (M) of the proposed H-SLM technique is only 5 whereas it
is 8 and 10 respectively for M-SLM and other modified versions of
SLM. Since the value of M necessitates the same number of IFFT
operations, the H-SLM method requires only half of the compu-
tational complexity compared to the conventional SLM and the
modified versions of SLM, in order to obtain the same performance
in PAPR reduction.
The superiority of the proposed H-SLM method in PAPR reduc-
tion is demonstrated in Fig. 5 and the result is compared with those
of the conventional SLM, M-SLM, PTS technique with new phase
sequence [31], PTS with grouping and recursive phase weighting
(GPW and RPW) [32] and class-III SLM. The number of disjoint
subblocks (Vn ) and allowed phase factors (Wn ) are fixed as 2 and
4 respectively in both cases of PTS method. The conventional
SLM, M-SLM, class-III SLM and the proposed H-SLM methods are
employed with identical SLM length which implies that these
methods will have the same computational complexity. But the
proposed method yields much better PAPR reduction performance
than that of the above mentioned methods. The figure shows that
the proposed H-SLM yields 5.3 dB reduction in PAPR compared
to that of the conventional OFDM without any PAPR reduction. It
is also evident from the figure that the proposed H-SLM provides
better PAPR reduction performance than that of conventional SLM
technique, M-SLM, class-III SLM and PTS based methods. The CCDF
of PAPR0 = 5 dB for the proposed H-SLM is only 10−2 which is
lower than that of all the methods compared in the graph. So, the
efficiency of the H-SLM method in PAPR reduction is demonstrated
with the identical computational complexity of the conventional
SLM, M-SLM and class-III SLM techniques. A comparison chart that
demonstrates the key difference between the proposed H-SLM
with some prevailing PAPR reduction methods is given in Table 2.
To quantify the effect of non-linearities introduced by HPA, we
studied and implemented a realistic power amplifier model called
as Rapp model [33]. Rapp model gives no distortion to phase of
the typical solid-state power amplifier (SSPA) where amplitude
characteristic of the input signal is changed. The general equation
for the amplitude to amplitude distortion characteristics of the
OFDM signal using Rapp model is given by
js
d̃t (k)
xout (k) = [ ⏐ js ⏐2P ] 1 (44)
⏐ d̃ (k) ⏐ 2P
1 + ⏐ Vt ⏐
sat

PAPR characteristics of conventional SLM [6], M-SLM [28], class-
III SLM [13], modified SLM [29] and low complexity SLM [30] are
also plotted in the same figure for comparison. It can be noted from
the figure that a reduced value of M is sufficient for the proposed
where k = 1, . . . , N, xout (k) denotes the time domain OFDM
js
signal after adding HPA nonlinearity using Rapp model, d̃t (k) is
the transmitted OFDM signal from the jth antenna, Vsat indicates
the saturated output voltage of the SSPA and P is known as the
 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138 135

Table 2
Comparison table that demonstrates the key difference between the proposed H-SLM with some prevailing PAPR reduction methods.
PAPR reduction technique Distortionless Requirement for Transmit power BER degradation Reduction in
sending SI enhancement data rate
proposed H-SLM yes no no no no
PTS with new phase sequence [31] yes yes no yes yes
PTS with GPW and RPW [32] yes yes no yes yes
M-SLM [28] yes no yes no no
Clipping noise-based tone injection scheme [15] yes no yes no no
Trellis-assisted constellation subset selection [16] yes no no no yes

Fig. 6. BER performance of a 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system with conventional SLM, Fig. 7. BER performance of the SISO-OFDM system with conventional SLM, M-SLM,
M-SLM, modified SLM and the proposed H-SLM methods under AWGN channel. modified SLM and the proposed H-SLM methods under Rayleigh fading channel.

smoothing parameter that determines the transition from linear to

saturation region of the SSPA using the Rapp model where P > 0.
The smaller the value of P, the smoother the transition from the
linear to saturation region of the SSPA. Hence, more nonlinear
distortion is introduced for smaller value of P. We have arbitrarily
chosen lower values for P for introducing a decent amount of
nonlinear distortion by the SSPA.
The BER performance of the receiver using the proposed tech-
nique with HSLM-R-SI, M-SLM, modified SLM and conventional
SLM technique under AWGN channel is illustrated in Fig. 6 for
various values of signal to noise ratio (SNR). The HPA nonlinearity
is applied to all the cases of this graph using the Rapp model [33]
with P = 1. The proposed H-SLM with known SI indicates that the
SI is detected at the H-SLM receiver with zero error or the H-SLM
receiver has the knowledge of SI. Conventional SLM with perfect
knowledge of SI shows the maximum achievable BER performance Fig. 8. BER performance of the 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system with conventional SLM,
M-SLM, modified SLM and the proposed H-SLM methods under Rayleigh fading
of the receiver using the conventional SLM technique. It is evident channel.
from the figure that the proposed technique with E = 1.5 provides
the BER performance that is obtained with the knowledge of SI.
The theoretical BER of the receiver using the proposed method is
also depicted for comparison. The BER values obtained from the 10−2.8 for the same SNR. Though the proposed technique HSLM-R-
SI and the conventional SLM are employing the HPA nonlinearity
simulation studies using the proposed method show only minor
with P = 1, the proposed one attains better BER performance, thus
variations from the theoretically derived values as displayed in the
providing protection against nonlinear distortion under Rayleigh
graph.
fading channel. As in the case of Fig. 6, the BER performance of
Fig. 7 demonstrates the BER performance of the receiver with
the receiver using the H-SLM technique with known SI depicts the
the conventional SISO-OFDM system by applying the HPA nonlin- maximum achievable performance of the proposed H-SLM method
earity using Rapp model with P = 1 and 2 under 6-taps Rayleigh in a Rayleigh fading channel conditions. This is achieved by the
fading channel. The SSPA provides less nonlinear distortion as the proposed method with E = 3 i.e., the proposed method is efficient
value of P increases. The BER performance of the receiver using enough to detect the SI which is embedded in the data symbol
the proposed method with HSLM-R-SI, M-SLM, modified SLM and without any error at E = 3.
conventional SLM is also portrayed in the figure by introducing Fig. 8 shows the BER performance of the receiver using the
HPA nonlinearity with P = 1 for understanding the superiority proposed technique with HSLM-R-SI, M-SLM, modified SLM and
of the proposed method. The proposed method with HSLM-R-SI conventional SLM technique under 6-tap Rayleigh channel in a
achieves a BER of 10−3.6 at an SNR of 25 dB where the conventional 2 × 2 MIMO system with HPA nonlinearity (P = 1). As mentioned,
OFDM system with HPA nonlinearity (P = 1) obtains only a BER of the H-SLM method with known SI denotes the BER curve with
136 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138
Fig. 9. BER performance of a 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system with the proposed H-SLM
method versus various values of E under Rayleigh fading channel.
Fig. 10. The probability of SI detection error for a 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system,
obtained with the proposed H-SLM technique as a function of SNR with different
values of E under Rayleigh channel.
perfect knowledge of SI. The proposed technique with HSLM-R-
SI can achieve the maximum achievable BER performance from
an SNR value of 15 dB onwards while the conventional SLM, M-
SLM and modified SLM have inferior performance compared to the
one we proposed. The BER performance of the conventional OFDM
system with HPA nonlinearity (P = 1.2) without applying any
PAPR reduction method is also depicted in the graph for the sake
of comparison.
The dependence of the proposed HSLM-R-SI on the value of E
is demonstrated in Fig. 9 by plotting the BER performance versus
several values of E for two different SNR values of 20 dB and
30 dB. It is visible from the graph that the BER performance of
the communication system using H-SLM with known SI does not
rely on the value of E and it shows the maximum achievable
performance. But, the BER performance of the proposed method
with HSLM-R-SI improves as the value of E increases to a particular
extend since the increased value of E provides a better distinction
between energy of the data bits of the received symbol and thus
reduces the chance of erroneous detection of SI. At SNR = 30 dB,
the proposed method with HSLM-R-SI achieves the mentioned
maximum achievable performance with E = 2 and a further
increase in E does not have any impact on the BER performance.
The proposed method with HSLM-R-SI with SNR = 20 dB attains
the same from E = 3 onwards.
Fig. 11. The probability of SI detection error for a 2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system
with the proposed H-SLM technique compared to its theoretical limit under AWGN
channel with E = 1.5.
Fig. 12. Comparison of BER performance of the receiver with the conventional SLM
and proposed H-SLM method under Rayleigh fading channel in a SIMO and MIMO
OFDM systems.
MIMO
Fig. 10 demonstrates the Psde of the proposed method with
HSLM-R-SI as a function of SNR, for five different values of energy
constant E under Rayleigh channel conditions. Results in the graph
MIMO
show that the Psde of the proposed method with HSLM-R-SI
decreases with increase in the value of E. On account of having a
unit energy for all the data bits, the proposed method with HSLM-
R-SI at E = 1 is unable to detect the SI and hence the PsdeMIMO
=1
MIMO
for all SNR values. Proposed method attains acceptable Psde at
E = 2.5 and 3 as illustrated in the figure. The simulation values of
MIMO
Psde with the proposed method is compared with its theoretical
values in Fig. 11 under AWGN channel conditions. The PsdeMIMO
values
obtained from the simulation studies with the proposed method
exhibit only slight variations from the corresponding theoretical
values. Finally, the BER performance of a 1 × 2 SIMO-OFDM system
under Rayleigh fading channel, with the proposed HSLM-R-SI and
conventional OFDM is compared with that of a 2 × 2 MIMO-
OFDM system in Fig. 12. It is evident from the graph that the BER
performance of the receiver using the proposed method HSLM-
R-SI in a 1 × 2 SIMO-OFDM system is far better than that of a
2 × 2 MIMO-OFDM system. Note that the BER value achieved by
the proposed method with HSLM-R-SI at SNR of 15 dB is 10−2.1 in
a MIMO-OFDM system where it is reduced to 10−1.2 in the case of
a SIMO-OFDM system at the same SNR value.
 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138
5. Conclusion
MIMO-OFDM has been widely adopted for high data rate wire-
less communication-systems in a frequency selective fading en-
vironment. One of the main challenges in MIMO-OFDM system
implementation is its high PAPR. In this paper, a new version
of SLM technique using Hadamard codes is introduced for PAPR
reduction in MIMO-OFDM communication system that completely
eliminates the need for sending any SI from the transmitter to the
receiver. We have considered the PAPR reduction of a MIMO-OFDM
system that uses SM and the proposed H-SLM method is applied to
each OFDM transmit antenna separately. Apart from the savings in
huge bandwidth overhead due to the avoidance of SI, it improves
the BER performance of the MIMO-OFDM receiver due to the error
free detection of the SI from the received signal. The proposed
H-SLM method achieves a better performance in PAPR reduction
when compared to certain prevailing methods for identical com-
putational complexity. The superiority of the proposed H-SLM
method in PAPR reduction is validated by plotting CCDF of PAPR
versus various threshold values and the SI detection capability of
the H-SLM receiver is evaluated by depicting the probability of SI
detection error and the receiver BER performance graphs. Though
a little more computations are required for implementing the SI
detection block in the proposed H-SLM receiver, this technique
provides efficient spectral usage and improved PAPR reduction.
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Namitha A. S. received her B.Tech. degree in Electron-
ics & Communication Engineering from Mahatma Gandhi
University, India in 2008 and M.Tech. degree from Amrita
Viswa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India in 2010. She is
currently doing her research in the department of Elec-
tronics and Communication Engineering of the National
Institute of Technology Calicut, India. Her research inter-
ests include synchronization, peak to average power ratio
reduction and sidelobe power suppression techniques in
OFDM based high data rate wireless communication sys-
tems and design challenges in cognitive radio systems.
Sameer S. M. (M’06-SM’13) received the B.Tech degree
in Electronics & Communication Engineering from TKM
College of Engg., University of Kerala, India in 1994, M.Tech
in Telecommunication Systems Engineering and Ph.D. in
Wireless Communications in 2003 and 2009 respectively
from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. Af-
ter various tenures in academia and industries, he joined
as a Lecturer in the Department of Electronics & Com-
munication Engineering at National Institute of Technol-
ogy Calicut, Kerala, India in 1998 where he is presently
working as an Associate Professor. He has published 13
journal papers, 33 conference papers and holds two US patents and three patent
applications. He is a (co-) recipient of best paper awards in Communication from
138 A.S. Namitha, S.M. Sameer / Physical Communication 25 (2017) 128–138

the 17th National Conference on Communications (NCC 2011) held at the Indian
Institute of Science, Bangalore. Sameer S. M. is a senior member of the IEEE and a
regular reviewer of many reputed international conferences and journals. He has
served on the technical program committees of several international conferences
and was one of the organizing chairs of 2015 IEEE international conference on
signal processing, informatics, communication and energy Systems (SPICES). He
is currently serving as the Vice-Chairman of IEEE Kerala Section and MGA nominee
to 2015 TAB/PSPB Products and Services Committee. His research interests include
synchronization and channel estimation techniques for multicarrier communica-
tion systems, optimization techniques for wireless communication, physical layer
issues in cooperative communication systems, cognitive radio, and multimedia
transmission over heterogeneous networks.