LINGUISTICS PAPER

MORPHOLOGY

BY
GROUP 6:

FITRAH AL AMIR
(1952042041)
FADHILAH A. SHALIHAH
(1952042053)
SITI ROSITA
(1952042061)

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR

ENGLISH EDUCATION
CLASS D
A. Definition of Morphology

Etymologically, Morph = form or shape, ology = study of. Morphology is the study of the
basic building blocks of meaning in language. These building blocks, called morphemes, are
the smallest units of form that bear meaning or have a grammatical function. Morphology is
the study of word formation in a particular language. It focuses especially on the internal
structure of the words and their alteration through the addition of prefixes and suffixes.
Morphology itself is divided into two types, free and bound.

There are several notions of morphology according to experts from different disciplines. Here
is an understanding of morphology according to experts:

➢ Zaenal Arifin and Juaiyah

Gives understanding that morphology is linguistics about the intricacies of word structure.
➢ JWM Verhaar
Gives understanding that morphology is a branch of linguistics that identifies the basic
unit of language as a grammatical unit of writing.
➢ Ramlan
Gives an understanding of morphology which is a part of linguistics that specifically
discusses word structure and the effect of changes in word structure on word meanings.
➢ Nida (in Syahwin Nikelas; 1993)
Includes that morphology is the study of morphemes and the arrangement of morphemes
in word formation.
➢ Crystal
Morphologi is a branch of grammar that discusses the structure and form of words, mainly
the structure and form of words through the use of morphemes.

From the definition of morphology above, it can be concluded that morphology is the
governance of language used in forming sentences, so that it is systematic and also easily
digested by the general public, because it is identical with the process and its use.

B. Types of Morphology

Free Morphemes

Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand alone into words without having to be
tied to other morphemes. It is also called an unbound morpheme, a free-standing
morpheme, or root.Free morphemes have several basic types, namely
 • Verb
• Noun
• Adjective
• Prepositions
• Article
• Conjuction
• Pronoun

Example: study (verb), man (noun), kind (adj), on (prep). Free morphemes are divided into
2, namely lexical morphemes (open-class) and functional morphemes (closed-class).

• Lexical morphemes (including nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs), are words
that carry the content or the meaning of a sentence. They are open-class words.
Open classes accept the addition of new morphemes (words), through such
processes as compounding, derivation, inflection, coining, and borrowing.
Examples:
Nouns (John, room, answer), adjectives (happy, new, large, gray), verbs (search,
grow, hold, have), adverbs (really, completely, very, also,enough)
• Functional morphemes aremorpheme that can stand alone, but cannot be given
additions such as lexical morphemes, and the content to be conveyed is not clear.
The functional morphemes include pronouns (he, she, they, this, them, that, etc.)
conjunctions (and, or, if, because, after, etc.), interjection (waow, oops, auch, etc.) ,
prepositions (of, in, at, under, etc.), and articles (the, a and an)

Bond Morphemes

Bound morpheme is a morpheme whose meaning depends on another morpheme (Free

morpheme). Bound morpheme cannot stand alone and always attaches to the free
morpheme as an affixand may change the meaning of the free morpheme it is attached to.
The free morpheme that can be attached to bound morpheme is only the lexical
morpheme, while the functional morpheme cannot. Bound morpheme is divided into 2
types, namely derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme.

• Derivational morphemesare morphemes which when tied/attached to other morphemes

will make positive words become negative/opposite words from the attached
morpheme, form new terms, and change the word class, for example from noun to
adjective, from adjective to noun, from verb to noun, from verb to adjective, and so
on.In derivational, there are 2 kinds, which can be in the beginning of a word
(prefixes) or in the end of a word (suffixes), in Indonesian we usually know it as
affixes.
Examples that change meaning, such as ir, in, for example, un, re, hood, ship:
➢ in + correct = incorrect
 ➢ Ir + regular = irregular
➢ mis + understand = misunderstand
➢ un + happy = unhappy
➢ friend + ship = friendship

Examples that change the word class, usually in the form of a suffix (sufix) such as
ness, ly, al,able, ity, ment, er:

➢ happy + ness = happiness (happy = adjective, being happiness = noun)

➢ Happy + ly = happily (happy = adjective, being happily = adverb)
➢ person + al = personal (person = noun, become personal = adjective)
➢ govern + ment = government (govern = verb, become government = noun)
➢ beauty + ful = beautiful (beauty = noun, to be beautiful = adjective)
➢ Teach + er = teacher (teach = verb, becomes teacher = noun)
➢ study + ent = student (study = verb, become student = noun)

A free morpheme / lexical morpheme may be added with more than 1 bound
morpheme:

➢ removable, from re + move + able

➢ unluckily, from un + lucky + ly
➢ misunderstandings, from mis + understand + ing + s
➢ teachers, from teach + er + s
➢ personalities, from person + al + ity + es
• Inflectional morphemes are morpheme that does not change the meaning of the free
morpheme that it attaches to, nor does it change the class of words, for example from
noun to noun, from verb to still verb, and so on. Some of the inflectional morphemes
are er, est, s, es, ed, en and ing. inflectional morpheme functions include superlative
and comparative degrees (est, er), forming V2 and V3 (ed, en), making objects plural
(s, es), for verbs in 3rd singular person (s, es) and present participle (V1 + ing).
Example:
➢ small + er = smaller (comparative)
➢ Long + est = longest (superlative)
➢ walk + ed = walked (V2 / V3)
➢ give + en = given (V3 / past participle)
➢ Play + ing = playing (V-ing / present participle)
➢ go + es = goes (V in 3rd singular person)
➢ book + s = books (plural)
 CONCLUSION

Morphology is the governance of language used in forming sentences, so that it is systematic

and also easily digested by the general public, because it is identical with the process and its
use. It focuses especially on the internal structure of the words and their alteration through the
addition of prefixes and suffixes. Morphology itself is divided into two types, free and bound.
 REFERENCE

http://langitjinggadipelupukmatarumahmakalah.blogspot.com/2014/10/makalah-morphology-
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https://www.ilmubahasainggris.com/linguistic-pengertian-morphology-pembagian-jenis-dan-
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https://www.scribd.com/document/406216625/Contoh-Morpheme

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