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Public Health Problem Associated With Poor Housing
Public Health Problem Associated With Poor Housing
BY
KATSINA STATE
BOARD (WAHEB)
OCTOBER, 2021
DECLARATION
research and no part of it has been produced or presented for the award of
__________________________ _______________
Ibrahim Lawal Adam Date:
18/EVKK/060
ii
ABSTRACT
with poor housing; it was aimed to find out the possible control and
dangers associated with poor housing. All the view in this document
information (data) quoted is that of the authors alone nor for the institution.
iii
APPROVAL PAGE
This research project entitled “Public Health Problems Associated with Poor
Housing” A case study of Charanchi Local Government Area, Katsina State”
meets the regulations governing the award of Diploma in Environmental
Health Technician, Kankia Iro School of Health Technology.
__________________ ______________
Supervisor Signature Date
Malam Kabir Sani
__________________ ______________
Head of Department Signature Date
Malam Sanusi Umar Radda
__________________ ______________
External Examiner Signature Date
iv
DEDICATION
Charanchi and Saratu Iliyas Charanchi, for their kindness, love and
I also dedicate this work to my beloved brother Isma'el Lawal and sisters
Aunty Amina Lawal, Aunty Jamila Lawal, Aunty Asma'u Lawal, Aunty
Lawal, for their tireless love, encouragement and financial support during
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises are to Allah (SWT) and blessings to prophet Muhammad (SAW)
peace be upon him; his family and his companions. All glory and adoration
be ascribed to Almighty Allah who has made it possible for me to complete
my diploma in Environmental Health Technician. I am forever grateful to
you Ya Rabbikhal Khareem.
My deep appreciation goes to the one who give me the background for my
academic excellence, Malam Lawal Adam Charanchi my father; I am
forever grateful. I am indebted to the world’s greatest mummy, Saratu Iliyas
Charanchi; my mother, your love, concern and care means a lot to me.
Special thanks goes to my Dear Parent for their unexplained support, advice,
encouragement, cooperation, Care and deep concern, throughout the period
of my study; may Allah continue to protect and sustain the love that existed
between us as parent and son. may Almighty Allah reward them abundantly
(Amin).
vi
continue to protect and sustain the love that existed between us as friends
May the Almighty Allah bless them and reward them (Ameen).
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i
Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Approval Page iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER THREE
viii
3.3 Instrument for Data Collection 24
CHAPTER FOUR
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Recommendations 51
5.4 Bibliography 57
5.5 Appendix 58
5.6 Questionnaire 71
ix
CHAPTER ONE
sanitation, personal hygiene and rural town planning, are simple and
in the society, they caused numerous morbidity and mortality cases, some
The poor housing makes individuals more liable disease or to the effects of
illness, there are more infectious diseases present in children who develop
tuberculosis, CSM etc. also dampness of many houses are caused by the
1
Poor housing can be a contributory case of mental illness and also make
like bush fire in our communities as a result of poor housing, poor waste
disposal, mynads of flies, over crowdiness and insufficient water meant for
houses.
responsible for most diseases related to household insect, this is mainly due
to poor housing, ignorance and poverty of people, where there is poor town
planning low level of residential premises, poor drainages system, and where
and shelter throughout the world has long been appreciated as a milestone to
advance public health, it’s apparent that due to poor housing promotion and
public health and disable asset to community to meet their health needs to
provide the degree of accuracy, and also to provide good ventilation into
their houses.
2
In conclusion, a very important ingredient of a successful safe housing in
information gathering about diseases that are associated with poor housing
out their duties more effectively. The problems of diseases associated with
poor housing are given a serious attention it deserves both from the
public health problems associated with poor housing will continue to spread
Government Area has become possible due to the following problems. One
water from the houses that are discharged into open gutters which are often
hoping of many houses are poor, due to poor supervision which rehabilitated
3
of imported building materials are very expensive not all can afford to buy
amenities like, water latrine and other facilities impossible due to the
population growth, this increase the chance of many houses to become slums
and make those houses unfit for human habitation in their areas.
economic status that put such people to live in dilapidated houses without
sanitary facilities, lastly there is poor town planning within the area of study,
most houses are often build without considering the public in airborne
disease and improve the chance of outbreak of diseases associated with poor
4
In the first place, the researcher is supposed to cover a large area beyond
the drainage system that acquire all necessary data for the successful
1. To find out the various public health problems associated with poor
2. To find out the possible causes of poor housing in the area of study.
3. To find out the prevalence of these health diseases and their effects
to a human health.
study.
5
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
housing?
6
2. That poor town planning and community hygiene can contribute to the
housing.
with poor housing, it effect to human health and it’s important to human
In the first place, the research is supposed to cover a large area beyond
the transportation from one place to another to acquire all the necessary data
7
Secondly, is the unavailability of time which affects the researcher greatly in
despite the above stated problems and others, the research was successfully
derived in the process concerning the topic under discussion was clearly put
etc.
diseases.
8
CHAPTER TWO
This chapter is mainly concern with the writings and sayings of some others
i.e. specific textbooks, experts, authors in line with the topic under
Local Government, Katsina State are common due to poor town planning,
poor waste disposal, poverty, ignorance and lack of community hygiene. It’s
well known facts that the poor housing due to poor town planning has direct
or indirect effects to its occupants, houses that are badly sited, poorly
public health problems associate with poor housing which serve as the topic
under discussion.
2.1.1 According to Marx, C. et-al (1980), he stressed out that “It is difficult
9
The physical health as well as the mental wellbeing of the occupants of poor
resistance to the onset colds and others infections such as sore throats which
may proceed hermetic conditions especially among the children and old
age”. Therefore, from the above statement it is clear that very one needs a
his family in safety, with portable water supply and facilities for disposing
of refuse, adequate lighting and ventilation system, proper latrine system etc.
a house is more than just the home in which one lives. It is a place in which
people belong where their affections centre and where they found refuge and
satisfaction, the family units is found in the houses and this unit should form
the basis of a sound society, where public health problems associated with
Poor waste collection and disposal facilities in the house contribute towards
public health problems that are associated with poor housing, to a public
health, they bread quickly in refuse and other decaying matter carry waste
and micro-insecticide organism and spread the diseases, e.g. diarrhea and
10
2.1.2 Huntley, L.W. et-al (1987), “poor waste collection and disposal in
residential premises provide an opportunity for rats and insects and hosts of
will also invade the people found living in slums building especially
the quality of house one lives there in which in turn will affects the spread of
diseases associated with poor housing and this primitive practice produce
dirt and it has bad effect on people who suffer from chronic respiratory
people should know that proper waste disposal will improve living condition
of our houses.
11
Not any poor waste disposal is great importance in the field of diseases of
public health importance associated with poor housing, still another problem
2.1.3 According to Oluwande P.A. (1983), said that “when people live in
slum areas the rate of at which they have communicable diseases is about 65
percent higher that national average, also during the cholera outbreak in
Ibadan 1970/1971, the people who live in build-up slum areas reported more
The study in USA also shows that tuberculosis rate is about 8 times as high
in slum areas as national average, the infant’s death rate is five times higher
shorter among slum dweller than national average, it is reported that the
frequency of fire outbreak was 1.5 times more in slum areas than national
average”.
diseases are still found in Charanchi Local Government Area, due to poor
badly lighted, poor sanitary facilities and or a result of these severe health
12
and safety burdens are imposed to people living in this building that have
being recorded as a result of these public problems that are associated with
decent houses build on solid foundation which in turn will affect a beneficial
supply, and disposal of large amount of waste that result from daily
health services.
hygiene, poor sources of water supply and storage facilities and sometimes
water sources are frequency contaminated from farm pollution, sewage and
waste.
public health problems due to housing, the chances of getting rid of these
public on the importance of good housing to human health, while SEPA and
13
KASUPDA should look into the aspect of preventing these public health
problems, in the same vein houses are over-built without adequate sanitary
2.1.5 Godwin, LG et-al (1979) emphasized that “the air of badly ventilated
rooms may smell unpleasantly from organic product on the skin and clothing
poor housing condition is responsible for most diseases that are associated
relationship that exist between health, shelter and diseases, therefore, the
2.1.6 Anderson, M. et-al (1978) shed more light in adequate latrine and its
premises has ill effect on the food and water meant for human consumption,
14
In view of the above, good health of an individual family and community at
large require decent housing, houses that are built on sound foundation and
with provision of all sanitary facilities, these will virtually reduce the
2.1.7 SEBIN, D.B. (1993) stated that in the past some of the most dramatic
these all diseases that are associated with poor housing will be prevented.
Therefore, the adverse effects of diseases associated with poor housing are
the continued existence of people living in slum houses without the basic
community or society.
2.1.8 Erust B, (1990) stressed that “many diseases found in houses or due to
poor housing habits are created by poor living condition, in view of this,
15
many services shared result to living pulmonary tuberculosis, malaria etc.
will become prevalence within the community. This continue the existence
sanitary facilities Good housing is the promising avenue to being about large
associated with poor housing causes sporadic case, human illness as well as
prevention of such diseases require decent and standard premises to meet all
From the above statement, it’s clear that protection of human health require
houses with all the necessary sanitary facilities should be built in order to
meet a proper human habitation that will facilitate health promotion and
ensure public health problem associated with poor housing are no longer in
16
2.1.9 Jellife, D.B.C. (1960) health hazards are due to poor housing condition
housing is a major public health issue, in United States, 13.5 million non-
fatal injuries occur in and around home, 2900 people die in house fire, and 2
million people make emergency room visit for asthma. A decent housing
17
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Area it is located at the southern part of Katsina State in the northern part of
the country, and the local government was created in 1976 it is under
Katsina State. It is boarded to the east by Bindawa, Mani, and Dutsi Local
Hausa/Fulani, the main native language used are Hausa and Fulani although
other languages like English, Igbo, Yoruba are spoken by the people who
come to the town for business or for other government assignment or duties,
Islam and Christianity are the commonest regions among its habitants.
comprehensive health centre, maternal and child health care, primary health
care Charanchi and other private clinics such as Dr. Enjory, Basma clinic
and maternity etc. and other small health centres found in each political
ward.
is equipped with some social amenities such as road, a big market that
comprise whole state and their local government of the country and also
good network system, e.g. GLO, MTN, ZAIN, and Etisalat for easy
from the month of October to February and it’s usually very cold at this
period of time. As from may it signed for the period usually experiences a
heavy rainfall, throughout the season which is good enough for their farming
system.
and soya beans are the major crops of Charanchi Local Government.
19
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
This project research was carried out in order to find out the major public
the general public on various causes of those problems and their effects on
human health also to know the various control and preventive measures.
Two communities were selected to be the sample size of this research work
their political wards they are Charanchi A and B, the sampling techniques
preventing the occurrence of these public health problems that are associated
The instrument used in obtaining the relevant data of this project was
authorized the distribution of the questionnaires were prepared and all the
that the message was not disrupted as a result of all the one hundred
x 2=¿
KLMN
21
The formula was derived from 2x2 contingency as shown below
YES NO
MALE A B K
FEMALE C D L
TOTAL M N M
22
CHAPTER FOUR
This chapter mainly discussed the result of the data collected from the
4.1 TABLE 1
respondents that represent 70% of the total respondents are males, while 19
4.2 TABLE 2
23
AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS
The above table discussed the age distribution of the respondents, 22 people
are between the age of 18 – 25 and they are representing 42% of the total
respondents, and those between the age of 25 – 30 are 18 people and the
represents about 38% of the total respondents, while those range between 30
and above are 10 people and they are representing 20% of the total
respondents.
4.3 TABLE 3
respondents that represent 27% of the total respondents are married couples,
while 37 respondents who are representing 73% of the total respondents are
single.
4.4 TABLE 4
24
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTS
4.5 TABLE 5
From the above table, the religion of the respondents is discussed, 49 of the
respondents are Muslims and they are representing 98% of the total
25
ANSWER NUMBER PERCENTAGE
Yes 48 92%
No 2 8%
TOTAL 50 100%
The above table discussed the views of the respondents on if they know
anything about public health problems that are associated with poor housing,
The above table, the respondents are asked to specify the way they know
representing 36% of the total respondents have the idea through media,
through personal experience and they are also representing 36% of the total
research and they are representing 22% of the total respondents and 2
26
respondents that are representing 6% of the total respondents have the idea
The table above discussed the factors that are associated with the outbreak of
diseases associated with poor housing where 9 respondents who are
representing 10% of the total respondents believe ignorance and poverty of
the people is a contributing factor, while 1 person representing 2% of the
total respondents said custom and traditional belief is the factor responsible
for the outbreak of these diseases, while 19 people that represents 46% of
the total respondents believes that poor environmental sanitation is the
responsible factor for the outbreak of these diseases, while 9 people who are
representing 10% of the total respondents have the idea that poor housing
planning is responsible for these diseases and 12 people who are
representing 32% of the total respondents said that overcrowding is the
factor which worsen the situation.
27
Q – Do you believe ignorance and poverty of people have any
significance to these problems?
The above table discussed the views of the respondents on if ignorance and
who are representing 74% of the total respondents know something about
From the above table, the respondents have the view on whether poor
12% of the total respondents do not believe with the question asked.
The above table, category of people who are affected most is discussed, 31
people who are representing 62% of the total respondents said children are
mostly affected while 13 people said adult are mostly affected and they are
representing 26% of the total respondents and 6 people said elderly people
are mostly affected and they are representing 12% of the total respondents.
The table discussed the view of the respondents on the disease that is
commonly due to poor housing 27 people that represent 54% of the total
people who are representing 16% of the total respondents said that
29
representing 30% of the total respondents said malaria is more common
The above table discussed the views of the respondents on whether lack of
diseases, 48 people from both sexes who are representing 96% of the total
population (responses) said they agree with the question asked, while 2
question asked.
30
The above table discussed the views of the respondents on whether lack of
who are representing 94% of the total responses agreed with the question
From the above table, the views of the respondents on if negligence of duty
o some health personnel can ban increase these diseases due to poor housing,
48 people from both sexes who are representing 96% of the total responses
31
ANSWER NUMBER PERCENTAGE
Yes 40 80%
No 10 20%
TOTAL 50 100%
The above table discussed the views of the respondents if there is any
The above table, the respondents are asked to specify the way Government
they are also representing 38% of the total respondents while 19 respondents
said through provision of drugs and they are representing 38% of the total
32
respondents and 2 respondents that are representing 4% of the total
The above table discussed the views of the respondents if there is any
assistance from non-governmental organizations beside government effort,
48 respondents that represents 96% of the total respondents said there are
different kind of assistance from NGOs, while 2 people representing 4% of
the total respondents said there is no any assistance from NGOs.
The above table, the respondents are asked to specify the way NGOs are
rendering there assist, 21 people representing 42% of the total respondents
are assisting through public health education, while another 19 respondents
indicated through personal provision of sanitary facilities and they are also
33
representing 38% of the total respondents while 8 respondents said through
provision of drugs and they are representing 16% of the total respondents
and 2 respondents that are representing 4% of the total respondents indicated
through other means.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY
The entire project research was aimed at in depth analysis of the public
Government to serve as case study area. The purpose of this study is to find
out the various causes of these problems, and its effects to health, possible
control and preventive measures and to health educate the general public on
region and it is attached by 2 heavy seasons dry and wet seasons, this
situation can lead to filthy environment where water sources can be polluted
and water is one of the basic necessity of life and is one of the requirement
34
of a sanitary living, virtually water plays an important role in the
with poor housing, this mainly due to ignorance of people on the importance
address the problems associated with poor housing. , unless and until the
problem of diseases which are directly associated with poor housing are
community in general, public health problems that are associated with poor
housing will continue to exist in the community and spread even beyond
5.2 CONCLUSION
associated with poor housing; it was aimed to find out the possible control
35
and preventive measures and to health educate the general public on the
The study revealed that, the poor environmental sanitation, ignorance and
poverty are the contributing factors to poor housing in the study area.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to deal with the diseases associated with poor housing in the area of
Government:
problems.
poor housing.
36
• Government should ensure that houses are inspected during construction
to get the general public involved in the war against problems of diseases
Public:
hygiene regularly.
• People should construct decent houses with all the necessary sanitary
facilities.
37
All these recommendations to the government and public at large are made
in order to prevent and control all public health problems that are associated
38
5.3 LIST ABBREVIATION
TB - Tuberculosis
39
5.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Macmillan Pg 108.
40
QUESTIONNAIRE
Please tick [√] as appropriate, the questionnaire has two (2) sections i.e.
Section (A) bio-data information and Section (B) information on Household.
The information supplied here are strictly confidential, therefore, you should
please cooperate kindly.
Thank You
1. Do you know anything about public health problems associated with poor
housing? Yes ( ) No ( )
2. If yes, through which of the following ways?
a. Through media ( )
41
b. Through personal experience ( )
c. Through personal research ( )
d. Others ( )
3. On your own understanding which factors among these contributes in the
outbreak of diseases associated with poor housing?
a. Ignorance and poverty ( )
b. Custom and traditional beliefs ( )
c. Poor environmental sanitation ( )
d. Poor house planning ( )
e. Overcrowding ( )
4. Do you believe that ignorance and poverty of the people have any
significance to these problems? Yes ( ) No ( )
5. Can poor planning and community hygiene be a means of acquiring these
diseases? Yes ( ) No ( )
6. Who among these are mostly affected with these problems?
a. Children ( )
b. Adult ( )
c. Elderly ( )
d. Others ( )
7. Which among these is commonly a disease due to poor housing?
a. Cholera ( )
b. Tuberculosis ( )
c. Malaria ( )
8. Do you agree that lack of environmental sanitation facilities can
contribute to the occurrence of these diseases associated with poor
housing? Yes ( ) No ( )
9. Is poor environmental sanitation contributing factor towards these public
health problems associated with poor housing? Yes ( ) No ( )
10.Does negligence of public health personnel increase the chances of
acquiring these diseases? Yes ( ) No ( )
42
11.Beside government effort, is there any assistance from NGOs towards
controlling these problems? Yes ( ) No ( )
12.If yes, through which of the following ways?
a. Through public health education ( )
b. Through provision of sanitary facilities ( )
c. Through provision of drugs ( )
d. Others ( )
43