Submitted by :

Mohit Agrawal
Utkarsh
Siddharth Kola
IIT Kharagpur
“The Stone Age did not end for lack of
stone, and the Oil Age will end long
before the world runs out of oil.”
Sheikh Zaki Yamanai
Petroleum minister
Saudi Arabia
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•Limited supply

•Uneven distribution

•Rising cost of fossil fuel

•Political instability of several

energy producing countries.
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Pollution
Reduction
•Second fastest growing major
economy

•Need for sustainable energy

source for India’s super power
aspiration.
 STRENGTHS
•Hydrogen is highest economy content
per unit mass among knows fuels.
•Wide availability of sources of
Hydrogen.
•Fuel Cell Technologies are 2-3 times
more efficient than internal combustion
engine.
OPPORTUNITIES
•Diversity in production sources.
•Climate change resulting in attitudinal
change.
•Increasing oil costs and energy
insecurities.
WEAKNESSES
•Public perception of Hydrogen as
dangerous fuel.
•High hydrogen infrastructure costs
•Lack of low cost storage devices.
•Lack of strategy, government
investment and policy making.
THREATS
•Concerns about Hydrogen Safety.
•Cost of Hydrogen structure
infrastructure.
•Could lead to greater destruction of
ozone layer.
1 • Reducing hydrogen
infrastructure cost

2 • Lack of storage devices for

hydrogen

3 • Sustainable hydrogen energy

production

4 • Negative public perception

and governmental policies
Reducing delivery cost

Maintaining Hydrogen purity

Minimizing Hydrogen leakage

Increasing energy efficiency

 Plausible Solutions Critical Evaluation Priority

Identify H2 production Critical to infrastructure building First

facilities

Coordinate H2 production to Targets customers’ needs specific to First

natural gas fuelling demographic distribution

Decentralized, resource Scale economies are larger for First

centered production options centralized options

Locate H2 Infrastructure & Could generate fuel on-site and use in First
fuel co-generation at existing stationary fuel cells as power source
federal facilities

Use gasoline & diesel depots Can support a broader infrastructure as Later
for centralized H2 production, petroleum facilities will become under-
storage & distribution utilized
 • Reducing hydrogen
infrastructure cost

2 • Lack of storage devices for

hydrogen

3 • Sustainable hydrogen energy

production

4 • Negative public perception

and governmental policies
 Plausible Solutions Critical Evaluation Priority

Compress / liquefy H2 into Requires huge energy input N/A

high pressure storage tanks Drastically reduces fuel efficiency
Poses huge safety concern

Deliver H2 through pipeline Useful for stationary applications First

Leakages will certainly increase

Storage of H2 in Metal Low energy densities Later

Hydrides, Borates and Currently expensive
Carbon Nanotubes Require lots of energy for retrieving H2

Diesel based acid fuel cells Easy to store & transport Recomm-
using H2 stored in chain – Cheaper than solid-oxide fuel cells ended
controlled hydrocarbons Works on H2 made on spot, using diesel
 • Reducing hydrogen
infrastructure cost

• Lack of storage devices for

hydrogen

3 • Sustainable hydrogen energy

production

4 • Negative public perception

and governmental policies
Plausible Solutions Critical Evaluation Short Mid Long

Steam reforming modest reduction in emissions

Suitable for initial foray into H2
economy
Coal gasification Low cost makes it economical
Energy required for sequestration of
CO2 accelerates coal depletion
Biomass Processing Sustainable but can’t supply H2 in
required demands
Food-limited & Carbon constrained
Electrolysis using High Capital cost
solar and wind Will reduce water requirements for
energy power generation
Sustainable carbon free energy

Photobiological & Increases efficiency of solar to H2

photo- pathway
electrochemical lowers capital cost of system
 • Reducing hydrogen
infrastructure cost

• Lack of storage devices for

hydrogen

• Sustainable hydrogen energy

production

4 • Negative public perception

and governmental policies
 Problems Solutions

Inconsistency in international Timely development of regulations in harmony with

standards international best practice

Negative public perception •Investing in analytical modelling to determine

towards hydrogen costs of H2 & fuel cells within India’s economic &
environmental contexts
•Implementing Market-based environmental
policies providing industries with financial reasons
to invest in carbon-free energy systems

Lack of incentives from Authorizing funds in support of H2 energy R&D and

government demonstrations

Competition with already Reduce energy imports

developed non renewable Strengthen the control of air pollution
sources Impose gradually increasing tax on gasoline
Implement national GHG emissions trading scheme
Deploy clean energy carriers
• Reducing hydrogen
infrastructure cost

• Lack of storage devices for

hydrogen

• Sustainable hydrogen energy

production

• Negative public perception

and governmental policies
 • H2 energy in labs
• Energy dependency & instability
Fossil Fuel
Economy • Ever increasing pollution & climatic woes

Interim

• Self sufficient in energy demands

• Clean & green life
H2 economy
 • Progress in Technologies, Policies and Markets
Phase 1

• Transition to the Market Place

Phase 2

• Expansion of Markets and Infrastructure

Phase 3

• Realization of the Hydrogen Vision

Phase 4
 • Progress in Technologies, Policies and Markets
Phase 1

•Focus R &D on bringing down fuel cell & storage devices cost ( MH )

•Use conventional methods to produce H2 ( Steam reforming)

•Test H2 fuelled internal combustion engines for reduction in cost and

increasing efficiency

•Create H2 related policies on energy & environment

oReduce Energy imports
oReduce GHG emissions
oStrengthen control of air pollution

•Create & implement International Standards on safe use of H2

 • Transition to the Market Place
Phase 2

• Develop large scale manufacturing capabilities for stationary and mobile units

• Keep Natural Gas reforming as primary source

• Start using Nuclear & Renewable Technologies more heavily

• Make low cost storage devices commercially available

• Install H2 production system at Fuel Stations & Power parks ( some renewable )

• Wide use of Hybrid internal combustion engines

• Use Governmental facilities to move H2 technologies into market place

o Municipal Bus Services
o Urban emergency Services
o Police facilities
 • Expansion of Markets and Infrastructure
Phase 3

•Penetrate market with widespread use of fuel celled buses & govt. vehicles

•Start production in large scale refineries along with onsite production

•Start using Hydrides for small & large H2 storage applications

•Start developing other advanced development techniques (Carbon

Structures)

•Streamline siting and permitting of H2 technologies

 • Realization of the Hydrogen Vision
Phase 4

•Replace fossil fuels with most end use energy applications

•Start using eco-friendly means to extract H2 from biomass and water

(Biosystems like Alga)

•Expand markets for H2 vehicles as personal transportation

•Use H2 vehicles to provide and power for workplaces

Objective
• Highlight potential use of H2 as means for de-centralized small energy generation

Long Term Benefits

• Employment Generation
• Rural Development
• Energy Security

The Problem

Small scale bio-gas, solar, wind mill and micro hydel projects are not viable because

• Intermittent nature of the inputs and inconsistency in generated power

• Lack of penetration of grid infrastructure
• Lack of economies of scale and technical challenges in wheeling out power to grid
The Solution

Small Scale H2 production in Rural Small Scale Sector

• Even 1KW windmill can be used to produce H2 on spot through electrolysis

• Power stored in form of H2 eliminating small scale & intermittent power issue
• Model of small scale production, collection & mass distribution potentially attractive
• Direct wealth addition to rural economy

Viability & Sustainability

• Initial supplies can be sold to process & metal industries

• H2 based Generators can replace kerosene generators
• Supplied to produce CNG/H2 blend for use in automobiles as envisaged in near future
•Price realization of H2 without Govt. support, good enough to support pilot projects
“The use of hydrogen energy has not
been opened up because the oil
industry does not own the sun.”
Anonymous