Mitosis

Mitosis is the process of nuclear whereby duplicated DNA molecules arranged

two separate nuclei
Cell contain 23 pairs of chromosome- 22 pairs are autosome or
body cell and 1 pair is sex cell.
Full set of chromosome number is known as diploid
chromosome (2n).
Half set of chromosomes is known as haploid, (n) chromosome.
Mitosis is the process by which identical daughter cells are
produced which contain diploid number of chromosome.

Stage of mitosis
Mitosis is divided into 4 stages. Each phase is characterized by
specific processes involving different structure.
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase

Prophase
DNA supercoils and chromosomes condense (becoming visible under
microscope). Chromosomes are comprised of genetically identical sister
chromatids (joined at a centromere).
Paired centrosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell and form
microtubule spindle fibers. The nuclear membrane breaks down and the
nucleus dissolves

Metaphase
Microtubule spindle fibers from both centrosomes connect to the centromere of
each chromosome.
Microtubule causes spindle fibers to shorten in length and contract. This causes
chromosomes to align along the equatorial plane or metaphase plate.

Anaphase
Continued contraction of the spindle fibers causes genetically identical sister
chromatids to separate. Once the chromatids separate, they are each
considered an individual chromosome in their own right. The genetically
identical chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell

Telophase
Once the two chromosome sets arrive at the poles, spindle fibers dissolve,
Chromosomes decondense, nuclear membranes reform around each
chromosome set. Cytokinesis occurs concurrently, splitting the cell into two.

Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells.
In animal the cell membrane forms a cleavage furrow that eventually
pinches the cell into two equal parts and cytoplasmic organelles.
In plant cell a structure known as a cell plate form, mid-way between
the divided nuclei, which gradually develop into a separating
membrane.

Importance of mitosis:
It maintains the genetic stability.
Mitosis helps to increase cell number and growth.
Asexual reproduction, regeneration and cell replacement is also
occur by the process of mitosis
Pg. 174 last para & 175 1st para