Chapter 4: AC Machines

Chapter 5: DC Machines
By: Dr Latifah Munirah Kamarudin

Click here to watch the ac machine animation video (by Dr. Rosemizi)
http://rmz4567.blogspot.my/2013/02/electrical-engineering.html
 COURSE OUTCOME (CO)

• CO4: Ability to define and explain the

fundamental, compare and analyze the
operation and application of ac machines
and dc machines with respect to their
efficiency and losses.
 Electrical Machines
AC DC
Machines Machine
Synchronous
Machine
DC Motor
• Generator
• Motor

Induction
Machines
DC Generator
• Generator
• Motor
 AC Machine

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wAftcXm45ho
AC MACHINERY FUNDEMENTALS
 With the availability of Transformer for changing the voltage
levels to a very high value (of say 132kV to 400kV) the use of
AC power has increased rapidly
 It is very easy to step up or step down the voltage for AC electricity
through the use of transformers.
 It is not very straight forward to step up or step down the voltage for
DC electricity
 It is cheaper to produce and transmit alternating current (ac)
than direct current (dc).
For this reason, ac machines are generally more practical.
 AC MACHINERY FUNDEMENTALS
• AC machines:

Convert ac Electrical
energy to mechanical
energy as motors

Convert Mechanical
energy to ac electrical
energy, as generators
 AC Generator
• This process can be described in
terms of Faraday's law when you see
that the rotation of the coil continually
changes the magnetic flux through
the coil and therefore generates a
voltage
AC Motor

Since the current is

alternating, the motor
will run smoothly only
at the frequency of
the sine wave.
Generator and Motor
Classification of AC Machines
 Two major classes of machines;
i) Synchronous Machines:
• Synchronous Generators (commonly referred as
alternators): A primary source of electrical energy.
• Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as
power factor compensators (synchronous condensers).
ii) Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:
• Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors
in both domestic and industrial applications.
• Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field
excitation, these machines are rarely used as generators.
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

•Synchronous Generators
•Synchronous Motors

Principles of AC Motors and Generators:

https://www.youtube.com/feature=player_embedded
Construction of Synchronous machines
Synchronous machines are used primarily as generators
of electrical power, called synchronous generators or
alternators.
They are usually large machines generating electrical
power at hydro, nuclear, or thermal power stations.

Convert
Mechanical power

Electrical power for

the Grid

http://www.mpoweruk.com/electrical_energy.htm
 Synchronous Generator

A synchronous generator is an electrical machine producing alternating emf (Electromotive force or voltage) of
constant frequency. In Malaysia the standard cycle frequency is 50 Hz
Work of Hydroelectric power: https://www.youtube.com/feature=player_embedded
Synchronous Generator
Construction of Synchronous machines
Synchronous machines are AC machines that have a field
circuit supplied by an external DC source.
In a synchronous generator,
a DC current is applied to the rotor winding producing a
rotor magnetic field.
The rotor is then turned by external means producing a
rotating magnetic field, which induces a 3-phase voltage
within the stator winding.
Watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOeFhL92vC8
 Synchronous Generator
A synchronous alternator has two sets of windings
of wires.
Rotor Winding (Field Winding) creates the magnetic
field that the alternator needs to make electricity.
Stator Winding (Armature Winding) collects the
electricity that is generated,

Rotor poles are excited by a DC current

 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Speed of rotation of synchronous generator

The frequency of the generated voltage is related to the rotor speed by:

P nm
fe 
120
where

P is the number of magnetic poles

fe is the electrical frequency in Hz.
nm is the speed of the rotor in rpm.

Typical machines have two-poles, four-poles, and six-poles

Synchronous generators are synchronous, during their operation

means: electrical frequency is synchronized with
mechanical speed of rotor
 Exercise
• A hydraulic turbine turning at 200 r/min is
connected to a synchronous generator. If
the induced voltage has a frequency of 60
Hz, how many poles does the rotor have?

P nm
fe 
120
 Exercise
• A hydraulic turbine turning at 200 r/min is
connected to a synchronous generator. If
the induced voltage has a frequency of 60
Hz, how many poles does the rotor have?

P nm
fe 
120
 Exercise
• Develop a table showing the speed of
magnetic field rotation in ac machines of 2,
4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 poles operating at
frequencies of 50, 60, and 400 Hz.

P nm
fe 
120
 Exercise
• Develop a table showing the speed of magnetic field
rotation in ac machines of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 poles
operating at frequencies of 50, 60, and 400 Hz.
Exercise
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
• Electric power generated at 50 or 60 Hz, so rotor must
turn at fixed speed depending on number of poles on
machine

• To generate 60 Hz in 2 pole machine, rotor must turn

at 3600 r/min,

• To generate 50 Hz in 4 pole machine, rotor must turn

at 1500 r/min
 Synchronous Machine
Rotor
 There are two types of rotors used in synchronous
machines:
i) cylindrical (or round) rotors
ii) salient pole rotors
 Machines with cylindrical rotors are typically found in
higher speed higher power applications such as
turbogenerators. Using 2 or 4 poles, these machines
rotate at 3600 or 1800 rpm (with 60hz systems).
 Salient pole machines are typically found in large (many
MW), low mechanical speed applications, including
hydrogenerators, or smaller higher speed machines (up to
1-2 MW).
 Salient pole rotors are less expensive than round rotors.
 Construction of synchronous
machines
The rotor of a synchronous machine is a large electromagnet. The magnetic poles
can be either salient (sticking out of rotor surface) or non-salient construction.

Non-salient-pole rotor: usually two- and four-pole rotors. Salient-pole rotor: four
and more poles.

Rotors are made laminated to reduce eddy current losses.

Synchronous Machine – Cylindrical rotor

Turbine D1m

L  10 m
Steam d-axis
Stator
winding
 High speed N
Uniform air-gap
 3600 r/min  2-pole
Stator
 1800 r/min  4-pole
q-axis Rotor
 Direct-conductor cooling (using winding
hydrogen or water as coolant) Rotor

 Rating up to 2000 MVA

S

Turbogenerator
Synchronous Machine – Cylindrical rotor

Stator

Cylindrical rotor
Synchronous Machine – Salient Pole
1. Most hydraulic turbines have to turn at low speeds
(between 50 and 300 r/min)

2. A large number of poles are required on the rotor

d-axis

N Non-uniform
air-gap
D  10 m

q-axis S S

Turbine
N
Hydro (water)

Hydrogenerator
Synchronous Machine – Salient Pole

Stator
 Synchronous Machine

Stator
 The stator of a synchronous machine carries the armature or load
winding which is a three-phase winding.
 The armature winding is formed by interconnecting various
conductors in slots spread over the periphery of the machine’s stator.
Often, more than one independent three phase winding is on the
stator. An arrangement of a three-phase stator winding is shown in
Figure below. Notice that the windings of the three-phases are
displaced from each other in space.
 Synchronous Machine

Construction
 Stator
Construction of synchronous
machines

Slip rings

Brush
 Power and torque in synchronous generators

In generators, not all the mechanical power going into a synchronous

generator becomes electric power out of the machine

The applied mechanical power partially converted to electricity

 Synchronous Generator

Losses
1. Resistive losses (I2R)
•Resistive losses (I2R) in the stator circuit
•Resistive losses (I2R) in the rotor circuit
2. Core losses
• Iron losses due to fundamental frequency ac flux in the core. These
are mostly in the stator core.
3. Mechanical losses
• These include friction in the bearings and a term called wind age. (wind
(like the weather) -age) Wind age is due to air turbulence and shear as
the rotor and stator move past each other
4. Stray load losses
- due to non-uniform current distribution
 Synchronous Generator
• LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY
Efficiency (Eff) is the ratio of the useful
power output to the total power input:
P out
Eff 
P in
The theoretical efficiency of converting various energy sources by a variety of
methods into useful electrical energy.
 Synchronous Machines
• A 2-hp motor running at rated output acts
as the prime mover for an alternator that
has a load demand of 1.1kW. What is the
efficiency of the alternator in percent?
Neglect field excitation.

1 hp  746 watts
P out
Eff 
P in
 Synchronous Machines
• A 2-hp motor running at rated output acts as the
prime mover for an alternator that has a load
demand of 1.1kW. What is the efficiency of the
alternator in percent? Neglect field excitation.

P out
Eff 
1 hp  746 watts P in
 Synchronous machines
 A synchronous motor is the same physical machine as
a generator, except that the direction of real power flow is
reversed.

 Synchronous motors are built in large units compare to

induction motors (Induction motors are cheaper for
smaller ratings) and used for constant speed industrial
drives
 Application as a motor: pumps in generating stations,
electric clocks, timers, and so forth where constant speed
is desired.
 Synchronous machines
 In a synchronous motor,

 a 3-phase set of stator currents produces a rotating

magnetic field causing the rotor magnetic field to align
with it.

 The rotor magnetic field is produced by a DC current

applied to the rotor winding.
Synchronous Motor
Power Flow