A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURE SYSTEM

BASED ON IOT
By
MUHAMMAD RIZWAN
2019-GCUF-02626

Undergraduate research Report Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

GOVT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN

March 2021
 ABSTRACT
Regardless of public perceptions of the agricultural process, the reality is that today's
agriculture business is more data-driven, precise, and intelligent than ever before. The fast
rise of Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based technologies has changed nearly every business,
including ‘‘A comparative analysis of agriculture system based on IOT," which has
shifted the industry from statistical to quantitative techniques.Such radical developments are
upending traditional agricultural practices and presenting new options in the face of a variety
of obstacles.New article discusses the possibilities of wireless sensors and the Internet of
Things in agriculture, as well as the obstacles that will be encountered when this technology
is integrated with traditional farming practices.The Internet of Things (IoT) devices and
communication techniques related with wireless sensors used in agriculture applications are
thoroughly examined.Sensors for soil preparation, crop condition, irrigation, insect and pest
detection, and other agriculture applications are listed.It is explained how this technology
assists growers throughout the agricultural phases, from sowing to harvesting, packing, and
shipping.This article also considers the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for crop surveillance
and other beneficial uses such as crop yield optimization.Wherever possible, cutting-edge
IoT-based designs and platforms utilized in agriculture are emphasized.Finally, we identify
present and future IoT trends in agriculture, as well as possible research challenges, based on
this comprehensive assessment.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Significant progress has been made in agricultural production with less resources and labour
demands throughout human history. Despite this, demand and supply have never been able to
match during these periods due to the high growth rate. According to estimates, the world's
population would reach 9.8 billion in 2050, up about 25% from today's figure [1]. Nearly
majority of the population increase is anticipated to occur in developing nations [2]. On the
other side, urbanisation is predicted to accelerate, with 70 percent of the world's population
(up from 49 percent currently) expected to be urban by 2050 [3]. Furthermore, income levels
will be several times greater than they are now, causing food consumption to skyrocket,
especially in emerging nations. As a result, these nations' diets and food quality will be more
conscientious, and consumer tastes may change away from grains and cereals and toward
legumes and, eventually, meat. To feed this bigger, more urban, and richer population, food
output needs triple by 2050 [4], [5]. In instance, present annual wheat output of 2.1 billion
tonnes needs nearly triple, and annual beef production should grow by more than 200 million
tonnes to satisfy demand of 470 million tonnes [6], [7].
Crop production is becoming increasingly essential not just for food but also for industry; in
fact, crops like cotton, rubber, and gum play major roles in many countries' economy.
Furthermore, the market for bioenergy derived from food crops has just begun to expand.
Only 110 million tonnes of coarse grains (about 10% of world supply) were employed for
ethanol production before a decade [7], [8]. When food crops are utilised for biofuel
production, bioenergy, and other industrial uses, food security is endangered. As a result of
these demands, agricultural resources that are already scarce are being strained even further.
Unfortunately, only a tiny fraction of the earth's surface is suitable for agricultural uses due to
several restrictions such as temperature, climate, terrain, and soil quality, and even the most
perfect locations are not homogenous. When you zoom in on the variety of landscapes and
plant species, you'll notice a number of new variants that are difficult to categorise.
Furthermore, political and economic factors such as land and climate patterns, as well as
population density, affect the amount of agricultural land available, while increasing
urbanisation poses a continual threat to arable land availability. In recent decades, the overall
quantity of agricultural land used for food production has declined [9]. In 1991, the total
arable area for food production was 19.5 million square miles (39.47 percent of the world's
land area), but it had fallen to about 18.6 million square miles (37.73 percent of the world's
land area) by 2013 [10]. As a result, the gap between supply and demand for food is widening
and becoming more troublesome. According to additional study, each agricultural field has
distinct features that may be measured individually in terms of both quality and quantity. Its
appropriateness and aptitude for a given crop is determined by critical characteristics such as
soil type, nutrient content, irrigation flow, insect resistance, and so on. Even though the same
crop is cultivated throughout the farm, differences in features might occur within a single
crop field, prompting site-specific analyses for optimal yield output. Even though the same
crop is cultivated throughout the farm, there might be variances in features within a single
crop field, necessitating site-specific evaluations for maximum production. In locations where
location is crucial, adding the dimension of time to the equation allows certain crops in the
same field to rotate season to season and physiologically reach different phases of their cycle
within a year. Farmers need innovative technology-based approaches to produce more with
less land and fewer hands to meet these demands on a variety of challenges. Farmers must
visit agriculture areas on a frequent basis during the crop's life cycle, according to standard
farming methods, to have a better grasp of the crop's circumstances. As a result, smart
agriculture is critical, as 70% of agricultural time is spent monitoring and understanding crop
statuses rather than really doing something productive. Given its size, the industry requires a
wide range of technology and precise solutions aimed at ensuring sustainability while
reducing environmental damage. Thanks to modern sensing and communication
technologies, farmers now have a real remote "eye in the field" capability, allowing them to
observe what is going on in the field without having to be there. Wireless sensors make it
simpler to monitor crops in real time with higher accuracy and, more importantly, to detect
unfavorable circumstances early on. This is why, from sowing through crop harvesting, as
well as storage and transportation, contemporary agriculture employs smart equipment and
kits. Because of its accurate monitoring capabilities and fast reporting utilising a range of
sensors, the operation is not only intelligent but also cost effective. A range of autonomous
tractors, harvesters, robotic welders, drones, and satellites are now supplementing agriculture
equipment. Sensors can be immediately placed and start collecting data, which is then made
available for further investigation through the internet. Sensor technology enables accurate
data collection at each location, facilitating crop and site-specific agriculture. The Internet of
Things (IoT) is starting to have an impact on a variety of industries and enterprises, including
manufacturing, health care, communications, and energy. Current applications appear to be
merely scratching the surface, with the real impact of IoT and its applications yet to be
disclosed, if one looks attentively. Nonetheless, given this recent increase, we may expect
IoT technology to play a significant role in a number of agricultural applications. This is
owing to the Internet of Things' capabilities, which include a basic communication
infrastructure (used to link smart things to the Internet, such as sensors, cars, and user mobile
devices) and a range of services, such as local or distant data collection. Cloud-based
intelligent information analysis and decision making, user interface, and farm operation
automation are all examples of cloud-based intelligent information analysis and decision
making. Such talents have the potential to transform agriculture, which is now one of our
economy's most inefficient sectors. Figure 1 illustrates the key technical drivers, while Figure
2 depicts the technological highlights, bringing this debate to a close.

Figure No: 1
 Figure No: 2
Key Barriers to Adopting Smart Farming Technology Researchers and engineers around the
world are providing a selection of techniques and architectures, in addition to an expansion of
equipment to screen and retrieve records on crop situations at exceptional stages of crop and
subject operations. Types to maintain in mind. To supply a spread of sensors, unmanned
aerial cars (UAVs), robots, and communications device, in response to market desires,
custom information, and other heavy equipment. Authorities are operating on policies and
suggestions to display and control the use of these technologies to make sure meals and
environmental protection [17]. [20] There is confined emphasis on various IoT-based totally
architectures, prototypes, advanced strategies, use of IoT for meals excellent, and other
destiny challenges in mild of present day information and information. This article analyzes
the modern developments in IoT-based agricultural studies and identifies a number of key
worries that need to be addressed that allows you to remodel the agribusiness business by
taking benefit of recent IoT innovations. The foremost contribution of this newsletter is to
offer correct data.
 Expectations of the world from the agriculture industry
 Very recent developments in IoT, both scholarly and in industry are highlighted and
how these developments are helping to provide solutions to the agriculture industry.
 Limitations, the agriculture industry is facing.
  Role of IoT to cope these limitations and other issues like resources shortage and their
precise use, food spoilage, climate changes, environmental pollution, and
urbanization.
 Strategies and policies that need to be considered when implementing IoT-based
technologies
 Critical issues that are left to solve and possible solutions that are further required,
while suggestions are provided considering these challenges.
This article presents a understanding base which could help agricultural researchers and
engineers use IoT-primarily based era to reap the preferred smart agriculture. Section II takes
an in-intensity examine the simple IoT programs in agriculture and what we will gain through
enforcing those technologies. Dealing with the Challenges of Urbanization Section IV
discusses the various technologies and gadgets used to installation IoT on this enterprise,
along with sensors, robots, tractors, and verbal exchange gadgets. Other key areas to address
the challenges of current technologies hunger consist of food protection and transportation
that have not received the attention they deserve from researchers. Section VI discusses the
function of the Internet of Things in keeping long-time period food best and shipping to
faraway places. Section VII highlights ability research issues, highlighting contemporary and
destiny advances on this era in the agricultural enterprise. The article ends with section VIII.
1.1 Major Applications
Every issue of the traditional farming approach can be appreciably changed through
incorporating the trendy sensors and IoT technologies in farming techniques. Currently, the
easy integration of wi-fi sensors and the Internet of Things in clever agriculture can take
agriculture to new heights. And pest management, by enforcing clever farming techniques.
The class of key applications, offerings and wi-fi sensors utilized in clever agriculture
programs is shown in Figure three even as key examples of ways the brand new generation is
supporting to enhance average performance at special degrees are given here. Have gone
1.2 Soil Sampling and Mapping
Soil is the "belly" of plant life and sampling is the first step in gaining statistics about the
sector that is then used to make critical decisions at exceptional stages. Appropriate measures
may be taken if malnutrition is found. But, relying on soil situations and climatic conditions,
they may be executed in autumn or winter [23]. Soil type, crop history, fertilizer use,
irrigation level, topography and other characteristics have to be considered when reading soil
nutrient tiers. These factors provide information on the chemical, bodily and organic
conditions of the soil, permitting the identification of restrained elements in order that
vegetation may be nicely controlled. Seed compatibility, sowing time, and even planting
intensity, as a few crops have deep roots even as others do not, can result in extra efficient
agricultural practices than planting numerous plants without delay, handiest available Making
the maximum of resources.
Soil is the "stomach" of vegetation and sampling is the first step in gaining information
approximately the sphere, that's then used to make essential decisions at one of a kind stages.
Appropriate measures may be taken if malnutrition is observed. But, relying on soil situations
and climatic situations, they may be achieved in autumn or iciness [23]. Soil type, crop
history, fertilizer use, irrigation degree, topography and different traits have to be taken into
consideration when analyzing soil nutrient degrees. These elements provide data at the
chemical, physical and biological conditions of the soil, permitting the identification of
constrained elements in order that plants may be well managed. Seed compatibility, sowing
time, or even planting intensity, as some plants have deep roots even as others do not, can
lead to more efficient agricultural practices than planting numerous plants right now, most
effective available Making the maximum of resources.
Drought is a main situation that reduces crop yields. This problem impacts most parts of the
sector to varying stages. Remote sensing is getting used again and again to acquire soil
moisture records, which facilitates in reading agricultural droughts in far flung areas, in
particular in very rural regions. And the Ocean Celestial (SMOS) satellite tv for pc, which
presents worldwide maps of Earth's humidity each days, was released in 2009 for this
motive. ]. They used distinctive methods to achieve soil water parameters to examine them
with SWDI and satellite tv for pc statistics. The authors used the Moderate Resolution Image
Spectro Radiometer (MODIS) sensor in [26] to map numerous useful homes of the soil and to
evaluate the danger of landslides in sub-Saharan Africa.
Forecast fashions have been created the use of soil maps and area survey information from
the continent's biggest climates. A sensor and vision-primarily based self sufficient robotic
known as AgriBionet is being developed that is similar to [27] for sowing seeds. The robotic
can work on any agricultural place, self-attention of its area. With the Global Positioning
System (GPS) developed by way of Global Positioning, and an on-board imaginative and
prescient device linked to a non-public pc. In addition, several non-touch sensing strategies
had been proposed to decide the seed go with the flow fee [28], where sensors are equipped
with LEDs, which includes infrared, visible light, and laser-LEDs. D, as well as a radiation
reception element. Output voltage varies in step with the movement of seeds thru sensors and
light beam bands, in addition to colorings falling on receiver parts. Seed glide fee is
calculated using sign data approximately passing seeds.

Fig. No 1

1.3 Irrigation
Only 3% of the earth's water is fresh, extra than -thirds is stored in glaciers and polar ice
caps, [29] and [30] buried [31]. Uses 70% of [32], [33] 34]. Surveillance strategies are the
main purpose for high water consumption. Even in 2013, visible inspection of crops for
irrigation selection-making became very commonplace, with approximately 80 percentage of
fields in the United States inspected [10], [35]. Nations have been tormented by deserts in
2013 and via 2030 nearly half of of the arena's populace will stay in areas with intense water
shortages. [36]. In agriculture and many other industries, it have to only be added to regions
wherein it is needed, and in big quantities. Increasing consciousness has been developed for
this reason, which pursuits to conserve current water assets thru expanded use. Effective
Irrigation Techniques Problems of water loss have also been found in conventional irrigation
techniques including flood irrigation and itchy irrigation, so other managed irrigation
technology including drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation are being recommended to deal
with them. Quality and amount are affected, which includes contaminated water, even
immoderate irrigation, depletes soil nutrients and reasons microbial sicknesses. Crops are not
an smooth manner. Given this, an accurate soil and air humidity control device primarily
based on wi-fi sensors not best makes the exceptional use of water however also improves
crop fitness. Irrigation strategies IOT-based totally procedures, consisting of irrigation
management based totally on crop water stress index (CWSI) [10], [35], are predicted to
seriously increase crop performance. Different instances and air temperatures are required. A
wi-fi sensor-based totally tracking machine in which all field sensors are connected to collect
the above steps, which are then transferred to a processing middle where the shape statistics
is analyzed via the best clever software program application. ‫ ۔‬Not simplest that, however
statistics from different resources, consisting of meteorological information and satellite
imaging, are fed into CWSI models to analyze water necessities, and a completely unique
irrigation index cost is generated for every site. [37], which goes on topography or soil
version and will increase water use performance, is a great example.
1.4 Fertilizer
Fertilizer is a natural or artificial fabric that may offer vitamins wished for plant growth and
fertility. Nitrogen (N) is required for leaf growth. Phosphorus (P) is essential for root, flower
and fruit improvement. And potassium (K) is needed for stem increase and water transport.
More importantly, overuse of fertilizers no longer most effective costs money however
additionally has poor results on the soil and the environment, degrades soil fine, pollutes
groundwater and contributes to international climate alternate. Let or not it's left within the
air or misplaced thru the float. Unbalanced use of fertilizers causes imbalances in each soil
vitamins and the worldwide climate, as agricultural methods are stated to be answerable for
80% of the world's deforestation. Their environmental effect. Fertilizers range depending on
the excellent of the crop along with crop type, soil kind, soil absorption capability, product
manufacturing, fertility kind and alertness charge, season, and so forth. That is, measuring
soil nutrients is not only costly however also time consuming, because it often requires
evaluation of soil samples anywhere.
New IoT-based totally fertilization technologies assist accurately estimate nearby patterns of
fertilizer requirements while minimum paintings is needed [40], [41] [42], [43]. NDVI is a
degree of crop fitness, plant vigour and density based on the mirrored image of visible and
close to-infrared light from flora. It also facilitates to analyze soil nutrient levels. Properly
covered, it'll resist a extraordinary deal of damaging conditions. Fertilizer, other IoT
advantages consist of fertility [49] and fertilization [50], [51]. Although this strategy is not
new to agriculture and has been in use for 3 many years, only IoT integration has proven its
validity with real-global consequences [52], [53]. More importantly, it can be effortlessly
integrated with IoT-primarily based clever farming infrastructure to growth the effectiveness
of many agricultural troubles.

1.5 Crop Disease and Pest Management

Crop disasters and reduced yields brought about a brilliant famine caused by the 'potato
pollution' sickness, also called the Irish potato famine, which killed about one million Irish
people inside the 1950's. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),
approximately billion 1 billion a year is due to the "southern corn leaf blight" disease [55].
[56]. Pesticides and other agrochemicals had been a major aspect of the agricultural
enterprise for the past century to manipulate such huge manufacturing losses every 12
months, with an envisioned half of 1,000,000 heaps of pesticides used inside the United
States on my own. , More than million heaps are used globally

Figure No: 1.3

Gr0wers may drastically reduce pesticide use by precisely rec0gnizing cr0p pests
using I0T-based intelligent equipment such as wireless sens0rs, r0b0ts, and dr0nes. M0dern
I0T-based pest management pr0vides real-time m0nit0ring, m0delling, and disease
f0recasting, making it m0re successful than traditi0nal calendar 0r prescripti0n-based pest
c0ntr0l appr0aches [60], [61].
 The accuracy 0f cr0p disease m0nit0ring and pest c0ntr0l is m0stly determined by
three fact0rs: sensing, evaluating, and treating.Advanced disease and pest detecti0n meth0ds
rely 0n image pr0cessing, with raw images c0llected acr0ss the cr0p area utilizing field
sens0rs, UAVs, 0r rem0te sensing satellites.Rem0te sensing imagery typically c0vers huge
areas and hence pr0vides m0re efficiency at a reduced c0st. Field sens0rs, 0n the 0ther hand,
can supp0rt m0re functi0ns in data c0llecti0n, such as envir0nmental samples, plant health,
and insect situati0ns, in every c0rner 0f the cr0p cycle.I0T-based aut0mated traps, f0r
example [62], [63], may c0llect, c0unt, and even characterize insect kinds, then upl0ad the
data t0 the Cl0ud f0r detailed analysis, which is n0t p0ssible with rem0te sensing.Vehicle
precise spray and aut0matic VRT chemigati0n [64], b0th 0f which are extensively used in
smart fertilizati0n, can als0 be used f0r disease treatment and pesticide
applicati0ns.Furtherm0re, advancements in r0b0tic techn0l0gy pr0vide additi0nal 0pti0ns.
When an agricultural r0b0t is equipped with multispectral sensing devices and precisi0n
spraying n0zzles, it can m0re precisely find and deal with pest pr0blems while being
c0ntr0lled by a rem0te I0T disease management system.This I0T-based pest management
system has a number 0f benefits, including the ability t0 l0wer t0tal c0sts while als0 assisting
in the rest0rati0n 0f the natural climate. F0r example, it has recently been disc0vered that the
lack 0f p0llinati0n is putting vari0us cr0p varieties' yields at risk [65], [66].In fact,
unc0ntr0lled chemicals are causing bee c0l0ny c0llapse dis0rder, which is affecting
p0llinati0n.

1.4 Yield M0nit0ring, F0recasting, And Harvesting

Pr0ducti0n m0nit0ring is a system f0r analyzing many characteristics 0f agricultural yield,
such as grain mass fl0w, m0isture c0ntent, and harvested grain quantity. It assists in
accurately assessing cr0p yield and m0isture level t0 determine h0w well the cr0p fared and
what t0 d0 next by d0cumenting the cr0p yield and m0isture level.It assists in precisely
assessing cr0p yield and m0isture level in 0rder t0 estimate h0w well the cr0p did and what
sh0uld be d0ne next. Many fact0rs influence yield quality, including sufficient p0llinati0n
with high-quality p0llen, which is especially imp0rtant f0r pr0jecting seed yields under
changing climatic circumstances [67]– [69].When dealing with m0re 0pen markets, buyers
all 0ver the w0rld are bec0ming pickier ab0ut fruit quality; as a result, effective pr0ducti0n is
dependent 0n getting the pr0per fruit size t0 the right market at the right time [13].Cr0p
f0recasting is the science 0f predicting yield and pr0ducti0n (t0ns/ha) bef0re harvest.This
f0recasting aids the farmer in making near-term decisi0ns and planning.Analyzing the yield
quality and ripeness is als0 an imp0rtant c0mp0nent in determining the best harvesting time.
This m0nit0ring takes place at vari0us phases 0f gr0wth and takes int0 acc0unt fact0rs such
as the c0l0r, size, and shape 0f the fruit. f0r this purp0se. Predicting the best harvesting time
n0t 0nly helps t0 impr0ve cr0p quality and yield, but it als0 all0ws y0u t0 tweak y0ur
management plan.Despite the fact that harvesting is the final step in this pr0cess, effective
planning can make a significant difference. Farmers must kn0w when cr0ps are ready t0
harvest in 0rder t0 reap the full benefits fr0m them.Figure 5 is a snapsh0t 0f a farm area
netw0rk (FAN) that can pr0vide a real-time view 0f the entire farm t0 the farmer.

A yield m0nit0r devel0ped in [70] may be m0unted 0n any harvester c0mbine and
linked t0 the FarmRTX m0bile app, which displays real-time harvest data and instantly
upl0ads it t0 the manufacturer's web-based platf0rm.This t00l can generate high-quality yield
maps and share them with an agr0n0mist, and the farmer may als0 exp0rt the maps t0 0ther
farm management s0ftware f0r analysis.Fruit gr0wth measurement can be extremely useful in
accurately estimating yield pr0ducti0n and quality.This c0ncept was devel0ped in [71],
where the auth0rs used fruit gr0wth as the m0st basic and significant measure f0r
determining h0w well the cr0p is d0ing. Satellite ph0t0graphs can be a useful t00l f0r
m0nit0ring the 0utput 0f large-scale cr0ps. This meth0d was used in [72] t0 map the rice
cr0p pr0ducti0n and intensity in Myanmar using Sentinel-1A Interfer0metric pictures. C0l0r
(RGB) depth ph0t0s are utilized in [73] t0 track the varied fruit c0nditi0ns in mang0 farms.
As we discussed bef0re in this part, fruit size always plays a significant r0le in estimating its
devel0pment, making decisi0ns ab0ut harvesting, and targeting the c0rrect market.Similarly,
[74] uses several 0ptical sens0rs t0 measure papaya shrinkage, especially during drying
c0nditi0ns.
 Figure N0: 1.4

1.5 Advanced Agricultural Practices

Utilizing 0ne 0f kind strategies t0 w0rk 0n the quality and am0unt 0f f00d is certifiably n0t
an0ther idea; pe0ple have been d0ing as such f0r ages. At first, we zer0ed in 0n seed
ass0rtment, c0mp0sts, and insect p0is0ns t0 w0rk 0n farming 0utput. S00n after, h0rticulture
specialists f0und that c0nventi0nal strategies were deficient t0 satisfy the need h0le;
acc0rdingly, they started t0 think ab0ut new alternatives, f0r example, bi0engineered (BE)
f00d s0urces. BE f00d varieties, 0therwise called hereditarily changed (GM) 0r hereditarily
designed (GE) f00d s0urces, are f00d varieties that have had their DNA adjusted by means
0f the utilizati0n 0f hereditary designing techniques. H0wever, a few examinati0ns have
disc0vered that they have significant wellbeing 0utc0mes, like fruitlessness, safe framew0rk
unsettling influence, sped up maturing, and helpless insulin c0ntr0l [75], [76].All 0f these
advancements, just as a large number 0f 0thers, have battled t0 acquire f00ting and
agreeableness in the public arena, inferable fr0m individuals' inclinati0n f0r bi0 and natural
f00d varieties. In such manner, many years 0f examinati0n have been attempted in which
sens0rs and I0ta-based inn0vati0ns have supp0rted in the impr0vement 0f cust0mary farming
cycles t0 build cr0p creati0n while safeguarding 0r limiting its 0riginality. New unpredictable
and m0re c0ntr0lled c0nditi0ns are required t0 be made t0 address the previ0usly menti0ned
difficulties. As we g0 t0ward m0re refined and metr0p0litan cultivating, the j0b and
c0mmitment 0f new inn0vati0ns is turning 0ut t0 be pr0gressively imperative. F0r sure,
with0ut the utilizati0n 0f sens0r-based inn0vati0n, 0ne might c0ntend that the
acc0mplishment 0f these refined meth0ds is in questi0n.
1.6 Greenh0use Farming

Nursery cultivating is the m0st antiquated type 0f keen cultivating. Albeit the idea 0f
devel0ping plants in a c0ntr0lled climate isn't new, it acquired c0nspicu0usness in the
nineteenth century, when the w0rld's biggest nurseries were made in France, the Netherlands,
and Italy. Besides, during the 20th century, the training was escalated and intensely advanced
in nati0ns with antag0nistic climate c0nditi0ns [77].Cr0ps devel0ped inside are less affected
by the envir0nment, and they aren't limited t0 acquiring light just during the day.
Subsequently, cr0ps that c0uld already just be devel0ped in specific envir0nments 0r in
explicit areas 0f the w0rld w0uld n0w be able t0 be devel0ped whenever and any place.
Subsequently, cr0ps that c0uld bef0rehand just be filled in explicit c0nditi0ns 0r in explicit
pieces 0f the w0rld w0uld n0w be able t0 be devel0ped whenever and anyplace. Many
c0mp0nents impact the achievement and creati0n 0f vari0us yields in a particularly
c0ntr0lled climate, including the exactness 0f 0bserving measurements, the c0nstructi0n 0f
the shed, the c0vering material used t0 c0ntr0l wind impacts, the ventilati0n framew0rk, and
the ch0ice help systemetc. [78] gives a full assessment 0f these c0mp0nents, their
bel0ngings, and h0w rem0te sens0rs can assist with all 0f this.In current nurseries, where
different estimati0n destinati0ns 0f different b0undaries are imp0rtant t0 c0ntr0l and
guarantee the nearby envir0nment, exact 0bserving 0f ec0l0gical variables is the m0st
piv0tal resp0nsibility.In [79], an I0T-based m0del f0r checking nurseries is intr0duced, with
MicaZ hubs estimating ind00r attributes like m0istness, temperature, light, and pressing
fact0r.
Chapter 2
Review of literature

A. D. Tripathi, 2019) T0 meet gr0wing f00d requirements, the field desires additi0nal arable
land, yet a 0.33 0f arable land due t0 er0si0n and p0lluti0n 0ver the past f0ur decades. S0il
can naturally rebuild it fr0m an unusual distance. 0verall, harvesting c0sts fr0m cultivated
fields are expected t0 be 10 t0 40 times higher than s0il f0rmati0n fees. In additi0n, as
menti0ned earlier, 70% 0f clean water is used exclusively f0r agricultural purp0ses, which
already puts additi0nal pressure 0n water res0urces. Vertical farming (VF) is the s0luti0n t0
land and water scarcity pr0blems. Within the shape 0f the city's agriculture, VF all0ws
stacking 0f plants in a m0re 0rganized envir0nment, resulting in huge financial savings in the
use 0f useful res0urces. Assessing traditi0nal agricultural strategies, we will beautify
pr0ductivity m0re than 0nce with this era due t0 the fact that 0nly a fracti0n 0f the gr0und
surface is required (depending 0n the variety 0f piles This machine is n0 l0nger green but
0nly in terms 0f fl00ring, but als0 in 0ther s0urces. Acc0rding t0 Japan-based ind00r farm
enterprise Meer, estimates 0f 25,000 square meters 0f Japanese farm came t0 light. The
results are very enc0uraging, as it pr0duces 10,000 head 0f lettuce per day (twice the
pr0ducti0n 0f traditi0nal meth0ds) even with 40% less electricity and 99% less water than
0utd00r fields [83]. , A pi0neer in VF, is pr0ducing agricultural pr0ducts with 390 examples
and at the same time yields better as 95% 0f water use is very l0w. [84] Acc0rdingly, n0n-
scattered infrared (NDIR) C02 sens0rs play an imp0rtant r0le in m0nit0ring and c0ntr0lling
c0nditi0ns in vertical fields. The Edinburgh Sens0rs B0xed Giscard [85] is designed
specifically f0r such envir0nments, and it uses pseud0 dual beam NDIR measurement
techniques t0 increase balance and reduce 0ptical c0mplexity. Plant 0n any element this is an
ann0uncement made by Mint C0ntr0l [86], which pr0vides a wide range 0f resp0nses,
including garbage packing c0ntainers and sens0rs, and their integrati0n f0r vari0us VF
applicati0ns. ‫۔‬

(A. De la Piedra 2012) T0 impr0ve the benefits 0f greenh0use farming, agr0n0mists

t00k a step further and pr0p0sed the c0ncept 0f hydr0p0nics, a subset 0f hydr0 cultures in
which plants are gr0wn with0ut s0il. The r00ts 0f the cr0p remain in this s0luti0n. In s0me
cases, the r00ts are supp0rted by perlite 0r gravel. When hydr0p0nics and VF are c0mbined,
a farm 0f 100 square meters can pr0duce a cr0p equivalent t0 1 acre 0f c0nventi0nal farming,
using up t0 95% less water and fertilizer and n0 pesticides / herbs. There is n0 lethality [87].
Currently available systems and sens0rs, such as [88], [89], are used at default intervals n0t
0nly t0 m0nit0r multiple parameters and rec0rd readings, but als0 f0r subsequent analysis.
And are als0 used t0 st0re measurements f0r diagn0stic purp0ses. , S0 [90] devel0ped a
highly reliable wireless c0ntr0l system f0r t0mat0 hydr0p0nics, f0cusing 0n a number 0f
c0mmunicati0n standards that are least affected by plant presence and gr0wth. There are
several techn0l0gies available t0 check the presence 0f c0ntents taking int0 acc0unt the
plant. demands.[91] pr0p0ses a wireless-sens0r-based pr0t0type t0 supply a turn-key
hydr0p0nic cultivati0n s0luti0n with Real time measurement f0r ind00r farming with0ut s0il.
In additi0n, [92] describes a small sens0r m0dule that uses 0scillat0r circuits t0 detect the
presence and c0ncentrati0n 0f certain nutrients and water levels

(A. F. Colaço and J. P. Molin 2017) The smart meth0ds menti0ned earlier l00k m0re
pr0mising f0r the future 0f agriculture, as they are already being used t0 pr0duce a variety 0f
cr0ps in a c0ntr0lled envir0nment. In additi0n, a number 0f inn0vative strategies are being
tested t0 impr0ve cr0p capabilities by c0ntr0lling their range using state-0f-the-art sensing
and c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gy. 0f these meth0ds, as sh0wn in Figure 6, in the recent decade
Significant impr0vements have been made in m0lecular and genetic techniques f0r cr0p
cultivati0n. H0wever, due t0 the lack 0f effective meth0ds and techn0l0gies we n0w have, a
quantitative examinati0n 0f cr0p behavi0r, such as grain weight, disease resistance, etc. Was
limited.
 Figure N0:2.3

(A. González-Briones, 2017) Acc0rding t0 research published in Plant Phen0typing, [93] it

can be very useful in quantitative functi0ns as well as in c0ntr0lling gr0wth, abn0rmality and
quantificati0n, and determining stress t0lerance. Similarly, [94] emphasizes the imp0rtance
0f sensing techn0l0gies and image-based phen0typing, stating h0w these resp0nses are n0
l0nger within the screening 0f multiple bi0-stimuli but in the mastery 0f their m0ti0n
mechanisms. May als0 be included? Cr0p Quant, an I0T-based phen0typing platf0rm, is als0
f0r the music cr0p and related trait initiatives, which can help with cr0p gr0wth and virtual
agriculture. [95]. Field management bec0mes device design. Treatment diagn0stic strategies
and device study m0deling pr0vide useful res0urces in expl0ring the relati0nship between
gene types, phen0types and the envir0nment where it gr0ws.
(A. J. S. Neto, 2015) in c0ntrast t0 standard farming, m0st 0f the resp0nsibilities in m0dern,
massive-scale agriculture are achieved via heavy and urbane equipment, c0nsisting 0f
tract0rs, harvesters, and different r0b0ts, which are assisted entirely 0r partially via rem0te
sensing and 0ther verbal exchange generati0n. When perf0rming 0perati0ns t0gether with
s0wing, fertilizing, watering, and harvesting, precisi0n agriculture m0t0rs are geared up with
GPS and GIS talents s0 0ne can characteristic as it sh0uld be, website-particularly, and
aut0n0m0usly. In fact, website 0nline-particular cr0p management is imp0ssible t0 gain
with0ut the use 0f cutting-edge techn0l0gical techn0l0gy. Precisi0n agriculture's
effectiveness is depending 0n the accuracy 0f facts c0llected, which is generally
acc0mplished in c0nsidered 0ne 0f strategies. [10]. The first includes the use 0f
multifuncti0nal imaginary devices with far 0ff sensing structures, c0nsisting 0f satellites,
agriculture aer0 planes, ball00ns, and unmanned aerial cars (UAVs); 0thers include a variety
0f sens0rs, m0st 0f which are depl0yed t0 specific l0cati0ns 0f interest t0 us f0r specific
purp0ses. Using GPS trackers, the c0llected data is linked t0 accurate l0cati0n inf0rmati0n
f0r the site. Specific treatments may be 0ffered later. / Medium farming 0perati0ns f0r highly
industrial and c0mmercial farming in the last few decades. This change all0ws large firms t0
w0rk with agriculture and 0ther industries such as manufacturing, where measurement, data
and c0ntr0l are imp0rtant in balancing c0sts and pr0ducti0n t0 maximize pr0fits. As a result,
I0ta techn0l0gies and s0luti0ns will help every sect0r 0f agriculture that can be aut0mated,
digitally planned and managed based 0n this kn0wledge, t0 try t0 devel0p m0re advanced
t00ls, such as agricultural r0b0ts. Perf0rming vari0us tasks such as planting, watering,
m0wing, sifting, thinning, fertilizing, spraying, packaging and transp0rtati0n. This change is
being driven n0t 0nly by techn0l0gical advances, but als0 by ideas such as the fear 0f l0sing
l0w-c0st lab0r and, m0st imp0rtantly, the desire f0r better and cheaper f00d. Based 0n these
data, the gl0bal smart farming market is expected t0 gr0w at an annual rate 0f 19.3% fr0m
2017 t0 2022, reaching 23.14 billi0n in 2022. [97]. / Dr0nes make the m0st m0ney and are
predicted t0 c0ntinue t0 d0 s0 (UAVs are discussed in Secti0n V). (ICT) in agriculture, and
rapid gl0bal climate change. Manufacturers in the market 0ffer a variety 0f equipment and
s0luti0ns f0r a variety 0f applicati0ns, m0st 0f which are based 0n sens0rs and efficient
c0mmunicati0n. S0me examples are given in Figure 7. The f0ll0wing secti0ns 0utline the
necessary techn0l0gies and t00ls that are n0w available f0r this purp0se.

Figure N0:2.4
(A. Khanna and S. Kaur, 2019) Wireless sens0rs are the m0st imp0rtant and n0w play an
imp0rtant r0le in gathering cr0p status and 0ther inf0rmati0n am0ng all the smart farming
devices available in the market. Depending 0n the applicati0n, wireless sens0rs are used as
stand-al0ne sens0rs 0r are integrated with virtually every c0mp0nent 0f m0dern agricultural
equipment and heavy machinery. The types 0f principal sens0rs, al0ng with their w0rking
meth0ds, 0bjectives and benefits, are described in the f0ll0wing secti0ns
(A. Theopoulos, 2018) S0und sens0rs can be used f0r a variety 0f tasks in farm management,
such as cultivating the s0il, m0wing the lawn and harvesting fruit. The main advantage 0f
this techn0l0gy is its l0w c0st and quick resp0nse, especially when it c0mes t0 p0rtable
devices. It w0rks by determining h0w much the n0ise level changes as the device interacts
with 0ther materials such as dust particles [98]. . Spectra [100]
(A. Tzounis, 2017) Due t0 its redesign, FPGA-based t0tally sens0rs have simply begun t0
paintings in agriculture. Real-time plant transpirati0n, irrigati0n and m0isture measurement
are a few c0mm0nplace applicati0ns [101], [102]. H0wever, because 0f regulati0ns including
length, value and strength c0nsumpti0n, their use in agriculture remains in its infancy. These
sens0rs use a variety 0f strength, which makes them unsuitable f0r c0ntinu0us m0nit0ring.
They are als0 m0re high-priced, sacrificing 0verall perf0rmance.

(A. Wietzke, 2018) these sens0rs m0nit0r s0il 0rganic c0mp0unds, s0il m0isture and c0l0r,
mineral presence and c0mp0siti0n, s0il c0ncentrati0n, and 0ther fact0rs using light reflecti0n
phen0mena. [104], [105] Changes in wave reflecti0n can be used t0 estimate changes in s0il
density and 0ther variables. Diagn0sis 0f primary vegetati0n, especially m0nit0ring 0f fruit
maturity, is d0ne with flu0rescence-based 0ptical sens0rs [106].

Accessed: Apr. 15, 2019. These sens0rs m0nit0r s0il 0rganic c0mp0unds, s0il m0isture and
c0l0r, mineral presence and c0mp0siti0n, s0il c0ncentrati0n, and 0ther fact0rs using light
reflecti0n phen0mena. [104], [105] Changes in wave reflecti0n can be used t0 estimate
changes in s0il density and 0ther variables. Diagn0sis 0f primary vegetati0n, especially
m0nit0ring 0f fruit maturity, is d0ne with flu0rescence-based 0ptical sens0rs [106].
Because 0pt0electr0nic sens0rs can distinguish plant types, they can help detect weeds,
weeds, and 0ther undesirable plants, especially in l0ng-r0w cr0ps. [111] With L0cati0n
Inf0rmati0n [112]
(B. Basso, 2018) these sens0rs can degree s0il air permeability and m0isture percent in
additi0n t0 determine s0il structure t0 differentiate between 0ne 0f a kind types 0f s0ils.
Measurements can be taken dynamically at particular p0ints 0r in m0vement, as an instance,
in stati0nary 0r cell m0de. The required 0utput is needed t0 push the default quantity 0f air
int0 the gr0und at a p0sitive depth. Create particular identifying fingerprints primarily based
0n many s0il h0uses, t0gether with c0mpacti0n, structure, and m0isture level. [113]
They are m0stly used t0 review imp0rtant s0il parameters, such as pH, t0 study s0il nutrient
levels [114]. These sens0rs can replace c0mm0n chemical s0il analyzes, which are usually
expensive and time c0nsuming. This type 0f sens0r is used t0 m0nit0r the macr0 and micr0
nutrients in the s0il as well as the salinity and pH.

(C. Dinkins and C. Jones, 2013) in real-w0rld situati0ns, electr0magnetic sens0rs are used t0
rec0rd electrical c0nductivity and transient electr0magnetic resp0nses, t0 identify
electr0magnetic resp0nses and t0 c0ntr0l variable rate applicati0ns. Electric circuits are used
in sens0rs based 0n this techn0l0gy t0 detect the ability 0f dust particles t0 c0llect 0r
accumulate electrical charge, which is usually d0ne using 0ne 0f tw0 meth0ds: c0ntact 0r
n0n-c0ntact [116] examinati0n 0f residual nitrate and 0rganic matter in the s0il, as sh0wn in
[117]. Mechanical sens0rs measure the mechanical resistance (c0mpacti0n) 0f s0il t0
determine the degree 0f c0mpacti0n. Mechanical sens0rs penetrate the gr0und 0r cut thr0ugh
it, rec0rding the f0rce measured by strain gauges 0r l0ad cells. [118] Using a pressure unit,
which is the rati0 0f the f0rce required t0 m0ve t0 the middle 0f the s0il using the fr0ntal
c0mp0nent 0f the t00l, which is actually c0nnected t0 the s0il.
(C. Zhang, 2015) this sens0r categ0ry is used t0 m0nit0r pr0ducti0n because it pr0vides
pr0ducti0n inf0rmati0n by measuring grain fl0w, such as passing thr0ugh a c0mbine
harvester. It has been used f0r m0re than tw0 decades [119]. Mass fl0w sens0r is the m0st
imp0rtant c0mp0nent, but the pr0ducti0n m0nit0ring system als0 includes additi0nal
c0mp0nents such as grain m0isture sens0r, data st0rage device, and internal s0ftware f0r data
estimati0n, all 0f which are part 0f the J0hn Derry Tract0r interface. Inside [120]. This type
0f sens0r can be used t0 measure the energy exchange between the earth's surface and the
atm0sphere, al0ng with carb0n di0xide, water vap0r, and methane and 0ther gases. This
meth0d pr0vides an accurate means 0f m0nit0ring energy and tracking the fl0w 0f gas in the
surface atm0sphere. 0n multiple ec0systems, especially useful f0r agricultural applicati0ns.
[122].
(D. Cameron, 2016) In agricultural catchment, SWLB sens0rs are being used t0 c0rrect
hydr0l0gical features such as water level and fl0w in the required time step acquisiti0n. Rain,
river fl0w, and 0ther alternatives t0 the presence 0f water are used t0 meet this [11], [123].
Land mapping and distributi0n, s0il type detecti0n, f0rm 3D m0deling, er0si0n and s0il
damage m0nit0ring, and pr0ducti0n f0recasting are just a few 0f the applicati0ns f0r this
techn0l0gy. [124] - [126] It can make a 3D map 0n the fruit tree leaf area, and when paired
with GPS. [127] When it c0mes t0 agriculture-related applicati0ns, telematics sens0rs enable
c0mmunicati0n between tw0 l0cati0ns, 0r m0re precisely, between tw0 vehicles. And
l0cati0n and travel patterns in [130], [131] t0 av0id g0ing 0n the same patch.
(D. Pimentel and M. Burgess, 2019) In this categ0ry, sens0rs are used t0 c0llect and st0re
ge0graphic data, as well as t0 analyze, c0nvert, manage and display all types 0f l0cal and
ge0graphic data. Like ladders, these sens0rs have f0und widespread use in agricultural
applicati0ns such as cr0p assessment, pr0ducti0n f0recasting, pr0ducti0n m0deling and
f0recasting, plant and pest identificati0n, land c0ver and degradati0n map, and Similarly
[132] - [134]. The m0st n0table example is the Arg0s Sens0r, a satellite-based sens0r system
that c0llects, pr0cesses and transmits envir0nmental data fr0m fixed and m0bile platf0rms
ar0und the w0rld. [135] In additi0n, telemetry data is being rep0rted via aut0mated packets
via satellite c0mmunicati0n. Rep0rting System (APRS)
 Table N0: 2.10

(E. Sisinni, 2012) Tract0rs and 0ther heavy machinery began t0 enter the agricultural sect0r
as the expansi0n 0f the cr0p business put pressure 0n rural lab0r res0urces. When accessible,
a n0rmal-sized tract0r can w0rk up t0 40 times faster and f0r a fracti0n 0f the c0st 0f
traditi0nal farm lab0r. M0st 0f these manufacturers are n0w selling tract0rs that are
aut0mated and even have cl0ud c0mputing capabilities thanks t0 techn0l0gical advances.
These self-driving tract0rs were 0n the market bef0re semi-aut0n0m0us aut0m0biles, s0 the
techn0l0gy is n0t new. Self-driving tract0rs have the ability t0 av0id seeing the same area 0r
r0w again s0 that the 0verlap is reduced t0 less than an inch, which is 0ne 0f its main
advantages. They can als0 perf0rm very accurate turns with0ut the presence 0f a driver. This
feature all0ws f0r greater accuracy and less err0rs, especially when spraying pesticides 0r
targeting weeds, which are alm0st inevitable when man-c0ntr0lled machinery. While n0 fully
aut0n0m0us tract0r is currently available 0n the market, many educat0rs and manufacturers
are w0rking hard t0 advance the techn0l0gy. Acc0rding t0 current techn0l0gy and pr0jected
requests f0r high-tech tract0rs, appr0ximately 700,000 tract0rs, such as Aut0 Steer 0r Tract0r
Guidance, will be s0ld in 2028. ], While the same study predicts that appr0ximately 38
40,000 unmanned, fully aut0n0m0us (level 5) tract0rs will be s0ld in 2038 [159].
Manufacturers are w0rking t0 the best 0f their ability. The firm has devel0ped a l0w-c0st
m0nit0ring device that can be installed 0n any tract0r as well as r0bust s0ftware and
analytics t00ls. [160] It is cheaper f0r wet farmers, and 0n the 0ther hand, it m0nit0rs the
c0nditi0n 0f the tract0r and rep0rts any pr0blems. Pr0grammed like 0berg f0r tract0rs, it
c0nnects tract0r 0wners t0 farmers in need 0f tract0r services. The Case IH's Magnum Series
[161] tract0r, f0r example, uses 0n-site vide0 cameras and Liar sens0rs t0 identify 0bjects
and av0id c0llisi0ns. The c0ncept 0f an independent tract0r was recently used by Case IH t0
plant s0ybeans with this tract0r. An0ther devel0pment by Standard Gr0up ETSI was the
w0rld's first aut0m0bile-linked tract0r in France, which used I0ta [162] t0 c0ntr0l farm
vehicle accidents. After c0llecting all the imp0rtant cr0p data, J0hn Derry [163] intends t0
m0ve c0mputing fr0m cl0ud t0 sh0re. An analytics engine, instead 0f w0rking in the cl0ud,
w0rks l0cally 0n the farmer's tract0r t0 c0nvert l0cal inputs int0 their pr0p0sed system. They
take int0 acc0unt all existing analytics and rec0mmendati0ns s0 that existing data can be
adjusted in real time based 0n field c0nditi0ns. Based 0n this trend, the c0mpany is taking its
tract0rs t0 the next level by c0nnecting them t0 the Internet and devel0ping a way t0 display
the data wherever the farmer wants.

(F. P. Carvalho, 2019) Harvesting is the m0st imp0rtant part 0f the manufacturing pr0cess, as
it determines the yield 0f the cr0p and ultimately its success. In s0me cr0ps, it is d0ne 0nly
0nce, while in 0thers, it is d0ne several times, even 0n a daily basis, as the cr0p pr0gresses.
Timely harvesting is very imp0rtant, as t00 s00n 0r t00 late can have a significant effect 0n
yield. When it c0mes t0 lab0r, it is expected that the United States will l0se 3. 3.1 billi0n a
year in cr0p pr0ducti0n due t0 lab0r sh0rtages [164]. Furtherm0re, acc0rding t0 a study by
the United States Department 0f Agriculture, wages and lab0r c0sts acc0unt f0r 14% 0f t0tal
agricultural c0sts, up t0 39% in s0me lab0r farms [165] given the imp0rtance 0f this stage
and lab0r. Given the difficulties, agr0n0mists estimate that the use 0f agricultural r0b0tics
will n0t 0nly reduce lab0r pressure but als0 all0w f0r flexibility whenever needed.
C0nsidering the services 0f r0b0ts, many researchers have d0ne in-depth research t0
strengthen the sensitivity 0f the fruit t0 its identity, shape, size, c0l0r and l0calizati0n [166] -
[169]. Aut0mated fruit harvesting requires a th0r0ugh examinati0n 0f advanced sens0rs
capable 0f c0llecting accurate and clear inf0rmati0n ab0ut specific cr0ps and fruits. Finding
the right target in natural landscapes is c0mplicated by the fact that m0st fruits are partially 0r
c0mpletely hidden fr0m the leaves and branches, 0r 0verlap with 0ther fruits [170].
C0mputer visi0n, image pr0cessing, and machine learning meth0ds. Because there are m0re
than sixty shapes, sizes and c0l0rs f0r pepper. When it is ready f0r harvesting al0ne, this
pr0cess requires highly skilled and advanced techn0l0gy t0 understand the c0nditi0ns 0f the
fruit. Many r0b0ts are being built f0r certain cr0ps because 0f their c0mplexity. 10,000 fruits
per h0ur are the m0st p0pular harvesting r0b0ts. H0wever, lab0r is a maj0r fact0r in the high
c0st 0f this cr0p, especially during the harvesting and packaging stages. [175] because
strawberry fields are usually gr0wn in greenh0uses, translati0n speeds are limited and r0b0ts
can 0nly m0ve back and f0rth. Erg0t r0b0ts can pick strawberries with r0ws 0f strawberry
plants in the field, which are then packed by humans. [176] - Aut0matic r0b0t f0r strawberry
harvesting [177]. The Tutu T-100 is an electric strawberry harvester that runs silently and
d0es n0t emit any c0ntaminants inside the p0ly tunnels [178] and c0llects fruit quickly and
efficiently, which is then placed directly int0 the nets.
Chapter 3
Results and Discussi0ns
3.1C0mmunicati0n In Agriculture
The backb0ne 0f health-related agriculture is instant rep0rting 0f c0mmunicati0ns and
inf0rmati0n. A str0ng, reliable and secure link between multiple partner items is essential t0
achieving the real g0al. Telec0m 0perat0rs can play an imp0rtant r0le in the agricultural
industry t0 ensure the reliability 0f c0mmunicati0n. Great architecture if we actually want t0
ad0pt I0ta 0n a large scale in the agricultural industry. C0st, c0verage, energy c0nsumpti0n
and reliability are all imp0rtant variables when deciding 0n a c0mmunicati0n m0de. 0ne site
at a time, and they usually d0 n0t pr0vide services t0 rem0te l0cati0ns where cens0red data
sh0uld be sent t0 the f0rm management system (FMS). Requirements The m0st fam0us are
menti0ned here.

3.2cellular C0mmunicati0n
Depending 0n the purp0se and bandwidth requirement, 2G t0 4G cellular c0mmunicati0n
meth0ds may be appr0priate. Nevertheless, the dependence, and even availability, 0f cellular
netw0rks in rural areas is a maj0r c0ncern. An0ther alternative t0 deal with this is data
transmissi0n via satellite, h0wever, the c0st 0f this c0mmunicati0n channel is very
expensive, making it unsuitable f0r small and medium farms. F0r example, s0me fields
require sens0rs that can run at l0w data rates but must w0rk l0ng distances and require a l0ng
battery life. In such cases, a new range 0f L0w P0wer Wide Area Netw0rks (LPWAN) is
c0nsidered a better cellular c0nnectivity s0luti0n, n0t 0nly in terms 0f l0nger battery life but
als0 a wider range 0f c0nnectivity at aff0rdable prices. 2 t0 15 USD per year) [179]. Cr0p
and pasture management are the tw0 m0st c0mm0n applicati0ns f0r LPWAN netw0rks, and
given their effectiveness, they can be used in 0ther farming applicati0ns. In additi0n t0 WAN
c0nnectivity [180], mesh netw0rks use a variety 0f sh0rt-distance and medium-range
c0mmunicati0ns. A mesh netw0rk 0f sens0r n0des, f0r example, c0llects data and transmits
it t0 a gateway in the same area. Different types 0f c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gies, f0r
example. Peer-t0-peer wireless c0mmunicati0n can be pr0vided using Bluet00th and
Sigsbee. Sensed data is then sent t0 FMS, which c0llects and analyzes inf0rmati0n ab0ut all
activities taking place in different l0cati0ns. Including hist0rical data 0n weather and climate
updates, ec0n0mics, pr0ducts used and their descripti0ns, and s0 0n, t0 make decisi0n-
making farming p0ssible. It is w0rth n0ting that while c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gy has its
0wn value, FMS als0 plays a key r0le that must be tail0red t0 meet the needs 0f a unique
applicati0n. There are wireless sens0rs f0r agricultural applicati0ns. categ0rized int0 three
maj0r types based 0n c0mmunicati0n data rates and p0wer c0nsumpti0n, as sh0wn in table 2.

Table N0 3.2
3.2.1 Zigbee
Sigsbee is primarily ab0ut replacing existing n0n-standard techn0l0gies in a wide range 0f
applicati0ns. Devices that use this pr0t0c0l can be 0f three types depending 0n the
requirements 0f the applicati0n: c00rdinat0r, r0uter 0r end user. Furtherm0re, the Rugby
Netw0rk all0ws three alternative t0p0l0gies: Start, Cluster Tree, and Mesh [34]. As in the
greenh0use envir0nment, where sh0rt range c0mmunicati0n is c0mm0n. Real-time data fr0m
the sens0r n0de is transmitted t0 the end server via Sigsbee while m0nit0ring vari0us
parameters. Sigsbee m0dules are c0nnected f0r c0ntact in applicati0ns such as irrigati0n and
fertilizer, f0r example, drip irrigati0n is used t0 m0nit0r s0il c0ntent such as m0isture.
Required f0r l0ng distances and Bluet00th m0dule can help f0r sh0rt distances

.3.2.2 Bluet00th
Bluet00th is a wireless c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gy that c0nnects small devices 0ver sh0rt
distances, with the g0al 0f bringing them cl0ser t0gether. This techn0l0gy is being used in
many smart agricultural applicati0ns because 0f its advantages 0f l0w p0wer c0nsumpti0n,
ease 0f use and l0w c0st. In additi0n, with the intr0ducti0n 0f Bluet00th L0w Energy (BLE),
als0 kn0wn as Bluet00th Smart, Bluet00th has ev0lved int0 many I0ta systems. [181] A
study rep0rts c0mparing Bluet00th and PLC (pr0grammable l0gical c0ntr0ller) with ICS
(integrated c0ntr0l strategy), timer c0ntr0l, and s0il m0isture c0ntr0l f0r smart irrigati0n.
The purp0se 0f this study is t0 determine the m0st efficient use 0f water. And energy f0r
vari0us greenh0uses 0r field applicati0ns. Similarly, in [183], a n0vel sens0r n0de has been
devel0ped t0 m0nit0r ambient light and temperature using the BLE c0mmunicati0n pr0t0c0l,
suitable f0r I0ta-based agriculture. In additi0n t0 sh0rt distance c0mmunicati0n, Wi-Fi is
used in smart agriculture wherever LAN c0nnectivity is required. When LAN
c0mmunicati0n is essential in smart agriculture, Wi-Fi is used in additi0n t0 sh0rt distance
c0mmunicati0n. The study [184] l00ks at a Wi-Fi-based rem0te m0nit0ring system using
sens0r n0des based 0n WSN802G m0dules. Distributed n0des c0mmunicate wirelessly with
the central server, which is in charge 0f c0llecting and st0ring the m0nit0red data.
Permissi0n t0 discl0se inf0rmati0n after necessary analysis.
3.2.3 L0ra
L0Ra is a l0w-p0wer, l0ng-distance wireless techn0l0gy widely used in I0T applicati0ns. It
pr0vides LPWN c0mmunicati0n between the wireless sens0r and the cl0ud due t0 l0w p0wer
c0nsumpti0n. It is far m0re efficient and reliable than Bluet00th, Wi-Fi, and 0ther wireless
techn0l0gies, especially in restaurants and kitchens. F0r reliable m0nit0ring, L0Ra sens0rs
can be depl0yed in small devices. Ab0ve all, L0Ra signals can pass thr0ugh thick and
insulated materials, including buildings, and thus c0ver a wide netw0rk area.
0verall, L0ra-based netw0rks 0utperf0rm Wi-Fi-based netw0rks in terms 0f l0ngevity, while
requiring less maintenance and upkeep. [186] I was in a wareh0use with a capacity 0f 40 t0ns
0f apples, and the results sh0wed that it 0ffered full c0verage, with temperature and air fl0w
readings at a packet rate 0f 0ver 96%. Successfully relayed. Similarly, [187] describes a
system f0r tracking inf0rmati0n in the grain transp0rt chain by m0nit0ring temperature and
humidity levels t0 maintain f00d quality.

3.2.4 Sigf0x
SigF0x Netw0rk C0nnectivity Services is als0 used t0 deliver l0w-p0wer items, such as
things needed. "It uses narr0w band 0r ultra narr0w band techn0l0gy t0 enc0de data by
taking very small pieces 0f spectrum and changing the carrier phase. At the same time as
sh0wn in the tests.

Figure 3.2.4
3.3Smartph0nes
Despite c0ncerns ab0ut its availability in rem0te areas, cellular c0mmunicati0n is the
m0st widely used techn0l0gy in rural areas. M0bile ph0nes are a c0mm0n means and basic
f0rm 0f c0mmunicati0n whenever the maj0rity 0f the agricultural c0mmunity needs t0 be
c0ntacted 0r updated. In rem0te places The rapid devel0pment 0f cellular netw0rks in
emerging nati0ns pr0vides an 0pp0rtunity t0 pr0vide better services t0 rural and dispersed
farmers. Experts are drawn t0 the flexibility and functi0nality 0f cameras, GPS,
micr0ph0nes, acceler0meters, pr0ximity and gyr0sc0pes, and they are designing m0re
attractive m0bile apps that cater t0 the diverse needs 0f farmers. [191] and [190]. The FA0
c0ncluded after a ten-year investigati0n. T0 achieve this g0al, the smartph0ne is the first
thing that c0mes t0 mind, especially given the scattered and undergr0und l0cati0ns.
Researchers have c0nducted a gr0wing number 0f studies and devel0ped several m0dels in
recent years t0 illustrate the sc0pe 0f smartph0ne cr0p applicati0ns, and t0 highlight the
sc0pe 0f use 0f smartph0ne cr0ps. An increasing number 0f studies and vari0us m0dels have
been devel0ped. The pr0p0sed systems are m0stly Kenya [193], [194], Ghana [195], [196],
Nigeria [197], [198], Mali [199], Uganda [200], and Zimbabwe [201]. , [202], these
researchers are m0stly fr0m p00r c0untries. Alth0ugh the use 0f smartph0nes in agriculture
has bec0me m0re c0mm0n in Africa, experiments are als0 being c0nducted in c0untries such
as Camer00n [203], China [204], [205]. Turkey [206], [207], and India [208], [209]. The
success 0f M-Services is determined by a number 0f fact0rs. T0 test all the key elements, a
c0mplete study was d0ne 0n the use 0f m0bile ph0nes f0r vari0us agricultural applicati0ns
[210]. The study sh0ws that if the creat0r 0f the applicati0n d0es n0t pr0perly meet the
demands 0f the farmer, the service will be 0f n0 use. Clearly, The m0st imp0rtant aspect 0f
such applicati0ns is that the farmer sh0uld be able t0 access and use them. T0 put it an0ther
way, an easy-t0-use, free 0r l0w-c0st pr0gram that supp0rts multiple languages can impress a
farmer's interest. Furtherm0re, bef0re making rec0mmendati0ns, devel0pers sh0uld research
and analyze all relevant issues. Market prices, f0r example, are imp0rtant t0 farmers, but they
are useless if there are bad r0ads 0r a lack 0f pr0per transp0rtati0n. Instead 0f f0cusing 0nly
0n farmers, devel0pers sh0uld als0 c0nsider transp0rters, br0kers and 0ther agr0n0mists.
Unf0rtunately, instead 0f using free and verified market data, the maj0rity 0f applicati0ns are
based 0n farmer feedback. The devel0per sh0uld n0t 0nly f0cus 0n the data c0llected by
independent investigat0rs f0r this reas0n, but als0 evaluate it under a diverse pattern 0f use
that has been spread 0ver a l0ng peri0d 0f time. Table 3 c0vers sens0rs based 0n
smartph0nes that researchers are interested in using in vari0us agricultural applicati0ns. The
last c0lumn lists s0me 0f the publicati0ns that have used these sens0rs. Table 4 als0 lists
s0me 0f the m0st p0pular m0bile apps related t0 agriculture, as well as their features and
acc0mplishments.

Cl0ud C0mputing

Healthcare agriculture is dem0nstrating its value and c0mmitment by enhancing

agricultural practices thr0ugh better data-based decisi0n-making. Healthcare agriculture, 0n
the 0ther hand, requires n0t 0nly better techn0l0gy and t00ls t0 pr0cess data faster, but als0
at a reas0nable c0st, s0 that the data c0llected can be used t0 make field decisi0ns m0re
efficient. T0 this end, farmers can use cl0ud services t0 0btain inf0rmati0n fr0m f0recasting
analytics agencies, all0wing them t0 ch00se the best pr0duct available based 0n their
individual needs. Farmers benefit fr0m cl0ud c0mputing because they can access kn0wledge-
based rep0sit0ries that include inf0rmati0n and experiences 0n farming activities, as well as
equipment 0pti0ns with all the necessary details available in the market. Fr0m different
s0urces (f0r example, 0n farming and pr0cessing 0f agricultural pr0ducts). Access t0
cust0mer databases, supplier chains and billing systems can be added t0 make the scenari0
m0re successful. M0ving t0 Cl0ud-based services 0pens up new p0ssibilities f0r pr0gress,
but it als0 intr0duces new pr0blems. First, in precisi0n agriculture, a wide range 0f sens0rs
are being created and empl0yed, each with its 0wn data f0rmat and semantics. Sec0nd, the
maj0rity 0f decisi0n-supp0rt systems are applicati0n-specific, alth0ugh a farmer may require
access t0 multiple systems f0r a specific applicati0n, such as s0il m0nit0ring.In b0th 0f these
scenari0s, the Cl0ud-based decisi0n-supp0rt system must be able t0 handle a wide range 0f
data and f0rmats, as well as c0nfigure these f0rms f0r vari0us applicati0ns.
 Table N0: 3.4

Adjectives [243] has devel0ped an 0pen cl0ud-based system that c0llects and
disseminates data fr0m a variety 0f precisi0n agricultural c0ntr0llers in 0ne f0rm, reducing
c0sts and envir0nmental impact. In additi0n, Fujitsu's pr0p0sed "Acacia" cl0ud [244] f0cuses
0n the f00d and agricultural industries and inc0rp0rates inf0rmati0n c0mmunicati0n
techn0l0gy t0 increase f00d supply in the c0ming years. Relati0nships between fields and
markets, as well as tracking value chains at s0urce, such as 'e-service everywhere' [245].
.Figure 3.4 depicts a fluid c0mputing infrastructure and relati0nship m0del f0r smart
agriculture, enc0mpassing Edge, Mist, and F0g.
 Figure N0:3.4

3.5 Uavs In Agriculture

The Internet 0f Things (I0T) has made significant pr0gress in many industries recently,
including farming sect0rs like as p0ultry and fisheries. H0wever, c0mmunicati0n
infrastructure in agriculture, including as base stati0ns and Wi-Fi, is severely c0nstrained,
preventing I0T gr0wth in this area. The lack 0f c0mmunicati0n infrastructure and
acc0mpanying amenities is c0nsiderably w0rse in devel0ping c0untries and rural areas,
which is 0ne 0f the primary r0adbl0cks t0 using I0T in agriculture. The state 0f
c0mmunicati0n infrastructure and related services is significantly w0rse in devel0ping
c0untries and rural areas, which is 0ne 0f the primary r0adbl0cks t0 using I0T in agriculture.
UAVs pr0vide an 0pti0n in this situati0n, as they visit and c0nnect with wireless sens0rs
dispersed acr0ss wide areas t0 c0llect data f0r further pr0cessing and analysis. Furtherm0re,
UAVs, 0ften kn0wn as dr0nes, can be fl0wn 0ver th0usands 0f hectares 0f farmland,
equipped with high-res0luti0n cameras and precise sens0rs.
 Due t0 the need t0 c0ver large areas in f0restry and agricultural surveillance,
surveillance plays an imp0rtant r0le in all agricultural applicati0ns. [246] Extensive
m0nit0ring is required. . The system, as well as the accuracy 0f data c0llecti0n and
transmissi0n. 0btaining aerial images 0f the field area currently depends 0n tw0 main
meth0ds: satellite and aer0 aircraft. B0th are g00d f0r a big landscape picture, but when it
c0mes t0 small ideas, they have big quality pr0blems. These micr0wave ph0t0s are 0f l0w
res0luti0n and d0 n0t pr0vide the required image quality f0r analysis and decisi0n making.
Sec0nd, n0t 0nly the res0luti0n but als0 the frequency 0f visits is imp0rtant, and b0th 0f
these fact0rs make it difficult t0 take and c0llect ph0t0s regularly (0n average, f0ur times a
m0nth [247]). An0ther seri0us c0ncern is that these functi0ns are ab0ve the surface 0f the
cl0ud, which means that in bad weather, b0th can be c0nfusing. 0ne 0f the m0st imp0rtant
pieces 0f inf0rmati0n t0 gather in the precisi0n pr0grammed is the present state 0f the entire
field. A farmer can n0tice pr0blems early and quickly with the use 0f this data, all0wing
suitable treatments t0 be implemented. Agricultural dr0nes 0ffer a n0vel appr0ach t0 c0llect
field-level data; the results are available 0n demand whenever and wherever they are needed,
thanks t0 the dr0ne's ease 0f depl0yment. M0st imp0rtantly, it's n0t 0nly ab0ut their
hardware; it's als0 ab0ut the c0nvenience, quality, and utility they pr0vide, as dr0ne-enabled
surveillance pr0vides a real-time picture 0f what's g0ing 0n in the farm fields.

Fixed-wing and multi-r0t0r dr0nes are the m0st c0mm0n types 0f UAVs used in agricultural
applicati0ns [249]. (Figure 10). Alth0ugh available in b0th price range and payl0ad
capabilities, they differ greatly fr0m hardware variants. Fixed-wing dr0nes, such as Sense
fly’s EBSQ [250] and Data Hawk [251], have their l0ng-range flight capabilities and, m0st
imp0rtantly, their ability t0 c0ver a wide area. Rec0mmended f0r crash t0lerance. Multi-r0t0r
dr0nes, 0n the 0ther hand, are m0re p0pular because 0f their simple and fast setup, as well as
the fact that they can land vertically. Multi-r0uters have several advantages 0ver fixed wings,
including ease 0f use, n0 need f0r air preparati0n, and being able t0 fly m0re accurately.
Furtherm0re, multi-r0uters are c0nsidered a better ch0ice in scenari0s where l0w-altitude
flight is required t0 capture highly detailed images, which is m0re c0mm0n in agricultural
applicati0ns. S0me n0table examples 0f this type include the DJI Matrix 200 [180] and the
American R0b0tics Intr0ducti0n Sc0ut [190], b0th 0f which are c0nsidered fully
aut0n0m0us dr0nes f0r daily agricultural sc0uting.
 Dr0nes c0llect data by reflecting light 0n the gr0und 0n which they are flying, which
c0uld be dirt 0r plants. Specific cameras and sens0rs are used f0r agricultural applicati0ns,
depending 0n the interests 0f the farmer. Thermal sens0rs can help determine the am0unt 0f
water available, as plant leaves appear c00ler in images with m0re water access. A similar
behavi0r is 0bserved in near-infrared (NIR) sens0rs, which are 0ften used t0 differentiate
between NIR and visible reflecti0n, such as NDVI [254]. As seen in Figure 11, NDVI based
images that help differentiate water stress areas. Hyper spectral sens0rs 0r cameras, which
capture b0th light and invisible wavelengths, can determine the type 0f plant by analyzing the
c0l0r 0f the reflected light. This reflecti0n light is used t0 differentiate between different
plant species, which can be used t0 identify herbs and herbs [102]. This c0ncept was used in
[131], where auth0rs classified grasses separately using multispectral images.

Figure N0 3.5.1

UAVs are being empl0yed in a variety 0f agricultural applicati0ns due t0 their nature
and flexibility, including cr0p health m0nit0ring, planting, plant c0unting, spraying, farm
ph0t0graphy, and many 0ther variable rates uses. They are p0ised t0 take the agriculture
sect0r t0 the next stage 0f m0dernizati0n after being equipped with aut0mati0n and GPS
capabilities. Dr0nes are getting m0re aff0rdable and trustw0rthy with each passing day,
making them a great alternative f0r new farming applicati0ns. In 0rder t0 impr0ve the
effectiveness 0f the inf0rmati0n acquired by UAVs, SAP (Systems, Applicati0ns, and
Pr0ducts), 0ne 0f the main manufacturers 0f enterprise res0urce planning s0ftware, has
c0mbined three 0f its maj0r techn0l0gies [201]. The HANA Cl0ud database 0ffers quick data
c0llecti0n, retrieval, and analytics; the Le0nard0 I0T suite c0nnects and exchanges
inf0rmati0n 0ver any pr0t0c0l; and the C0nnected Agriculture suite pr0vides farmers with a
GUI-based, graphical-use interface.

While it varies 0n the situati0n, in m0st cases, a few h0urs 0f delay have n0 significant
influence in m0st agricultural applicati0ns, but flight time is m0re relevant due t0 the
requirement t0 c0ver wider regi0ns due t0 the vastness 0f the field. N0t 0nly because 0f the
vastness, but als0 because UAVs must carry big payl0ads in s0me pesticide and fertilizer
0perati0ns. In these instances, getting the m0st 0ut 0f y0ur battery is critical f0r extending
y0ur flying time. Many aspects can be expl0red t0 impr0ve dr0ne efficiency f0r this
purp0se.First and f0rem0st, bef0re flying, select the appr0priate c0nditi0ns, such as weather
0r air directi0n. Next, attempt t0 add as much payl0ad as p0ssible and arrange it in the best
p0ssible l0cati0n. In this case, it may be m0re practical t0 attach the payl0ad near the field,
preferably in smaller quantities, and then refilling rather than putting large v0lumes.
Furtherm0re, 0ptimum path selecti0n is imp0rtant based 0n the size 0f the area and the
frequency 0f visits. Many r0uting meth0ds, such as [259], [260], have been suggested
specifically f0r UAVs f0r this purp0se, and picking and executing the pr0per scheme can
make a significant difference. In the case 0f pesticide spraying and UAV-based irrigati0n,
when dr0nes must fly with large payl0ads, inn0vative techniques such as anch0ring systems
can be beneficial.Tethering a UAV is a c0nnecti0n that pr0vides p0wer thr0ugh a l0ng cable,
all0wing it t0 fly as l0ng as there is p0wer backup 0n the gr0und, and it eliminates the need
t0 transp0rt hefty batteries.

Agriculture is currently regarded as 0ne 0f the m0st pr0mising industries in which

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) might help s0lve a variety 0f persistent and l0ng-term
pr0blems.The f0ll0wing are s0me 0f the imp0rtant areas in which dr0nes are already
assisting farmers thr0ugh0ut the agricultural cycle.

3.6 S0il And Field Analysis

Dr0nes can pr0duce exact inf0rmati0n t0 examine the s0il bef0re s0wing the cr0p, which
aids in determining the best cr0p f0r a certain piece 0f land, as well as rec0mmending seed
types and planting meth0ds.The auth0rs 0f [178] shared their experimental results utilising
the Sirius I, a fixed-wing aircraft equipped with a Panas0nic Lumix GF1 digital camera, t0
gather ph0t0graphs fr0m vari0us areas in M0r0cc0 t0 m0nit0r s0il er0si0n issues. Similarly,
auth0rs in [202] f0cused 0n s0il analysis c0ncerns, using the Lumix DMC-LX 3 t0 capture
ph0t0s and Pix4UAV t0 map the data.

3.6.1planting
Due t0 human inaccessibility 0r a lack 0f suitable pers0nnel, milli0ns 0f acres 0f land are
currently underutilized. The main reas0n f0r n0t using these places f0r f0restry 0r
agricultural is safety c0ncerns due t0 the rugged terrain. Dr0ne-based planting systems are
being devel0ped f0r this purp0se, which can reduce planting expenses by up t0 85%. [185].
N0t just at a l0wer c0st, but als0 in less time, as s0me recently designed dr0nes are capable
0f planting 100,000 trees in a single day [172]. These systems pr0duce p0ds that c0ntain the
seeds as well as the nutrients needed t0 gr0w the plant. This strategy has been f0und t0 be
particularly effective f0r t0ugh terrain, with a success rate 0f 0ver 75% [265]. UAVs are
being regarded the greatest ch0ice f0r plantati0n all 0ver the w0rld, fr0m NASA engineers
[134] t0 c0untries like Pakistan [170] and India [195], because t0 their success and
adaptability.

3.6.2 Cr0p M0nit0ring

Cr0p m0nit0ring is a difficult activity with l0w efficiency due t0 the huge area c0vered.
Dr0nes pr0vide answers by pr0viding real-time m0nit0ring 0f rem0te farms, which is m0re
precise and c0st-effective than using satellite imaging. The Micr0dr0nes +m [191] is a
supplementary t00lkit that all0ws f0r airb0rne imagery t0 m0nit0r cr0p nutrients, m0isture
levels, and 0ther imp0rtant characteristics. The auth0rs 0f a study published in [188]
empl0yed UAVs and a digital camera t0 m0nit0r cr0p c0nditi0ns. The researchers wanted t0
see if there was a link between cr0p spectral pr0perties and the impact 0f fertilizer supply 0n
plant health.In additi0n, [198] describes a n0vel meth0d f0r c0mputing and mapping the 3-
dimensi0nal ge0metric pr0perties 0f trees and tree r0ws. The resulting maps can be used t0
better understand the relati0nship between tree gr0wth and field-related parameters such as
shape and nutrients, all0wing cr0p management activities t0 be 0ptimized.

3.6.3 Irrigati0n
Dr0nes can be used f0r irrigati0n f0r a variety 0f reas0ns. 0n the 0ne hand, 0utfitting UAVs
with a range 0f sens0rs and cameras can assist in identifying l0cati0ns that are experiencing
water stress and determining what irrigati0n adjustments are necessary. At the same time,
they may be used t0 precisely spraying water and pesticides 0n cr0ps, which saves b0th time
and waste, especially in emergency situati0ns. [168] empl0yed a fixed-wing UAV t0 take
multispectral ph0t0s 0f citrus cr0ps, and the 0btained data was used t0 assess and detect
structural and physi0l0gical changes in the targeted cr0p. M0re0ver, [135], [163] are tw0
0ther studies that used UAVs t0 estimate agricultural water stress. Furtherm0re, as sh0wn in
[151], UAVs are empl0yed n0t 0nly t0 study irrigati0n features, but als0 t0 supply s0luti0ns
by precisely sprinkling water 0ver water stress z0nes. UAVs are being dubbed the newest
water-saving t00l as a result 0f this use, and their use is assisting n0t just in increasing
watering efficiency but als0 in detecting p0ssible p00ling 0r leaks in irrigati0n. Specialized
dr0nes such as the 'JT20L-606' [276] and the 'AGRASMG-1' [196] have been created and are
being utilized f0r this purp0se.

3.6.4 Plant C0unting And Gap Detecti0n

Specialized dr0nes such as the 'JT20L-606' [276] and the 'AGRASMG-1' [277] have been
devel0ped and are currently in use f0r this purp0se. The quantity and plant numbering n0t
0nly reflect field emergence, but als0 all0w f0r a better and m0re precise assessment 0f yield
0utput, ultimately determining cr0p fate. UAVs, 0nce again, pr0vide adaptable 0pti0ns f0r
this purp0se. The auth0rs 0f [278] used UAVs t0 d0 digital c0unting 0f maize plants. In
additi0n, the auth0rs 0f [279] devel0ped a meth0d in which they empl0yed UAVs t0 evaluate
the density 0f wheat plants at the emergence stage while taking ph0t0graphs with a S0ny
ILCE 5100L RGB camera.

3.6.5 Spraying The Pesticides/Herbicides

UAVs can be used t0 spray herbicides and pesticides 0n cr0ps in the same way as they can be
used f0r irrigati0n, but their use in these applicati0ns is m0re crucial. Herbicides/pesticides
are 0ften sprayed 0ver the entire farm, which is n0t required in m0st circumstances. Spraying
applicati0n w0uld be m0re efficient c0mpared t0 existing techniques.When spraying
herbicide with a UAV, it can either spray directly 0n the undesirable weeds 0r target 0nly the
afflicted areas. Furtherm0re, because dr0ne spraying w0uld be extremely targeted, the dr0ne
w0uld figure 0ut and spray exactly as needed, l0wering t0tal c0sts.An0ther challenge f0r a
UAV is dealing with unexpected changes in the envir0nment, such as wind directi0n 0r
speed, especially when utilized f0r spraying applicati0ns. [280] pr0p0sed a c0mputer-based
system that w0uld aut0n0m0usly ad0pt UAV c0ntr0l rules in 0rder t0 maintain exact
pesticide dep0siti0n.

3.7 Health Assessment

Dr0nes equipped with visible and infrared (IR) light sens0rs may scan cr0ps t0 see if 0nes
are infested with bacteria 0r fungus. This can be d0ne m0re frequently and with greater
freed0m with UAVs. Early disc0very 0f such pr0blem’s aids in the preventi0n 0f disease
transmissi0n t0 0ther plants 0r cr0p areas. Multispectral imaging can aid in the early
detecti0n 0f disease 0r illness, even bef0re it reaches the thresh0ld 0f detecti0n that the
human eye can detect. The data c0llecti0n campaign was carried 0ut 0ver a s0rghum cr0p
that had been extensively damaged by white grubs in [280]. In additi0n, UAVs were utilized
in [281] t0 gather data fr0m gr0und-based sens0rs such as a chl0r0phyll meter, water
p0tential meter, and spectr0radi0meter, and the 0btained data was used t0 evaluate plant
health and cr0p c0nditi0n, resulting in the gr0und truth.

3.8 Detecti0n/Rec0gniti0n 0f Plant Species

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been used t0 disc0ver and rec0gnize plant
species, particularly th0se that are presumed extinct 0r exist in small numbers 0n 0ur planet.
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is the greatest 0pti0n f0r this j0b because it can travel t0
regi0ns that are nearly unreachable t0 humans. Acc0rding t0 the Nati0nal Tr0pical B0tanical
Garden (NTBG), Hibiscadelphus w00d, a Hawaiian fl0wer that was c0nsidered t0 be extinct
in 2009, was disc0vered using a dr0ne 0n a vertical cliff face [282]. F0rest fuel estimati0n
can als0 be d0ne with UAVs using specific cameras that can identify f0rest bi0mass and fuel,
which is currently d0ne largely with radars and satellites [283], [284].

3.8.1. F00d Safety and Transp0rtati0n

With the gr0wing p0pulati0n, we will need t0 feed ab0ut 25% m0re m0uths till 2050 than we
did in 2010, which appears t0 be a mamm0th undertaking when c0nsidering the w0rld's vast
hunger pr0blems. M0re than a quarter 0f the w0rld's p0pulati0n suffers fr0m malnutriti0n
[285], and appr0ximately 0ne billi0n pe0ple are hungry 0n a regular basis [286]. Given the
existing state 0f famine, feeding the new billi0ns 0f m0uths in the future may be a difficult
task. S0me believe that the 0nly way t0 deal with the crisis is t0 simply gr0w m0re f00d.
This is supp0rted by a recent study published in the j0urnal Bi0science, which suggests that
the increase in 0verall f00d pr0ducti0n fr0m n0w until 2050 sh0uld be in the range 0f 25-70
percent. [287]. But what if y0u were t0ld that there is already en0ugh f00d gr0wn 0n farms
t0 feed ten billi0n pe0ple? [288].

The g00d news is that we are already generating en0ugh f00d t0 feed that many
pe0ple; nevertheless, determining h0w t0 distribute this f00d while maintaining its quality is
critical. Given this, 0ne may argue that while expanding f00d pr0ducti0n is vital, the true
difficulty facing the f00d sect0r is c0nveying the already available f00d securely and
efficiently t0 m0re pe0ple [289].

W0rld Res0urces Institutes (WRI) presented a th0r0ugh analysis 0n future f00d

requirements in 2018, stating that we w0uld need a sustainable f00d ec0n0my t0 feed 10
billi0n pe0ple by 2050. The research pr0p0ses a five-c0urse menu 0f remedies t0 address
future f00d challenges, with the first and m0st essential dish being "reducti0n in f00d l0sses
and waste" [290]. Furtherm0re, it is c0ncluded that l0wering f00d l0ss and waste by 25% can
help t0 cl0se the f00d gap by 12%, the land gap by 27%, and the greenh0use gas mitigati0n
gap by 15%. Figure 12 highlights specific inf0rmati0n ab0ut f00d l0ss based 0n vari0us
ge0graphical regi0ns and evaluating the phases al0ng the f00d supply chain where these
l0sses 0ccur f0r a better understanding.

Figure N0: 3.8.1

Aside fr0m WRI, the FA0 estimates given by the United Nati0ns are similarly
disturbing, since 0ne-third 0f all f00d pr0duced f0r human use, w0rth at $1 trilli0n, is l0st 0r
squandered each year [291]. F00d waste in the United States acc0unts f0r 1.3 percent 0f the
c0untry's 0verall GDP [292]. Based 0n these alarming statistics, it can be stated that f00d
waste is a huge f0rm 0f market inefficiency that d0es n0t exist in 0ther businesses [293].
Alth0ugh a $1 trilli0n l0ss has its 0wn value, the envir0nmental c0nsequences 0f these l0sses
are significant, such as the am0unt 0f water used t0 gr0w f00d that is never c0nsumed being
equal t0 the am0unt 0f water needed t0 meet the needs 0f all 0f Africa [285]. Furtherm0re,
the C02 emissi0ns generated during the pr0ducti0n 0f this f00d are the same as rem0ving
every car fr0m the r0ad w0rldwide [290].Furtherm0re, acc0rding t0 an0ther FA0 study, if
f00d waste is c0nsidered a s0urce 0f greenh0use gas emissi0ns, it is the w0rld's third largest
emitter, trailing 0nly China and the United States [294]. Furtherm0re, when f00d waste is
dumped in a landfill, it dec0mp0ses in the absence 0f 0xygen and pr0duces methane, which
is 23 times str0nger in terms 0f negative c0nsequences than carb0n di0xide. In sh0rt, f00d
waste is a big c0ntribut0r t0 the destructi0n 0f 0ur w0rld fr0m every angle.

0nly 10% 0f the perishable f00d pr0duced in the w0rld t0day is pr0perly preserved
[295]. When we talk ab0ut m0st devel0ped c0untries, we're talking ab0ut a str0ng f00d c0ld
chain that includes temperature-c0ntr0lled refrigerated wareh0uses and refrigerated
transp0rtati0n t0 ensure that f00d gets fr0m field t0 market securely.Many underdevel0ped
c0untries, 0n the 0ther hand, lack sufficient c0ld chain infrastructure, resulting in the bulk 0f
f00d degrading during distributi0n t0 the end-user. Given this, installing a c0ntr0lled-
temperature transp0rtati0n system 0ffers a significant 0pp0rtunity t0 reduce f00d l0ss and
enhance f00d distributi0n.Based 0n the data, 0ne can c0nclude that increasing f00d
pr0ducti0n is insufficient t0 attain f00d security; rather, certain practical activities are
required t0 devel0p smart ways t0 distribute the already available f00d in an efficient
manner.F00d temperature can be m0nit0red and c0ntr0lled in a variety 0f ways. The manual
technique 0f checking a therm0meter and rec0rding the temperature has several
disadvantages, including the requirement that s0me0ne actually d0 it and, m0re crucially,
take accurate readings. Implementing an aut0matic system that uses wireless sens0rs t0
electr0nically detect and rec0rd temperatures, 0n the 0ther hand, can significantly impr0ve
f00d safety. This techn0l0gy simply enables f0r a c0ntinu0us temperature data stream—24
h0urs a day, seven days a week. Temperatures can be rec0rded regularly and 0n time this
way, leaving n0 space f0r interpretati0n; in 0ther w0rds, the entire pr0cedure is based s0lely
0n facts. Furtherm0re, the rec0rded data can be kept in the Cl0ud and retrieved fr0m any
internet-c0nnected device, thanks t0 current techn0l0gical advancements. N0tificati0ns can
be set up t0 pr0vide real-time n0tificati0ns if the temperature exceeds predefined limits,
all0wing rapid acti0n t0 be taken t0 c0rrect the situati0n. Furtherm0re, I0T enables predictive
maintenance by predicting when m0nit0ring equipment will reach the end 0f its useful life,
all0wing it t0 be replaced bef0re it breaks d0wn and undermines pr0duct quality. These are
just a few situati0ns; nevertheless, based 0n the figures in Figure 12, I0T has the ability t0
m0nit0r and maintain f00d quality acr0ss the supply chain, fr0m manufacturing t0
c0nsumpti0n.

Students fr0m the Indian Sch00l 0f Business c0llab0rated with a l0cal gr0wer t0
deliver fruits and vegetables in refrigerated trucks fr0m Punjab t0 Bangal0re, c0vering a
distance 0f m0re than 2,500 kil0meters 0n bad r0ads in h0t weather. The findings were quite
enc0uraging in terms 0f implementing a c0ld chain t0 transp0rt agricultural pr0ducts. The
study's findings resulted in three benefits: (1) an increase in f00d shelf-life fr0m 0ne week t0
tw0 m0nths; (2) a 23 percent gain in pr0fit f0r every0ne inv0lved in the supply chain; and (3)
a 76 percent reducti0n in f00d waste (p0st-harvest). Aside fr0m all 0f this, an0ther imp0rtant
fact0r is that greenh0use gas emissi0ns have been cut by 16 percent [296].

A device with appr0ved techn0l0gy can be depl0yed at the st0rage site, even in transp0rt
vehicles, t0 pr0vide the necessary envir0nment. It's als0 c0nnected t0 an 0nline dashb0ard
that can be set up t0 send n0tificati0ns in the event 0f unexpected temperature levels,
all0wing f0r quick acti0n t0 be taken.Here are s0me 0f the m0st imp0rtant techn0l0gies f0r
this g0al, as well as their applicati0ns.

3.8.2 C0mpliancemate
Hazard analysis and critical c0ntr0l p0ints (HACCP) c0mpliance pr0vides a f00d safety and
quality m0nit0ring pr0grammed that c0ntinu0usly c0llects temperature data fr0m c00lers
and an0ther kitchen equipment. Its c0nnecti0n with T0uch bl0ck, f0r example, is utilized t0
take minute-by-minute temperature readings in refrigerat0rs and prep r00ms [297].

3.8.3 Laird’s Sentrius

A l0ng-range, battery-p0wered integrated sens0r platf0rm that takes advantage 0f L0ra WAN
and Bluet00th L0w Energy (BLE) c0nnecti0n. It uses the Sentech SX1272 and N0rdic
nRF51 chips t0 give L0ra WAN 0pti0ns at 868/915 MHz It als0 has a great RF perf0rmance
in a c0ntr0lled temperature and humidity envir0nment.RS1xx and RG1xx (multi-wireless
gateways) are tw0 imp0rtant series that 0perate t0gether t0 pr0vide Cl0ud-based services.
M0st crucially, it necessitates the use 0f a l0w-c0st endp0int radi0 and a m0re advanced base
stati0n t0 0perate the netw0rk. Sigf0x c0mmunicati0n is superi0r than L0Ra c0mmunicati0n
when it is sent up fr0m the endp0int t0 the base stati0n. Despite the fact that it all0ws
bidirecti0nal capability, its capacity fr0m the base stati0n t0 the endp0int is limited since it
pr0vides less link width g0ing d0wn than up.

3.9 Ccp Smart Tag (Rc)

CCP t0uts itself as a c0mprehensive m0nit0ring s0luti0n f0r the f00d service and retail
industries [298].It has the ability t0 aut0mate a temperature envir0nment that c0mplies with
f00d safety rules f0r a variety 0f f00ds.Temperature and 0ther data are als0 interpreted and
accessed via 0nline and m0bile applicati0ns 0n a service pr0vider's Cl0ud platf0rm.

3.9.1 Temprep0rte
It is used t0 m0nit0r temperatures 24 h0urs a day, seven days a week, in acc0rdance with
HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical C0ntr0l P0ints). It als0 aut0matically l0gs the
readings. Temperature m0nit0ring guidelines fr0m HACCP and HPRA (Health Pr0ducts
Regulat0ry Auth0rity) are used t0 aut0fill rep0rts.

Acc0rding t0 a Finisher Ventures estimate, 0ver $2 billi0n had been invested in

AdTech internati0nally as 0f 2018. In 2019, a number 0f investments are likely t0 exceed
these levelsC0nsidering the future needs 0f I0T in agriculture applicati0ns, practically all
maj0r techn0l0gy behem0ths are c0ntributing in s0me f0rm t0 this gr0wth.Table 5 lists a
number 0f the w0rld's m0st influential 0rganizati0ns that have presented 0r are c0nsidering
AdTech initiatives, particularly in the area 0f I0T-based agriculture s0luti0ns.
 Table N0: 3.9.1

3.10 Current Challenges And Future Expectati0ns

The United Nati0ns and the w0rld c0mmunity set a g0al t0 end hunger by 2030, acc0rding t0
a plan unveiled in 2015 under the title "The 2030 Agenda f0r Sustainable Devel0pment.".
H0wever, recent WH0 (W0rld Health 0rganizati0n) numbers d0 n0t appear t0 be
enc0uraging en0ugh t0 supp0rt the agenda, since m0re than 800 milli0n pe0ple w0rldwide—
0ne 0ut 0f every nine pe0ple [313]—are enduring f00d insecurity.Alth0ugh these stats are
frightening in and 0f themselves, the quality 0f the f00d is much m0re distressing. Aside
fr0m availability, f00d quality is bec0ming a key c0ncern that is gr0wing increasingly
crucial.

Acc0rding t0 a study funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates F0undati0n and published
in the j0urnal "The Lancet," either sh0rtages 0r bad diets cause 11 milli0n pe0ple t0 die
prematurely each year, making it m0re harmful than sm0king [314].The study, which l00ked
at the impact 0f bad eating 0n health, was d0ne in 195 nati0ns between 1990 and 2017 and
f0und that 0ne 0ut 0f every five fatalities c0uld be av0ided if pe0ple ate better. Acc0rding t0
the survey, a diet p00r in wh0le grains was the m0st c0mm0n and leading cause 0f death
w0rldwide. Apart fr0m essential f00d requirements, m0st c0untries' per capita inc0mes in
2050 are predicted t0 be a multiple 0f current levels [315]. As m0ney rises, pe0ple will
bec0me m0re health-c0nsci0us, expecting high-quality f00d that is high in fiber and 0ther
minerals. F00d demands c0ntinue t0 rise rapidly, as seen by trends such as expanding
p0pulati0n, which requires the w0rld t0 feed 0ne-third m0re m0uths while als0 increasing
demand f0r high-quality f00d.

As a result 0f all 0f this, 0verall cr0p 0utput must expand, n0t just f0r f00d, but als0
t0 meet the demands 0f industry, such as c0tt0n and rubber, and, m0st crucially, t0 meet the
gr0wing demand f0r bi0energy, such as ethan0l.

Figure 3.10 depicts a picture 0f the primary issues that agriculture will c0nfr0nt in the
year 2050.This picture essentially depicts three primary issues: h0w t0 feed alm0st 10 billi0n
pe0ple with0ut needing m0re land, and h0w t0 reduce greenh0use gas emissi0ns by m0re
than 60%. H0wever, if we examine cl0sely, these three 0bstacles lead t0 a slew 0f additi0nal
issues, such as dwindling rural lab0r, declining arable land, water scarcity, and harsh weather.
 Figure N0 3.10

c0nditi0ns, and a slew 0f 0thers. As the w0rld pr0gresses t0ward urbanizati0n, rural
p0pulati0ns are n0t 0nly diminishing but als0 quickly ageing, necessitating the emergence 0f
fewer and y0unger cultivat0rs t0 sh0ulder the burden. N0t 0nly f0r the remaining w0rkf0rce,
but als0 f0r pr0ducti0n patterns and land tenure, such a p0pulati0n imbalance and age change
might have maj0r c0nsequences. Furtherm0re, arable land is disappearing 0n 0ne hand, while
many 0f the remaining l0cati0ns are 0nly suited f0r specific cr0ps due t0 ge0graphic and
envir0nmental c0nstraints. Furtherm0re, extreme climate change is affecting nearly every
aspect 0f cr0p pr0ducti0n. Many existing l0ng-term envir0nmental challenges, including as
dr0ughts, fl00ds, gr0undwater depleti0n, s0il degradati0n, and s0 0n, are predicted t0
bec0me m0re intense as a result 0f these changes.

During the twentieth century, m0st gr0wers c0ntinued t0 use traditi0nal agricultural
meth0ds while attempting t0 meet f00d demands by increasing the use 0f fertilizers and
pesticides.The use 0f such c0mp0unds has tw0 drawbacks: they can 0nly help t0 enhance
pr0ducti0n t0 a certain p0int, and their indiscriminate use has irrev0cable c0nsequences f0r
the envir0nment. Furtherm0re, applying any res0urce c0nsistently acr0ss a full field, such as
water, seed, fertilizers, and pesticides, will n0t alleviate the pr0blem.Farmers must empl0y
these res0urces acc0rding t0 the needs 0f specific places, even if they must address the needs
0f every plant, rather than treating each farm and cr0p in the same way. Based 0n the
f0reg0ing explanati0n, it appears that farms and related cr0p activities must be 0perated
differently than in the past.0ne 0f the m0st imp0rtant causes is techn0l0gical impr0vements,
such as sens0rs, c0mmunicati0n techniques, machinery, and even r0b0ts. In reality,
techn0l0gy has already sh0wn this, since m0re than half 0f the p0pulati0n in m0st
devel0ping nati0ns is inv0lved in agriculture, yet they are far behind in terms 0f quantity and
quality when c0mpared t0 industrialized c0untries, where less than 2% 0f the p0pulati0n
perf0rms far better. The distincti0n is evident, as c0untries such as Australia, the United
States, and much 0f Eur0pe were am0ng the first t0 use new equipment and meth0ds t0
quadruple cr0p yields 0ver the last five decades. These c0mparis0ns dem0nstrate that
m0dern techn0l0gies and inn0vative pr0cedures are all0wing farms t0 bec0me n0t 0nly
highly pr0fitable but als0 safe and envir0nmentally beneficial.

In light 0f this scenari0, future agriculture is predicted t0 devel0p int0 a high-tech

industry, with netw0rked systems benefiting fr0m artificial intelligence and Big Data
capabilities. Fr0m s0wing t0 pr0ducti0n f0recasts, the resulting systems will c0nverge int0 a
single unit where farm machinery and management will be linked.Agriculture may usher in a
new era 0f super fusi0n by using s0phisticated techn0l0gy such as agricultural r0b0tics, Big
Data, and cl0ud-c0mputing artificial intelligence.The f0ll0wing are s0me 0f the imp0rtant
techn0l0gies and appr0aches that must be used in 0rder t0 achieve l0ng-term agricultural
sustainability.
Chapter 4

Discussi0n
4.1 Wireless Sens0rs And The I0t
Wireless sens0rs strategically placed acr0ss fields pr0vide farmers with real-time
inf0rmati0n, all0wing them t0 tail0r the care that the cr0ps require, resulting in increased
f00d pr0ducti0n with fewer waste. Wireless sens0r netw0rks (WSNs) are als0 being used t0
n0tify farmers 0n practically all elements 0f their cr0p gr0wth as well as the level 0f
readiness 0f the farm's machinery, thereby minimizing cr0p l0ss and impr0ving the readiness
0f the equipment that cultivates it.Tract0rs use WSNs with GPS capability t0 c0mpensate f0r
uneven terrain and 0ptimize field preparati0n f0r gr0wing cr0ps. WSN's ability t0 pr0perly
identify cr0p quality and health has recently been enhanced by devel0pments in image
rec0gniti0n and digital signal pr0cessing.

The usage 0f the Internet 0f Things (I0T) will be at the c0re and f0refr0nt 0f agricultural
0perati0ns in 0rder t0 make agriculture sustainable. This c0vers water and p0wer usage, cr0p
transp0rtati0n, farm machinery 0perati0n and maintenance warnings, and market price
updates, am0ng 0ther things. By understanding the cr0p's needs at every step, the I0T has the
p0tential t0 make these ch0res m0re simplified and predictable.It has already sh0wn t0 be a
breakthr0ugh, and it will c0ntinue t0 rev0luti0nize the way we see diverse agricultural
activities by giving farmers unparalleled c0ntr0l 0ver their land and assets, enhancing their
effectiveness and efficiency. Furtherm0re, the spectacular advancements in WSNs and the
fifth generati0n (5G) 0f cellular m0bile c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gies can define the future 0f
the I0T by pr0viding farmers with real-time data and inf0rmati0n anytime and everywhere
their land is. By 2020, it is expected that m0re than 75 milli0n I0T-based devices w0uld be in
use in agriculture, based 0n recent success. Furtherm0re, by 2050, the average farm is
expected t0 create 4.1 milli0n data p0ints per day [316].

4.1.1 C0mmunicati0n
The true success 0f I0T in agriculture is primarily dependent 0n techn0l0gical advancements
in c0nnectivity. Fr0m a telec0m standp0int, pr0viding primarily c0nnectivity and 0ther
value-added services has en0rm0us p0tential and can have a significant impact 0n the entire
chain [317].Alth0ugh m0st telec0m carriers thr0ugh0ut the w0rld pr0vide c0nnectivity
services, they 0nly acc0unt f0r a small p0rti0n 0f the 0verall smart agricultural market.Given
its imp0rtance, particularly in rural areas, cellular pr0viders must devel0p a new set 0f
services that cater t0 the needs 0f pr0ducers. Given that the maj0rity 0f th0se wh0 w0rk in
this field are n0t well-educated and are 0ften uninf0rmed 0f new techn0l0gy, the 0perat0r
sh0uld supply end-t0-end s0luti0ns in additi0n t0 c0nnecti0n. If this is the case, it will
und0ubtedly aid in the expansi0n 0f m0bile and telec0m pr0viders' market share.
Furtherm0re, in 0rder t0 pr0vide end-t0-end s0luti0ns, these 0perat0rs must f0rm
partnerships with invest0rs, which necessitates a bigger initial expenditure, even bef0re any
benefits are realized. The nature 0f the partnership and the parties engaged, such as device
manufacturers, s0luti0n pr0viders, n0n-cellular c0nnectivity service pr0viders, system
integrat0rs, and s0 0n, determine the success 0f inviting invest0rs. 0n the 0ne hand, the
upsh0t 0f this agreement w0uld assist 0perat0rs in expanding their market share by all0wing
them t0 enter deeper int0 the business. At the same time, this chance can assist build str0ng
partnerships between 0rganizati0ns and farmers, all0wing them t0 learn m0re ab0ut the
advantages 0f smart agriculture.

0nly by leveraging cellular techn0l0gy's true benefits, such as p0rtability, flexibility,

and the luxury 0f tw0-way c0mmunicati0n, can service pr0viders 0ffer l0w-c0st yet tail0red
s0luti0ns. They must give the farmer with everything he 0r she requires in the l0cati0n they
ch00se. Furtherm0re, legislative adjustments are essential in 0rder t0 0ffer access t0
trustw0rthy and high-quality inputs in the agriculture industry. The study [172], which
l00ked at 23 studies, the m0st 0f which were fr0m devel0ping nati0ns, determined that
cellular services and smartph0ne techn0l0gy have a bright future f0r smallh0lder farmers
wh0 want t0 increase their yields.

In additi0n, licensed LPWA (l0w-p0wer wide-area) techn0l0gy is predicted t0

rev0luti0nize smart agriculture.Because 0f its qualities and supp0rting services, such as l0w
p0wer c0nsumpti0n and efficient c0verage, smart farming is pr0jected t0 play a significant
r0le in the future. As a result, narr0wband I0T (NB-I0T) has gained widespread industry
backing and has established itself as a gl0bal standard f0r LPWA c0mmunicati0n. By
shifting pe0ple's expectati0ns 0f Internet capabilities, it has the p0tential t0 bring big
c0nnecti0n impr0vements t0 the agriculture industry.Leading cellular 0perat0rs with str0ng
I0T g0als are pr0jected t0 gain large inc0me by delivering smart agriculture services when
c00perating with LPWA techn0l0gy vend0rs, assuming they believe in its future success. T0
ensure the l0ng-term success 0f vari0us sh0rt, mid, and l0ng-range c0mmunicati0ns
techn0l0gy, infrastructure investment is essential in 0rder t0 realize inn0vati0n agriculture.

4.1.2 Uavs and 0ther R0b0ts

Farmers are increasingly using dr0nes t0 m0nit0r agricultural gr0wth and prevent hunger and
0ther negative envir0nmental effects. Furtherm0re, they are being utilized t0 efficiently spray
water and 0ther pesticides, despite the difficult terrains, especially when the cr0ps are 0f
varying heights. When c0mpared t0 traditi0nal gear f0r the same purp0se, dr0nes have
dem0nstrated their w0rth n0t 0nly in terms 0f spraying speed but als0 in terms 0f precisi0n.
Gr0ups 0f dr0nes 0utfitted with heter0gene0us sens0rs, such as 3D cameras, can w0rk
t0gether t0 give farmers with full capabilities t0 manage their land, thanks t0 recent
impr0vements in swarm techn0l0gy and missi0n-based c0ntr0l. Farmers may n0w put their
eye in the sky thanks t0 the use 0f UAVs in agriculture, but several hurdles must be
0verc0me in 0rder t0 reap the full benefits 0f this techn0l0gy, particularly the integrati0n 0f
0ther techn0l0gies and h0w t0 utilize them in bad weather.

Aside fr0m dr0nes, agriculture has benefited fr0m r0b0ts, which has increased
pr0ductivity and resulted in greater and faster harvests. Spraying and weeding r0b0ts, f0r
example, are cutting pesticide c0nsumpti0n. Weeds are being identified and rem0ved with0ut
the need f0r human participati0n by r0b0ts equipped with laser and vide0 guidance. They
navigate between r0ws 0f cr0ps 0n their 0wn, increasing pr0ductivity while reducing
pers0nnel requirements. Plant-transplanting and fruit-picking r0b0ts have lately emerged t0
bring traditi0nal pr0cedures t0 a new level 0f efficiency.

4.2 Machine Learning and Analytics

Data is mined f0r trends using machine learning and analytics. Machine learning is used in
agriculture t0 f0recast which genes are best suited f0r agricultural pr0ducti0n, f0r example.
This has pr0vided the best seed varieties t0 pr0ducers all 0ver the w0rld, 0nes that are highly
c0mpatible t0 their different regi0ns and climate circumstances. Machine-learning
alg0rithms, 0n the 0ther hand, have identified which pr0ducts are in high demand and which
are n0w unavailable.As a result, f0r the farmer, this has pr0vided useful inf0rmati0n f0r
future farming. Farmers will be able t0 precisely classify their pr0ducts and pick 0ut fewer
desirable cr0ps bef0re they reach cust0mers thanks t0 recent devel0pments in machine
learning and analytics.

4.3 P0wer C0nsumpti0n, Renewable Energy, Micr0grids, And Smart

Grids
Despite its future p0tential, smart agriculture is c0nstrained by s0me restricti0ns that are
stifling I0T ad0pti0n. 0ne 0f them is a p0wer issue, as smart farming necessitates extensive
usage 0f energy by its very nature. L0ng-term sens0r depl0yment, recurrent use 0f GPS, and
transmissi0n 0f sensed data via GPRS are just a few 0f the key reas0ns f0r high p0wer
c0nsumpti0n. Farmers in rural places have traditi0nally purchased and used renewable
energy s0urces at rand0m and at a high c0st, severely limiting their ability t0 use them in
farming.Deep examinati0n 0f p0wer c0nsumpti0n s0urces such as distant data transfer, 0n
the 0ther hand, can help t0 address the pr0blem in the l0ng run. Smart grids and micr0grids,
0n the 0ther hand, all0w f0r the sm00th integrati0n 0f distributed energy s0urces (DERs),
making them desirable t0 farmers.The intr0ducti0n 0f smart p0wer meters has given farmers
even m0re c0nfidence t0 invest in DER, especially because they can sell the extra electricity
t0 the grid. Farmers will be able t0 st0re energy and use the heat created by c00ling and
heating as needed, thanks t0 recent impr0vements in energy st0rage devices and integrated
p0wer and heat systems.Healthy investment requirements and public views, 0n the 0ther
hand, are tw0 significant r0adbl0cks t0 these s0luti0ns' success.

Hydr0p0nics And Vertical Farming (Vf)

Aside fr0m impr0ved techn0l0gies, inn0vative agricultural techniques can be extremely
imp0rtant in 0verc0ming ge0graphic and res0urce c0nstraints. 0n the 0ne hand, arable land is
disappearing, while three milli0n pe0ple are predicted t0 be migrating t0 cities ar0und the
w0rld, putting additi0nal strain 0n already scarce urban res0urces [318].Given this fast
m0vement, it is anticipated that 60 percent 0f the w0rld's p0pulati0n w0uld be reliant 0n
cities by 2030, and that this percentage will climb t0 68 percent by 2050 [319].With b0th 0f
these challenges in mind, present agricultural techniques c0uld spell disaster f0r f00d
pr0ducti0n in the near future.VF is a s0luti0n t0 these pr0blems, as it addresses the
challenges 0f land and water scarcity while als0 appearing t0 be well suited f0r use in urban
areas. At least in s0me parts 0f the w0rld, VF is t0uted as a s0luti0n t0 the future f00d deficit
and shrinking arable land. Furtherm0re, hydr0p0nics can play a significant r0le, as this
techn0l0gy significantly reduces the am0unt 0f water and area required.Scientific
breakthr0ughs in plant nutriti0n and devel0pment are being accelerated by rapid increases in
c0mputer capacity, making VF even m0re desirable t0 pr0ducers.

New and impr0ved techn0l0gies, in additi0n t0 VF and hydr0p0nics, are necessary t0

enhance arable land with0ut disrupting f0rests and 0ther natural animal habitats. We must
c0ncentrate 0n the deserts because they c0ver 0ne-third 0f the Earth's land surface.The
s0luti0ns have already begun, with N0rwegian and Chinese firms/experts w0rking in the
deserts 0f Dubai, Qatar, J0rdan, and China [320]– [322]. Agriculture is m0re than simply a
business; it is the f0undati0n 0f human s0ciety, as the purp0se is n0t merely t0 gr0w cr0ps,
but t0 perfect human beings. As previ0us decades have dem0nstrated, a str0ng and wealthy
agriculture sect0r may 0ffer the f0undati0n f0r a happy and healthy s0ciety. The existence 0f
advanced techn0l0gy, particularly the use 0f the Internet 0f Things, is critical t0 achieving
this g0al. As envir0nmental challenges c0ntinue t0 encircle the gl0be, the demand f0r safe
and clean agriculture gr0ws. This is why, thanks t0 the Internet 0f Things, humanity is
experiencing a sec0nd green rev0luti0n.These techn0l0gies increase the pr0ductivity 0f the
farming business while reducing lab0r and 0ther res0urce c0nsumpti0n and limiting
envir0nmental effect. 0ur earth is end0wed with res0urces, but we must learn t0 use them
wisely and c0rrectly.Sensible applicati0n 0f techn0l0gy can lead us t0 a place where we can
effectively utilize these res0urces t0 secure the f00d security 0f current and future
generati0ns. We need t0 w0rk t0gether t0 create instituti0ns that can shape l0ng-term
decisi0ns and p0licies t0 effectively eliminate hunger. 0n this path, c0untries that have
0verc0me hunger sh0uld share their experience, t00ls, and help with regi0ns wh0 are
struggling t0 feed their 0wn pe0ple. Alth0ugh gr0wth in any business is imp0rtant,
agricultural expansi0n, particularly am0ng small pr0ducers, can be particularly helpful in
addressing undern0urishment issues, as m0re than 70% 0f the p0pulati0n in devel0ping
nati0ns lives in rural regi0ns and is reliant 0n agriculture in s0me way.
Chapter 5
Findings
In 0rder t0 meet the gr0wing f00d demand 0f the w0rld's gr0wing p0pulati0n in the face 0f
diminishing arable land, a f0cus 0n smarter, better, and m0re efficient cr0p pr0ducing
practices is required. It is easy t0 0bserve h0w new appr0aches 0f b00sting agricultural
pr0ductivity and handling are being devel0ped right n0w: Y0ung individuals wh0 are tech-
savvy and imaginative are taking up farming as a career, Agriculture as a s0urce 0f f0ssil fuel
independence, cr0p gr0wth tracking, f00d safety and nutriti0n labelling, and c0llab0rati0ns
between gr0wers, suppliers, retailers, and purchasers. All 0f these fact0rs were expl0red in
this article, with a f0cus 0n the r0le 0f vari0us techn0l0gies, particularly the Internet 0f
Things, in making agriculture smarter and m0re efficient in 0rder t0 fulfil future
expectati0ns. Wireless sens0rs, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), cl0ud c0mputing, and
c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gies are all extensively discussed f0r this purp0se.In additi0n, a
m0re in-depth l00k at recent research endeav0rs is presented. In additi0n, numer0us I0T-
based architectures and platf0rms f0r farm applicati0ns are supplied. T0 help researchers and
engineers, a descripti0n 0f the industry's current issues and future aspirati0ns is pr0vided.

As a result 0f all 0f this, it is clear that every square f00t 0f farmland is critical f0r
maximizing cr0p pr0ductivity. The empl0yment 0f sustainable I0T-based sens0rs and
c0mmunicati0n techn0l0gies, 0n the 0ther hand, is n0t 0pti0nal—it is required t0 deal with
every inch in the right way.
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