Engineering

Hydrology
Chapter 2
Precipitation
Eng. Naeem Kaheil 2016 - 2017
 Adequacy of Rain gauge
Stations
2 100 m 1  m 2
 Cv  CV    ( Pi  P) 
N   P  m 1   1
 m 1


 
1  
m
P  P  i  
m  1 

N = optimal number of stations

ε = allowable degree of error in the estimate of the mean
rainfall
Cv = coefficient of variation of the rainfall values at the
existing m stations (in percent)
 m 1 = standard deviation , P = mean precipitation
Pi = precipitation magnitude in the i4th station

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 Question_1
• A catchment area has seven rain gauge
stations. In a year the annual rainfall recorded
by the gauge are as follows:

Station P Q R S T U V

Rainfall
(cm)
130 142.1 118.2 108.5 165.2 102.1 146.9

• For a 5% error in the estimation of the mean

rainfall, calculate the minimum number of
additional stations required to be established in
the catchment ?

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 Question_1
• Solution
Station P Q R S T U V
Rainfall
(cm)
130 142.1 118.2 108.5 165.2 102.1 146.9

𝟏𝟑𝟎+𝟏𝟒𝟐.𝟏+𝟏𝟏𝟖.𝟐+𝟏𝟎𝟖.𝟐+𝟏𝟔𝟓.𝟐+𝟏𝟎𝟐.𝟏+𝟏𝟒𝟔.𝟗
o 𝑷= = 130.42 cm
𝟕
𝒎(𝑷𝒊−𝑷)𝟐 𝟕(𝑷𝒊−𝟏𝟎𝟑.𝟒𝟐)𝟐
o 𝝈= 𝟏
= 𝟏
= 22.5
𝒎−𝟏 𝟕−𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝝈 𝟏𝟎𝟎∗𝟐𝟐.𝟓
o 𝑪𝒗 = = = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟔
𝑷 𝟏𝟑𝟎.𝟒𝟐
𝑪 𝟏𝟕.𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝟐
o 𝑵 = ( 𝒗 )𝟐 = ( ) = 𝟏𝟐
𝜺 𝟓
o 5 additional stations are required

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 Question_2

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 Estimation of Missing Data

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 ‫‪Estimation of Missing Data‬‬
‫•‬ ‫القراءات للمحطات بعد الخطأ ‪P1 , P2 … Pm :‬‬
‫•‬ ‫القراءات للمحطات قبل الخطأ ‪N1 , N2 .. Nm‬‬
‫•‬ ‫عدد المحطات بدون المحطة الخطأ ‪M :‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قيمة المطر عند المحطة التي حدث فيها الخطأ ‪Nx :‬‬
‫•‬ ‫قيمة المطر المفقودة عند المحطة التي حدث فيها الخطأ ‪Px :‬‬

‫‪% error = {(Nx – Navg)/Nx} * 100%‬‬

‫‪Eng. Naeem Kaheil‬‬

 Question_3
• The normal annual precipitation of five rain
gauge stations P,Q,R,S and T are
respectively 125, 102, 76, 113 and 137 cm.
During a particular storm the precipitation
recorded by stations P,Q,R and S are 13.2,
9.2, 6.8 and 10.2 cm respectively. The
instrument at station T was inoperative
during that storm. Estimate the rainfall at
station T during that storm?

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 Question_3
• Solution
• Navg = (125 + 102 + 76 + 113 + 137) / 5 = 110.6
• % error = {(137 – 110.6)/137}*100% = 19.27% > 10%

137 13.2 9.2 6.8 10.2 

Px        12.84cm
4  125 102 76 113 

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Test for Consistency of Record

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Test for Consistency of Record
• Solution steps
1. Arrange in reverse order the data of: (‫)من الجديد للقديم‬
1. The annual rainfall of station X (𝑷𝒙 )
2. The average rainfall of the group of base stations (𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 )
2. Calculate the accumulated precipitation of station X ( 𝑷𝒙 )
and the accumulated values of average of the selected
base group ( 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 ).
3. Plot 𝑷𝒙 againest 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 for various consecutive time periods
{ Double mass curve }
4. Locate the break in the slope of the resulting plot (which is the
change in precipitation regime of station X)
5. Correct the precipitation values at station X beyond the
period of regime change by:

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 Question_4

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 station 8 cum. aver age
station A cum. ann. r ainfall
year aver age ann. r ainfall for
)cm( at station A
)cm( stations 8
1967 163 163 161 161
1966 130 293 146 307
1965 137 430 130 437
1964 130 560 143 580
1963 140 700 135 715
1962 142 842 163 878
1961 148 990 135 1013
1960 95 1085 115 1128
1959 132 1217 143 1271
1958 145 1362 155 1426
1957 158 1520 164 1590
1956 141 1661 156 1746
1955 196 1857 193 1939
1954 160 2017 128 2067
1953 144 2161 117 2184
1952 196 2357 152 2336
1951 168 2525 155 2491
1950 194 2719 161 2652
1949 162 2881 147 2799
1948 178 3059 146 2945
1947 144 3203 132 3077
1946 177 3380 143 3220

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 4
46
Accumulated annual rainfall at X

3.5 47
48
49
3 50 2.95-2.2
in units of 103 cm

Mc= 0.9496 51 =0.75

52
2.5 2.8-2.2
53
Ma = 1.172 54 =0.6
55
2
56
57
58
1.5 59
60 = 0.6 / 0.75 = 0.8
61 or
1 62 = 0.9496/1.172= 0.81
63
64
65
0.5 66
67

0
0.5 1 0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
accumulated annual rainfall of 8 station mean
in units of 103 cm
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 corrected value = original value * (Mc/Ma)

corrected value
year original value( cm)
(cm)
1954 160 129.6
1953 144 116.64
1952 196 158.76
1951 168 136.08
1950 194 157.14
1949 162 131.22
1948 178 144.18
1947 144 116.64
1946 177 143.37
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 Rainfall Representation
1) Mass curve
2) Hyetograph
3) IDF curve

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 Mass curve ‫ال‬
‫يوجد‬
‫ال‬ ‫أمطار‬
‫يوجد‬
‫أمطار‬
1- storm ‫نهاية ال‬

i= 4.4-
2.4/8=0.25c
m/hr
i=
2.4/8=0.3cm/
hr

Slope of the curve = intensity

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 Hyetograph
Every storm has its own Hyetograph

Area = 0.3*8 =
2.8 cm

Sum Area of Every Boxes = 10 cm

area under hyetograph = total preci. in that

period
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 Question_5

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 Question_5
• Solution

Time since start Intensity

rainfall (cm) Cumulative ( cm )
of storm (min) (cm/min)
30 1.75 0.0583 1.75
60 2.25 0.075 4
90 6 0.2 10
120 4.5 0.15 14.5
150 2.5 0.083 17
180 1.5 0.05 18.5
210 0.75 0.025 19.25

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 Question_5
• A. Hyetograph representation

Hyetograph of Storm
0.25

0.2
Intensity (cm/min)

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Time (min)

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 Question_5
• b. Mass curve representation
Mass curve of Storm
25
Cumulative rainfall (cm)

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (min)

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 Question_6

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 Question_6
• Solution

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 Question_7

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Mean Precipitation over an Area

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 ‫‪Mean Precipitation over an Area‬‬
‫‪Thiessen-Mean Method‬‬
‫هذه الطريقة تعتمد على حساب المساحة التي تمثلها كل محطة ولحساب المساحة ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .A‬يتم وصل المحطات ببعض ليكونوا مثلثات‬
‫‪ .B‬يتم تنصيف أضالع المثلثات(منصف عمودي) إلى أن تلتقي األعمدة المنصفة‬
‫‪ .C‬يتم حساب المساحات الخاصة بكل محطة مع استبعاد المساحة التي تكوت خارج‬
‫‪Catch.Area‬‬
‫‪ .D‬ثم حساب ‪ P‬بالقانون التالي ‪:‬‬

‫‪Eng. Naeem Kaheil‬‬

‫‪Mean Precipitation over an Area‬‬

‫لحساب المساحة بهذه الطريقة‪:‬‬

‫‪ .A‬ارسم خطوط كنتورية‪ ،‬بحيث يمر كل خط في النقاط التي لها نفس قيمة ‪Rainfall‬‬
‫‪ .B‬احسب المساحة بين كل خطين (‪ )Isohyetal‬مع استثناء المساحة التي تقع خارج‬
‫‪Catch.Area‬‬
‫‪ .C‬احسب متوسط ‪ Rainfall‬بين كل خطين‬
‫‪ .D‬ثم احسب ‪P‬من القانون التالي ‪:‬‬

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 Question_8

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 Question_9
• The following figure shows a catchment area with six rain
gauge stations. The rainfall recorded by each of these stations
are indicated in the figure. Calculate
1) The mean precipitation using Thiessen-mean method.
2) The Total precipitation over the area in m3

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 Question_10

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Frequency of Point Rainfall

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Frequency of Point Rainfall

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Frequency of Point Rainfall

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 Question_11

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 Question_11

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 Question_11

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 Question_12

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 Question_12

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 Question_13

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 Plotting Position

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 ‫‪Plotting Position‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪P = m/N+1‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪T = 1/P‬‬
‫•‬ ‫ترتيب تنازلي من األعلى لألصغر‬
‫•‬ ‫اذا كان هناك تكرار لقيمة معينة في أكثر من سنة نحذف‬
‫التكرار الموجود‬

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 Question_14

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 Question_14
m

N = 20

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 Question_14

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 Intensity Duration
Frequency (IDF) Curve

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 IDF Curve

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 Rainfall Intensity and
Corresponding Depth

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 Rainfall Intensity versus
Duration

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Interpretation of IDF curve

P= 2in/hr * 90/60 = 3in

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Interpretation of IDF curve
= 4.6in/hr *
30/60 = 2.3 in

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Development of IDF curve

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Development of IDF curve

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Development of IDF curve

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Development of IDF curve

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Development of IDF curve

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Depth-Duration Frequency
curve (DDF)

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Intensity versus Return Period
for Deferent Durations

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 Question_15
• The mass curve of rainfall in a storm of a total
duration of 270 minutes is given in the table:
Time 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Cumulative
0 6 18 21 36 43 49 52 53 45
Rainfall

• 1- Draw the Hyetograph of the storm at 30

minutes time step
• 2- Plot the Maximum Intensity-Duration curve
• 3- Plot the Maximum Depth-Duration curve

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 Question_15
• Solution

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 Question_15

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 Question_15

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 Question_15

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 Question_16

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 Question_17

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 Question_17
Retern
Period / 1 10
Duration
1 50 60
2 62 72
5 80 92
10 97 105

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 Question_17
250

10-Year
200

1-Year
Rainfall Depth

150

100

50

0
1 2 5 10
Duration

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 Question_17
Return period / 70

Duration 1 2 5 10 60
Intensity at 1-Yr

Intesity at 10-Yr
50
Depth at 1-Yr 50 62 80 97

Intensity
40
Depth at 10-Yr 60 72 92 105 30

20
intensity at 1-Yr 50 31 16 9.7
10
intensity at 10-Yr 60 36 18.4 10.5 0
1 2 5 10
Duration

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 Homework

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