TECHNICAL SPAN TS 3002:2021

SPECIFICATION

EQUIPMENT FOR
SLUDGE/RESIDUALS TREATMENT
(SLUDGE THICKENING AND
DEWATERING)

National Water Services Commission

No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, stored in a
retrieval system, or reduced to any electronic medium without the written authority of
National Water Services Commission.

National Water Services Commission and Registered Certifying Agencies employees are
permitted to copy and use the information in this publication, for internal purposes only.

Changes may be made periodically to the information herein.

First Edition

February 2021

Published by:

Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara

(National Water Services Commission)
Bahagian Pembangunan Industri
Prima Avenue 8, Block 3510
Jalan Teknokrat 6
63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor
Malaysia
 SPAN-TS 3002:2021

Contents

Page

Foreword................................................................................................................................................................................ ii

0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 1

1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1

2 Normative references ....................................................................................................................................... 2

3 Terms and definitions....................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Material ................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5 Sludge thickeners................................................................................................................................................ 6

6 Sludge dewatering.............................................................................................................................................. 8

7 Service life........................................................................................................................................................... 13

8 Safety..................................................................................................................................................................... 13

9 Marking ................................................................................................................................................................ 14

Annex A Test methods ............................................................................................................................................ 15

Bibliography....................................................................................................................................................................... 20

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SPAN-TS 3002:2021

Foreword

This SPAN-TS was developed by the Working Group on Sludge/Residuals Treatment - Sludge
Thickening and Dewatering.

This technical specification was developed with the following objectives:

a) to provide a comprehensive standard that prescribes requirements for the design,

construction and installation and performance of mechanical sludge treatment equipment;

b) to assist the industries to certify their products against a given standard; and

c) to provide the regulatory bodies with a standard that can be used for monitoring and verifying
products for use in water and sewage treatment system.

This technical specification will be subjected to review to reflect current needs and conditions.
Users and other interested parties may submit comments on the contents of this technical
specification for consideration into future versions.

Compliance with this technical specification does not by itself grant immunity from legal
obligations.

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 SPAN-TS 3002:2021

Equipment for Sludge/Residuals Treatment (Sludge Thickening and Dewatering)

0. Introduction

Sludge/residuals produced from water and sewage treatment systems contains a high percentage
of water. The sludge/residuals need to undergo a water reduction process to obtain solids prior
to disposal. Sludge/residuals thickening and dewatering operations are capable of achieving this
high reduction in water content and consequently, in sludge mass or volume. The handling and
disposal of solid matters is much easier and more cost effective as compared to handling and
disposal of sludge without further treatment.

In selecting suitable equipment for these operations, many aspects must be taken into
consideration including, but not limited to, the followings:

— quality and quantity of the sludge/residuals to be treated;

— overall energy consumption of the system;

— initial investment, maintenance and operating costs;

— manpower skill and infrastructure available;

— safety of operations; and

— specific local constraints or opportunities.

Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) being the regulator for water supply services and
sewerage services in Malaysia recognises the importance of the efficiency of sludge thickening
and dewatering systems in water and sewage treatment systems. This technical specification was
developed as a guide to qualify equipment for these treatment systems. The technical
specification provides the requirements on the material used for the construction of the
equipment, the design criteria for thickener and dewatering equipment, the performance,
acceptance criteria and test requirements for type of equipment, the service life for motors used
in the system, the safety consideration during installation and operation of equipment, and the
requirements on marking of equipment that need to be followed by equipment manufacturers.

1. Scope

This technical specification specifies requirements for the design, installation and performance,
and related methods of test, for sludge treatment equipment used for thickening and dewatering
of sludge discharged from water and sewage treatment systems.

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SPAN-TS 3002:2021

2. Normative references

The following normative references are indispensable for the application of this standard. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
normative reference (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 9906, Rotodynamic pumps - Hydraulic performance acceptance tests - Grades 1, 2 and 3

IEC 60085, Electrical insulation - Thermal evaluation and designation

Standard Method 2540, Solids

3. Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1 General

3.1.1 centrate

Liquid leaving a centrifuge decanter or screw press after most of the solids have been removed.

3.1.2 dewatered sludge

Sludge, in which the water content has been reduced by natural or mechanical means.

3.1.3 dissolved solids

Substances remaining, after filtration and evaporation to dryness of a sample, under specified
conditions.

3.1.4 dry solid, DS

Ratio of the mass of total solids to total mass of sludge.

3.1.5 filtrate

Liquid leaving a filter press, belt press, rotary drum thickener or belt thickener after most of the
solids have been removed.

3.1.6 floating solids

Floating layer of undissolved material and foam or scum on the surface of liquid.

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3.1.7 settleable solids

Portion of the initially suspended solids capable of being removed by sedimentation after a
specified settling period under specified conditions.

3.1.8 sludge cake

Sludge that has been sufficiently dewatered to be handled like a solid.

3.1.9 sludge dewatering

Process whereby wet sludge, usually conditioned by a coagulant, has its water content reduced
by physical means.

3.1.10 sludge thickening

Process by which the water content of sludge is significantly reduced, either by prolonged
settlement aided by slow mechanical stirring and sometimes with the addition of chemicals, or
by flotation of solids or centrifugation.

3.1.11 suspended solids

Solids with a diameter greater than 0.45 µm that are suspended in water.

3.1.12 thickened sludge

Concentrated sludge/residuals produced as a result of the thickening process.

3.1.13 total solids, TS

Sum of dissolved, suspended, settleable and floating solids.

3.2 Sewage treatment

3.2.1 primary sludge

Sludge removed from primary treatment unmixed with other recycled sludges.

3.2.2 sewage

Any liquid discharges containing human excreta, animal or vegetable matters in suspension or
solution derived from domestic activities and being generated from household, commercial,
institutional and industrial premises including liquid discharges from water closets, basins, sinks,
bathrooms and other sanitary appliances but excluding rainwater and prohibited effluent.

3.2.3 sludge

Mixture of water and solids separated from various types of sewage as a result of natural or
artificial processes.

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3.2.4 waste activated sludge

Sludge which is removed from an activated sludge process.

NOTE. Waste activated sludge is also referred to as surplus activated sludge or excess sludge.

3.3 Water treatment

3.3.1 residuals

Accumulated settled solids separated from various types of water as a result of natural or artificial
processes.

4. Material

4.1 General

Materials used for the equipment shall be resistant to attack by the constituents of sewage and
sewage sludge, aerosols, sewage gases and atmospheric influences (e.g. micro-atmosphere) as
applicable and consistent with the relevant requirements. The client shall inform the equipment
supplier of any special factors, such as the presence of septic condition.

If different materials are connected, detrimental galvanic corrosion shall be prevented. If load-
bearing components are made of plastic material, detrimental effects of the environment (e.g. UV-
radiation, temperature) shall be considered.

Local conditions may require the use of particularly durable materials; this being subject to
special agreement between contractor and client. Durability can be achieved by the use of
materials inherently resistant to corrosion or by the application of a suitable coating. Where
possible, anti-corrosion protection shall form part of the manufacturing process.

Materials shall be selected to meet the requirements specified in the tender documents. Special
materials shall be used at the clients’ request.

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4.2 Material for main component

Additional requirements regarding materials for specific components is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Material for specific component of thickener and dewatering equipment

Type Component Material Minimum grade

Thickener
Centrifuge decanter Bowl Duplex stainless steel 1.4462/ SAF2205
Scroll Stainless steel Min SS304
Scroll flight Tungsten carbide-coated
spray
Tungsten carbide tiles Weld SS316
Belt thickener Belt Polyester/ Polypropylene
Roller Carbon steel (coated) ST 37.2 or
equivalent
Stainless steel (coated) SS304
Rotary drum Mesh Polyester/ Polypropylene
Stainless steel mesh SS304
Dewatering equipment
Belt filter press Belt Polyester/ Polypropylene
Roller Carbon steel (coated) ST 37.2 or
equivalent
Stainless steel (coated) SS304
Filter press Filter cloth Polypropylene/ Polyamide
Hydraulic Structural steel • Cold drawn
cylinder barrel tube GR20 with
heat treatment
• UNI Fe 510D
• 1.0576
• 1.0570
• 1.1191
Centrifuge decanter Bowl Duplex stainless steel 1.4462/SAF2205
Scroll Stainless steel Min SS304
Scroll flight Tungsten carbide-coated
spray
Tungsten carbide tiles Weld SS316
Screw press Disc Stainless steel Min SS304
Scroll Stainless steel Min SS304

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5. Sludge thickeners

5.1 Types of sludge thickening equipment

The following are the types of mechanical sludge thickening equipment covered in this technical
specification.

a) Centrifuge decanter.

b) Gravity belt thickener.

c) Rotary drum thickener.

d) Other innovative products of thickener, subject to specification by SPAN.

The mechanical sludge thickening equipment should

a) be operated automatically with mechanism for manual override;

b) also include equipment needed for dosing of flocculant and a flocculator tank (belt and drum)
and three polymer injection points (centrifuge decanter);

c) use flocculant of food grade for water treatment; and

d) be enclosed or located in a well-ventilated room for health and safety of operators and to
reduce corrosion.

5.2 Design criteria

Design of mechanical thickening equipment shall take into account the requirements for control
of odour, noise, vibration and explosive atmospheres; and, but not limited to, the following:

a) type and total solids concentration of the sludge to be thickened;

b) sludge properties required for downstream processes;

c) availability of process water (quality, flow and pressure);

d) compressed air required (flow and pressure) with auto-drain and dryer;

e) daily net thickening capacity (the output mass of thickened dried solids), and maximum daily
thickening capacity, which includes any recirculation of solids (for example, solids return
from a centrifuge);

f) maximum sludge feed rate: hydraulic (m 3/h) and mass (kg DS/h);

g) consumption of polymers or conditioning agents per mass of dried solids fed to the
equipment;

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h) dry mass concentration in the thickened sludge at the specified net capacity;

i) dry mass capture rate attainable at the specified net capacity;

j) consumption of polymers or conditioning agents at the specified net capacity;

k) type of the mechanical equipment, relevant dimensions and specification of all relevant
materials and means of corrosion protection;

l) nominal power consumption of all electrical drives, maximum and average power
consumption;

m) failure indication at the control panel;

n) automatic shut-down on failure inclusive of ancillary equipment;

o) automatic start-up and shutdown inclusive of ancillary equipment;

p) consumption of process and clean water (including water for preparation and dilution of
polymers or conditioning agents);

q) labour time required during regular operations;

r) provision for collection of samples and maintenance of the equipment; and

s) provision of scour, backflushing and facilities for cleaning of equipment and accessories.

Design criteria for thickener shall comply to the requirements given in Table 2.

Table 2. Design parameters for thickener

Parameter Type Requirement

Sludge type
Design basis
Hydraulic loading
Solid capture rate
Energy consumption
Water consumption
All i. Primary sludge
ii. Waste activated sludge
iii. Mixed sludge
Centrifuge decanter As rated by manufacturer
Gravity belt thickener Minimum 90 kg DS/h.m belt width
Rotary drum thickener Minimum 20 kg DS/m 2.h solid flux
All As rated by manufacturer
All i. Minimum 90 % (Sewage)
ii. Minimum 95 % (Water)
All Refer to Table 3
Centrifuge decanter Maximum 10 % of hydraulic feed
Gravity belt thickener Maximum 3 m 3/h.m belt width
Rotary drum thickener Maximum 10 % of hydraulic feed

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Table 3. Energy consumption (without pumping and conditioning unit) for thickening
initial sludge concentration of 0.7 % to 1.2 %

Type kWh/t DS kWh/m3

Gravity belt thickener 5 to 15 < 0.2
Disc/drum/desk thickener 5 to 20 < 0.2
Centrifuge decanter 80 to 220 0.6 to 1.4

5.3 Performance and test requirement

The expected performance for sludge thickeners according to design shall be according to Table 4.

Table 4. Acceptance criteria and test requirement for thickener

Parameter Acceptance criteria Test method

Sewage Water
Solid loading As rated As rated Refer Annex A
Dry solid content, % DS Minimum 4 Minimum 4 APHA 2540
Solid capture rate, % Minimum 90 Minimum 95 Refer Annex A
Energy consumption, As rated As rated Refer Annex A
kWh/m 3
Water consumption As rated As rated Refer Annex A
Hydraulic loading As rated As rated Refer Annex A
Polymer consumption, 1-4 1-4 Refer Annex A
kg/tonne DS

6. Sludge dewatering

6.1 Types of sludge dewatering equipment

The following are the types of mechanical sludge dewatering equipment covered in this technical
specification.

a) Belt filter press.

b) Centrifuge decanter.

c) Filter press (chamber or membrane).

d) Screw press.

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The mechanical sludge dewatering equipment should:

a) be operated automatically with mechanism for manual override;

b) also include equipment needed for dosing of flocculant and flocculator tank (belt and screw
press) and three polymer injection points (centrifuge decanter);

c) use flocculant of food grade for water treatment; and

d) be enclosed or located in a well-ventilated room for health and safety of operators and to
reduce corrosion.

The specifications of the dewatering equipment room shall be decided considering the following
items.

a) The room shall have adequate space for operation, inspection and maintenance of the
equipment.

b) Ventilation, lighting and floor drainage shall be sufficient.

c) The room shall be in a convenient location for conveyance of the concentrated sludge.

d) An overhead traveling crane, electric hoist, etc. shall be provided.

6.2 Design criteria

Design of mechanical dewatering equipment shall take into account the requirements for control
of odour, noise, vibration and explosive atmospheres; and, but not limited to, the following:

a) type and total solids concentration of the sludge to be dewatered;

b) dewaterability characteristics of the sludge;

c) sludge properties required for the final disposal;

d) availability of process water (quality, flow and pressure);

e) compressed air required (flow and pressure) with auto-drain and dryer;

f) daily net dewatering capacity (the output mass of dewatered dried solids), and maximum
daily dewatering capacity, which includes any recirculation of solids (for example, solids
return from a centrifuge);

g) maximum sludge feed rate: hydraulic (m 3/h) and mass (kg DS/h);

h) consumption of polymers or conditioning agents per mass of dried solids fed to the
equipment;

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i) dry mass concentration in the dewatered sludge at the specified net capacity;

j) dry mass capture rate attainable at the specified net capacity;

k) consumption of polymers or conditioning agents at the specified net capacity;

l) type of the mechanical equipment, relevant dimensions and specification of all relevant
materials and means of corrosion protection;

m) nominal power consumption of all electrical drives, maximum and average power
consumption;

n) failure indication at the control panel;

o) automatic shut-down on failure inclusive of ancillary equipment;

p) automatic start-up and shutdown inclusive of ancillary equipment;

q) consumption of process and clean water (including water for preparation and dilution of
polymers or conditioning agents);

r) labour time required during regular operations;

s) provision for collection of samples and maintenance of the equipment;

t) provision of isolation device for wash water from the dewatered cake and the wash water to
be discharged to the designated location. Sufficient wash water pressure to wash mesh, belt,
filter cloth, and bowl and scroll; and

u) automatic flushing or washing facilities shall be included.

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Design criteria for dewatering equipment shall comply with the requirements given in Table 5.

Table 5. Design parameters for dewatering equipment

Parameter Type Requirement

Sludge type i. Primary sludge
ii. Waste activated sludge
iii.Mixed sludge
iv. Digested sludge
v. Water treatment residuals
Design basis Centrifuge decanter As rated by manufacturer
Screw press Minimum 40 kg DS/hr/disc
internal diameter
Belt filter press Minimum 90 kg DS/m belt width
Filter press (membrane) i. Sludge - Minimum 1 kg
DS/m 2.h
ii. Water treatment residuals -
Minimum 1.25 kg DS/m 2.h
Filter press (chamber) i. Sludge - Minimum 0.7 kg
DS/m 2.h
ii. Water treatment residuals -
Minimum 1 kg DS/m 2.h
Hydraulic loading As rated by manufacturer
Solid capture rate Minimum 95 % (Sewage)
Minimum 95 % (Water)
Energy consumption Refer to Table 6
Water consumption Centrifuge decanter Maximum 10 % of hydraulic feed
Screw press Maximum 10 % of hydraulic feed
Belt filter press Maximum 6 m 3/h.m
Filter press Maximum 20 % of hydraulic feed

Table 6. Energy consumption (without pumping and conditioning unit) for dewatering
systems (initial sludge concentration: 3 % to 8 %)

Type kWh/t DS kWh/m3

Filter press 20 to 50 0.7 to 1.2
Belt press 5 to 30 0.5 to 1
Screw press 5 to 30 0.2 to 1
Centrifuge decanter 15 to 80 1 to 3

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6.3 Performance and test requirements

The expected performance for sludge dewatering method according to design shall be as given in
Table 7.

Table 7. Acceptance criteria and test requirement for dewatering equipment

Parameter Acceptance criteria Test method

Sewage Water
Solid loading As rated As rated Refer Annex A
Dry solid content, Minimum 20* Decanter: APHA 2540
% DS i. Raw water (river)
- Minimum 25
ii. Raw water
(dam/Off River
Storage (ORS)) -
Minimum 20*

Filter press:
i. Raw water (river)
- Minimum 35
ii. Raw water
(dam/ORS) -
Minimum 20*

Belt press:
i. Raw water (river)
- Minimum 25
ii. Raw water
(dam/ORS) -
Minimum 20*

Screw press:
i. Raw water (river)
- Minimum 25
ii. Raw water
(dam/ORS) -
Minimum 20*
Solid capture rate, % Minimum 95 Minimum 95 Refer Annex A
Energy consumption, As rated As rated Refer Annex A
kWh/m 3
Water consumption As rated As rated Refer Annex A

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Table 7. Acceptance criteria and test requirement for dewatering equipment (continued)

Parameter Acceptance criteria Test method

Sewage Water
Hydraulic loading As rated As rated Refer Annex A
Polymer consumption, Maximum 4 Maximum 5** Refer Annex A
kg/tonne DS
*If the minimum value cannot be achieved, mechanical dewatering should be carried out after
chemical conditioning (with lime, alum and/or ferric chloride or perlite/celite)
**Subject to type of polymer

7. Service life

The service life of all motors shall be a minimum of Class 3 (see Table 8), unless otherwise
specified.

The service life of all bearings and gears for pumps, compressors, rakes, mixers, sludge
dewatering machines and similar machinery and components shall be a minimum of Class 4 (see
Table 8), unless otherwise specified.

Table 8. Acceptance criteria and test requirement for dewatering equipment

Service life class

1 2 3 4 5
Design service undefined 10 000 20 000 50 000 80 000
life, h

Motor coil insulation shall be of Class F (see IEC 60085).

8. Safety

8.1 The risk of accumulation of toxic or explosive gases shall be taken into consideration.

8.2 Appropriate measures for natural or mechanical ventilation shall be taken and/or explosion
proof equipment shall be selected.

8.3 Sludge dewatering plants, in which gases and vapours can accumulate in noxious
concentrations, shall be equipped with effective ventilation devices to exhaust gases and vapours
from the source.

8.4 During sludge dewatering, hazardous gases such as ammonia, odour gases, hydrogen
sulphide or methane may be produced depending on the process or conditioning method.

8.5 Hazardous gases may continue to be produced by dewatered sludge. Thus, rooms in which
dewatered sludge is stored shall be well-ventilated.

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8.6 Mechanically operated sludge dewatering plants should be fitted with automatic cleaning
equipment.

8.7 When inorganic chemicals are used, it is important to follow best practices for chemical
handling such as the use of gloves, glasses and protection clothes for operators and the provision
of showers near the working area.

8.8 Handling of powder polymers requires anti-dust masks to be worn. This is not necessary
for microspheres and emulsions. Polymeric solutions, diluted or not, have a high viscosity and
when spilt on wet ground could involve an additional risk for the operators.

8.9 The noise level should be kept at <70 dB for belt and belt thickeners, belt and screw press,
and for piston press (hydraulic distribution) but higher for centrifuges (85 dB to 90 dB) that
requires noise insulation and/or specific personal protective equipment (PPE) for staff.

8.10 Centrifuges are vibrating machines and the level vibration shall be below 15 mm/s to
20 mm/s to avoid mechanical degradation.

8.11 Belt press shall be installed with emergency pull cord/lanyard and emergency stop
button.

8.12 Filter press shall be installed with safety light curtains on both sides.

9. Marking

Each equipment shall, at a minimum, be marked with the following information.

a) Manufacture’s name or trademark;

b) Manufacturing serial number;

c) Manufacturing date (MM/YY); and

d) Equipment capacity:

i. Pressed volume and filtration area (filter press).

ii. Solid load capacity, kg DS/h (centrifuge decanter).

iii. Solid load capacity, kg DS/h (belt thickener/belt press).

iv. Solid load capacity, kg DS/h (drum thickener).

v. Solid load capacity, kg DS/h (screw press).

The markings shall be printed on plate and adhered to the equipment.

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Annex A
(normative)

Test methods

Annex A specifies the test methods to be used in order to verify compliance with this Technical
Specification. Figure A.1 is a typical process set-up for a thickener and dewatering equipment and
designation of the test locations.

Key

1 Sludge feed
2 Thickened sludge/dewatered sludge
3 Centrate/filtrate produced
4 Polymer dosing
5 Wash water
FM-1 Flowmeter, sludge feed (EM type)
FM-2 Flowmeter, polymer dosing (EM/rotameter type)
FM-3 Flowmeter, wash water (EM/rotameter type)
P-1 Sludge feed pump
P-2 Polymer dosing pump
PPU Polymer preparation unit

Figure A.1. Typical diagram for thickener and dewatering equipment set-up

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A.1 Hydraulic loading

Measure sludge feed flowrate, m 3/h, using a flowmeter. Reading shall be taken directly from the
measuring equipment.

A.2 Solid loading

A.2.1 Measure sludge feed flowrate, m 3/h, using a flowmeter. Reading shall be taken directly
from the measuring equipment.

A.2.2 Conduct test for dry solid in sludge feed using the appropriate method according to
Standard Method 2540. Result given in % dry solid.

A.2.3 Conduct test for density of sludge feed according to an established laboratory method.

A.2.4 Calculation of dry solid loading, in kg DS/h, as follows:

Sludge flowrate x Density of sludge feed x Dry solid content

m3 kg kg DS
= x 3 x
h m kg

A.3 Energy consumption

A.3.1 Measure power use, kW, using a power meter according to method given in ISO 9906.
Reading shall be taken directly from the measuring equipment.

A.3.2 Simultaneously, measure sludge feed flowrate, m 3/h, using a flowmeter. Reading shall be
taken directly from the measuring equipment.

A.3.3 Calculation of energy consumption, in kWh/m 3, as follows:

Power use
Sludge flowrate

A.4 Water consumption

Measure water flowrate, m 3/h, using flowmeters (electromagnetic or rotameter). Reading shall
be taken directly from the measuring equipment.

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A.5 Polymer consumption

A.5.1 Measure polymer dosing flowrate, m 3/h, using a flowmeter.

A.5.2 Calculate the concentration of polymer in use, kg polymer/kg solution, based on actual
operating condition (0.1 % - 0.4 %).

A.5.3 Calculation of polymer consumption as follows:

Polymer dosing flowrate x Density x Concentration of polymer

Solid loading

kg polymer/h
kg DS/h

= kg polymer/kg DS

A.5.4 Convert result to kg polymer/tonne DS.

A.6 Solid capture rate

A.6.1 Conduct test for dry solid for sludge feed, centrate/filtrate and cake using the appropriate
method according to Standard Method 2540. Result is given in % dry solid.

A.6.2 Measure sludge feed flowrate (m 1), m 3/h, using a flowmeter. Reading shall be taken
directly from the measuring equipment.

A.6.3 Measure centrate/filtrate flowrate (m 3), m 3/h, using one of the following methods:

a) Method 1: Using mass balance by trial and error method. This method is applicable for
operation using all type of equipment.

b) Method 2: Manual measurement of centrate/filtrate flowrate using a calibrated volume. This

method does not apply to filter press. Measurement shall be conducted with minimum of five
flow ranges.

A.6.4 Calculation of solid capture rate, in %, as follows:

centrate/filtrate flowrate,m3
[1 − ] x 100 %
sludge feed flowrate, m1

For cases where continuous wash water is mixed with filtrate (i.e. for belt thickener, belt press,
rotary drum and screw press), the mass balance shall take into consideration the amount of wash
water used for washing. Refer to mass balance diagram (Figure A.2).

For cases where the wash water does not mix with the centrate/filtrate (i.e. decanter and filter
press), the wash water shall be excluded from the mass balance calculation.

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For cases where post-dilution of polymers is made, the amount of post-dilution water shall be
measured and included in the mass balance calculation.

For cases where the wash water is mixed with centrate/filtrate, the solid content tested may
produce a lower result due to dilution by the wash water. Ultimately, the solid capture calculated
without taking into consideration the wash water flowrate will be higher compared with the
actual value.

Example of calculation is given in Figure A.2.

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SPAN-TS 3002:2021
Figure A.2. Example of calculation for solid capture
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SPAN-TS 3002:2021

Bibliography

[1] MS 1850: Part 13:2006, Water quality - Sampling - Part 13: Guidance on sampling of sludges
from sewage and water treatment works

[2] ISO 5667-17:2008, Water quality - Sampling - Part 17: Guidance on sampling of bulk
suspended solids

[3] ISO 6107-1:2004, Water quality - Vocabulary - Part 1

[4] ISO 6107-2:2006, Water quality - Vocabulary - Part 2

[5] ISO 6107-6:2004, Water quality - Vocabulary - Part 6

[6] ISO 6107-8:1993, Water quality - Vocabulary - Part 8

[7] ISO 20670:2018, Water reuse - Vocabulary

[8] ISO/DTR 19995, Sludge recovery, recycling, treatment and disposal - Thickening and
dewatering

[9] EN 12255-10:2000, Wastewater treatment plants - Part 10: Safety principles

[10] BS EN 1085:2007, Wastewater treatment - Vocabulary

[11] BS EN 12255-1:2002, Wastewater treatment plants - Part 1: General construction principles

[12] BS EN 12255-8:2001, Wastewater treatment plant - Part 8: Sludge treatment and storage

[13] IS 10037 (Part 2) - 1983 (2001), Requirements for sludge de-watering equipment - Part 2:
Vacuum filtration equipment

[14] IS 10037 (Part 3) - 1983 (2001), Requirements for sludge dewatering equipment - Part 3:
Centrifugal equipment (Solid bowl type)

[15] JIS B 9944-1987, Testing methods of activated sludge process equipments

[16] JIS B 9945-1987, Testing methods of filtration equipments for dewatering

[17] Design Guidelines for Sewage Works, Ministry of the Environment, Ontario

[18] Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines, Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara

20 © SPAN 2021- All rights reserved

Acknowledgements

SPAN would like to thank the organisations who have contributed their ideas, time and expertise
in the development of this technical specification.

Mr Azamy Abdul Aziz Abdul Aziz Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara

(Chairman) (SPAN)
Ms Norfaizah Nasir (Technical Secretary) SIRIM STS Sdn Bhd
Mr Ray Tan Alfa Laval (M) Sdn Bhd
Mr Abd Hannan Mohd Khairi ANQAS Certification Sdn. Bhd.
Mr Talahah Othman BW Perunding Sdn Bhd
Ms Mazurah Sulaiman HLA Associates Sdn Bhd
Mr Jason Ng Chan Hean/ Indah Water Konsortium
Mr Ahmad Tarmizi Rahmat
Ir Hasrul Nizam Abdul Rahman Jabatan Kerja Raya
Ir Huzaini Haji Husain Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembentungan (JPP)
Mr Olgun Ugurdogan/ Offshore Avenue Sdn Bhd
Mr Mohd Rizal Zakaria
Ms Junainah Ahamad Pengurusan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd.
Mr Yeap Cheng Soon Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang
Mr Wong Voon Yoong/ PMI-Technology Sdn Bhd
Mr Christopher Lim
Ms Wan Norisah Wan Awang/ SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
Mr Roslan Azizan (Product Certification)
Mr Mohd Fauzely Mustapa Bakari SIRIM QAS International Sdn Bhd
(Testing Services)
Ms Suriani Mohd Sukor Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara
(SPAN)
Prof Dr Shaliza Ibrahim Universiti Malaya

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