Transportation Engineering

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 Terms and Definitions

• Transport: is a science that concerns with the

efficient movement of people and goods that is
undertaken to accomplish objectives to complete
tasks that require transfer from one location to
another
• Transportation Engineering: is concerned with the
application of scientific principles to the planning,
design; operation & management of transportation
systems. It is a sub-speciality of civil engineering.
However, it is inherently multidisciplinary overlapping
diverse fields as economics; psychology; geography;
city planning; public administration; political science;
industrial & electrical
2 engineering
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 Transportation Systems
Transportation systems consists of the following components:

• Physical “fixed” facilities: streets; roads;

highways; railroads; airport; sea & river
ports; pipelines and canals.
• Flow entities: fleets of vehicles; vessels
and aircrafts.
• Control systems refers to the technological ways
in which individual vehicles are guided on fixed
facilities. It can be done manual or automatic.
They include means that permit the efficient safe
and smooth operation of streams of vehicles
and reduce conflicts between vehicles [Signing;
Marking and signalling]
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 Transportation Systems
• Facility oriented organization are involved in
planning; designing; constructing; maintaining
& operating fixed facilities
• Operation organization “ carriers” concerned
with operating fleets to provide transportation
services [Railroads; airlines; ships; truck
lines; transit operator; private car owner, etc]
• Operating bases and facilities for
vehicle maintenance facilities

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..Characteristics of transportation
Transport demand characteristics:
• Highly qualitative and differentiated [By time of
the day; day of the week; journey purpose and
type of cargo)
• It is derived and transport is not an end by
itself. People are travelling in order to satisfy
their needs at their destinations and for the
seek of transport
• It takes place over space [the distribution of
activities over space]. The spatiality of
demand leads to problem of lack of
coordination which affect equilibrium between
demand and supply
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 ….Characteristics of transportation
Transport supply characteristics:

• It is a service and not a good. We cannot stock

it. Transport service must be consumed when
and where it is produced otherwise its benefit
is lost.
• Transport infrastructure is lumpy and take
long time to be carried out.
• Transport investment has an important
political role.
• Transport is very important elements in the
welfare of nations and well being of urban
and rural dweller.

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 Transportation system classification
The definition of transportation systems makes a distinction between
passengers and freight “goods”. Both are needed to satisfy human
needs and both constitute a significant portion of Gross National
Product
• Transportation system is categorized into four major
sub-system according to the medium on which the
flow elements are supported. These subsystem are
commonly referred as modes.
• Modes describe various means of travel.
• The four major subsystem are
Land Air Water Pipelines
Transportatio Transportatio Transportatio
n n n
Highway Domestic Inland Oil
Rail International Ocean Gas; other 7
Mode classification by geography location
Location Freight Passengers
Private Auto-Highway
Urban Truck-Highway
Transit-Highway/Railway
Truck-Highway Private Auto-Highway
Railway Bus
Ocean shipping Rail
Intercity Inland water Air
Pipelines
Air
Special Conveyor belt
Purpose Cable system

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 type
Transportation systems are classified as either public or private or
classified as for hire or not for hire
• Hire system are further classified into
– Contract Carriers: provide service to public
under individual contractual arrangement
– Common Carriers offer scheduled service and
are open to all member of public willing to pay
the posted fare.
• Mass transportation or Mass
transit refer to the common
carriage of passengers; taxi; car
rental
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 Urban Transportation systems
• The intra-city or urban distribution of freight is
predominantly accomplished by highway
subsystem using vans; trucks.
• The major movement within urban areas are
related to passenger transport.
• Water transport is found within urban areas, it
is related to passenger transport.
• Air transportation is unsuited for urban travel
• Transport means available for urban travel are
land based regardless of being private or public.
• Mode of transport in urban, heavy rail; light rail, bus
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 Transportation
Modes
• Highways are the most dominant mode of
transport in most countries of the world
including Jordan.
• The highway system is used by private
vehicles; truck lines; bus lines.
• Highway systems serves intercity passengers;
freight transportation; urban passenger
transport & distribution of goods.

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highway systems
• Very high accessibility to almost all
potential destination
• Direct service with very low-to-door travel time
• Moderate line haul speed & capacities
• Capital costs of physical facilities are moderate
• Vehicle used are small & cheep to be owned
by individual compared to all other mode.
• Total investment of physical facilities & vehicle
is high
• Operating cost is high
• Environmental impact of the system as a
whole are high and of major concerns of
societies
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 Urban transit
• It is a specialized mode. It includes traditional
mass transit modes [Buses, street cars, light
rail, rapid rail transit & para-transit]
• Tram “street car”: Vehicles received their
power from overhead power. They are
operating on tracks sharing the roadway with
cars and buses
• Light rail: A term embracing a wide range of
electrical powered vehicle running on steel rails
(metro). Passengers board from road surface or
low plat form. It operated along street but
maybe provided with exclusive right of way
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 ….Urban transit
• Rapid rail transit system called metro is the
underground tube operate on exclusive R.O.W
and relatively high speeds & provide highest
line capacity available.
• Para-transit: A term applies to small passenger
vehicles operating informally on fare-paying
basis & serving in some places as an
alternative to regular bus transit services.

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Streetcar/Tram

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Light rail

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Rapid Rail transit

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Para-transit

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 Who use urban transit system
• Mainly serves passenger
transportation(10% of passenger trips
in USA is made by transit, the
percentage is much higher in Europe)
• Transit passengers are either persons
making work trips into central
business district, usually referred as
commuters/choice rider or passenger
without access to automobile often
referred to as captive rider
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Transit
• Line haul speeds vary a great deal(Bus are slow
where rapid rail transit has quite high speed.
• Door-to-door travel time are greater than those
of automobiles with an exception in CBD.
• Accessibility depend on route & stop station spacing
but in general it is less than of private car.
• Capacities are high.
• Capital costs of rail system are high (both
physical facilities & vehicles)
• Operating costs for both bus and rail system are
moderate but operating costs per trip is almost
higher than dare.
• Environmental impact are regarded as being less than
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those of private
cars.
 Rail Transportation
• The primary market for rail is intercity
freight, considerable amount of
general cargo are shipped by rail;
particularly the bulk cargo.
• Rail share for intercity passenger miles is
relatively low. Most passenger rail trips
are of short to intermediate length are
limited to high density corridor

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 Rail Transportation characteristics
• Provides Moderate speed & level of
accessibility.
• High & unreliable door-to-door travel times;
however continuous work is under-taken to
reduce the travel time.
• Physical facilities for railway represent
heavy investment.
• Capital cost of locomotives & railcars
are relatively high & productivity is low
• Maintenance costs for track are relatively high
• Operating cost per ton-mile are low
• Environmental impact are comparatively low
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Air transportation Characteristics
Include commercial airlines, air freight carriers and general aviation (private
aircraft). Air transportation serves intercity passenger travel (long-distance
travel
• High line haul speed
• Accessibility is limited (relatively little
importance because of great length of trips
made by air)
• Capacities of individual aircraft are moderate
but productivity is high due to high speed.
• Capital & operating costs are both quite high but
because of high productivity, the cost per
passenger carried is moderate.
• Cost of general aviation airports and aircraft
are moderate.
• Environmental impact are significant especially
• the noise impact of commercial aviation, but
are of much less concern than those of highway
system 23
Water Transportation
• Transportation by water can
be categorized by
– inland transport
– Ocean transport
• Ocean transport include container
ships; bulk cargo carriers & oil tankers.
• Water transportation serves
intercity freight.
• Inland waterways serve bulk goods
• Ocean shipping carries all types of goods.
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Water Transportation characteristics
• Low speed; low accessibility
• High capacities
• Capital cost of vessel is high but
operating costs per ton-mile are
low
• Environmental impact are relatively low,
but if oil spills occur, serious problem
rise
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 characteristics
Pipe line transportation is specialized in freight transportation system. It
serves primarily crude oil.

• Low speed to high speed

continuous flow transportation
• Costs are low
• Environment impact is normally quite low
once they are built. However,
construction impact is sometime of
concern.
Other modes
Cables & belt system, they do not have significant role.
They are used for specialized passengers “Ski-left and
moving belt in airports
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Institutional Structure
• Transportation should be the responsibility of government
body
• The government should be in charge of formulating
national polices & research development for transportation
facilities & services
• Transport service & lines are organized by
governmental body
• Transport administration is further
organized geographically into region and
district.
• The design, construction, and maintenance of
transportation system is organized by
governmental body
• Local government at city level are responsible of
setting standards for design street & roads, maintaining
& operating them & they maybe directly involved in the
design & construction of their facilities.
• Transport planning is responsibility of an agency that exist at
national level or district level or municipality level. 27
transportation
Source of funds for transportation are

• User charges include direct charges such as fares,

tolls & indirect sources such as fuel tax.
• General fund revenues collected by different levels
of government are derived from regular taxes “No
direct relationship between source of fund and the
activity which they spent on”
• Private investment occurs in the part of transportation
system that are normally under private control
(carrier).
• Cross-subsidization occurs when revenues
collected from users of one type of transportation
are used to finance some other type of system
(Gasoline tax revenue to finance public transport)
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The Profession of
Transportation
Transportation
Transportation is essential for a nation’s development and
growth. In both the public and private sector, opportunities
for engineering careers in transportation are exciting and
rewarding. Elements are constantly being added to the
world’s highway, railroad, airport, and mass transit systems,
and new techniques are being applied for operating and
maintaining the systems safely and economically. Many
organizations and agencies exist to plan, design, build,
operate, and maintain the nation’s transportation system.
The Profession of Transportation
For as long as the human race has existed, transportation has
played a significant role by facilitating trade, commerce,
conquest, and social interaction, while consuming a considerable
portion of time and resources. The primary need for transportation
has been economic, involving personal travel in search of food or
work, travel for the exchange of goods and commodities,
exploration, personal fulfillment, and the improvement of a
society or a nation. The movements of people and goods, which is
the basis of transportation, always has been undertaken to
accomplish those basic objectives or tasks that require transfer
from one location to another.
 Importance of Transportation
Tapping natural resources and markets and maintaining a competitive
edge over other regions and nations are linked closely to the quality of the
transportation system. The speed, cost, and capacity of available
transportation have a significant impact on the economic vitality of an
area and the ability to make maximum use of its natural resources.
 Transportation and Economic
Growth
Good transportation, in and of itself, will not assure success in the
market place, as the availability of transportation is a necessary but
insufficient condition for economic growth. However, the absence of
supportive transportation services will serve to limit or hinder the
potential for a nation or region to achieve its economic potential. Thus, if
a society expects to develop and grow, it must have a strong internal
transportation system consisting of good roads, rail systems, as well as
excellent linkages to the rest of the world by sea and air. Thus,
transportation demand is a by product derived from the needs and desires
of people to travel or to transfer their goods from one place to another. It
is a necessary condition for human interaction and economic
competitiveness.
 Social Costs and Benefits of
Transportation
The improvement of a region’s economic position by virtue of improved
transportation does not come without costs. Building vast transportation systems
requires enormous resources of energy, material, and land. In major cities,
transportation can consume as much as half of all the land area. An aerial view of any
major metropolis will reveal vast acreage used for railroad terminals, airports, parking
lots, and free ways. Transportation has other negative effects as well. Travel is not
without danger; every mode of transportation brings to mind some major disaster be it
the sinking of the Titanic, the explosion of the zeppelin Hindenburg, the infrequent but
dramatic passenger air crashes, and highway accidents that each year claim about
40,000 lives in the United States. In addition, transportation can create noise, spoil the
natural beauty of an area, change the environment, pollute air and water, and consume
energy resources.
TRANSPORTATION HISTORY
▪ Ancient Transportation
The first form of transport was the Shanks pony (the human
foot). However people eventually learned to use animals for
transport. Donkeys and horses were probably domesticated
between 4,000 and 3,000 BC. Camels were domesticated slightly
later between 3,000 and 2,000 BC.

Meanwhile about 3,500 BC the wheel was invented in what is

now Iraq. At first wheels were made of solid pieces of wood
lashed together to form a circle but after 2,000 BC they were
made with spokes.
• 1st Century AD - A vast network of roads exists across the
Roman Empire. Roman merchant ships carry up to 1,000 tons of
cargo.

• 12th Century - The Compass is invented in Europe. The rudder

comes into use in Europe. However on land roads are just dirt tracks.

• 1600 - Goods are transported by pack horse. Goods are

also transported around the coast of Britain by ship.

• 1663 - The first turnpike roads open. Turnpikes are privately

owned and maintained but you have to pay to use them.

• Mid 18th Century - Many more turnpike roads are created

• 1761 - The Bridgwater Canal opens. Many more canals are dug in the
late 18th and early 19th century.

• 1783 - The hot air balloon and the hydrogen balloon are invented.

• 1785 - Two men fly across the English Channel in a hydrogen balloon

• 1815 - Steamships begin crossing the EnglishChannel

• o 1825 - The first passenger railway opens

• 1829 - Horse drawn omnibuses run in London

• 1835 - The first hansom cab is made in Hinckley

• 1838 - The first elevated railway in built (in London).

• 1840s - This is the great age of railway building. A network is built
across Britain.

• 1919 - Planes begin carrying passengers between London and

• Paris o 1934 - A driving test is introduced. Cats eyes are invented. A

30 mile an hour speed limit is introduced in built up areas.

• Transportation greatly improved during the 20th century. Although the

first cars appeared at the end of the 19th century after the First Wordd War
they became cheaper and more common.
• The first electric traffc lights were invented in the USA in 1914.

• The hovercraft was invented in 1956. The first hovercraft passenger

service began in 1962.
Transportation Employment
Employment opportunities exist in several
areas of transportation, including business
logistics or supply chain management, vehicle
design and manufacture, provision of services
related to transportation, and the provision of the
infrastructure required if vehicles are to function
as intended.
THANK YOU!
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DRIVER, THE PEDESTRIAN,
THE VEHICLE AND THE
ROAD
Barraquio, Tricia Claire
Bernal, Glennzon
Sebolino, John Paul
 COMPONENTS OF HIGHWAY MODE OF
TRANSPORTATION

The four main The bicycle is also

components of the
highway mode of
transportation are the
driver, the pedestrian, the
vehicle, and the road.
becoming an important
component in the design of
urban highways and streets.
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 IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE OF
CHARACTERISTICS
✔ To provide efficient and safe
highway transportation, a
knowledge of the
characteristics and limitations
of each of these components
is essential.
✔ Their characteristics are also of
primary importance when traffic
engineering measures such as
traffic control devices are to be
used in the highway mode.

✔ It is also important to be aware

of the interrelationships that
exist among these components
in order to determine the
effects, if any, that they have
on each other.

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 IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE OF
CHARACTERISTICS
✔ The road therefore must ✔ This chapter discusses the
be relevant characteristics of the
designed to: main components of the
□ accommodate a wide highway mode and
range of vehicle demonstrates their importance
characteristics and their use in the design
□ allow use by drivers and and operation of highway
pedestrians with a wide facilities.
range of physical and
psychological
characteristics.
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 DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS
✔ One problem that faces traffic ✔ Studies have shown that these
and transportation engineers is: abilities may also vary in an
□ the varying skills and individual under different
□ perceptual abilities of conditions, such as:
drivers on the highway, • the influence of alcohol,
demonstrated by a wide • fatigue, and
range of abilities to, • the time of day.
• hear,
• see,
• evaluate, and
• react to in formation.

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 DRIVER CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Therefore, it is important that ✔ The use of an average value,
criteria used for design such as mean reaction time, may
purposes be compatible with not be adequate for a large
the capabilities and limitations number of drivers.
of most drivers on the
highway.

✔ Both the 85th percentile and the

95th percentile have been used
to select design criteria; in
general, the higher the chosen
percentile, the wider the range
covered.

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 THE HUMAN RESPONSE PROCESS
✔ Actions taken by drivers on a ✔ However, evaluation and
road result from their reaction must be carried out
evaluation of and reaction to within a very short time, as the
information they obtain from information being received
certain stimuli that they see or along the highways is
hear. continually changing.

✔ It has been suggested that most

of the information received by a
driver is visual, implying that
the ability to see is of
fundamental importance in the
driving task.
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VISUAL RECEPTION

The principal characteristics of

the eye are:

✔ Visual acuity,
✔ Peripheral vision,
✔ Color vision,
✔ Glare vision and recovery,
✔ and Depth perception

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VISUAL RECEPTION – VISUAL ACUITY
✔ Visual acuity is the ability to see fine details of an object.
✔ It can be represented by the visual angle, which is the reciprocal of
the smallest pattern detail in minutes of arc that can be resolved
and given as (namely Phi ):

where:
L = diameter of the target (letter or symbol)
D = distance from the eye to target in the same units as L
arctan = tan-1

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VISUAL RECEPTION – VISUAL ACUITY

Two types of visual acuity are

of importance in traffic and
highway emergencies:

✔ static
✔ dynamic visual acuity

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VISUAL RECEPTION – VISUAL ACUITY

STATIC VISUAL ACUITY

✔ The driver's ability to identify an object when both the object and the
driver are stationary depends on his or her static acuity.
✔ Factors that affect static acuity include background brightness,
contrast, and time.
✔ Static acuity increases with an increase in illumination.
✔ When other visual factors are held constant at an acceptable level,
the optimal time required for identification of an object with no
relative movement is between 0.5 and 1.0 seconds.

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VISUAL RECEPTION – VISUAL ACUITY

DYNAMIC VISUAL ACUITY

✔ The driver's ability to clearly detect relatively moving objects,
depends on the driver's dynamic visual acuity.
✔ Most people have:
• clear vision within a conical angle of 3 to 5 degrees
• and fairly clear vision within a conical angle of 10 to 12 degrees.
• vision beyond this range is usually blurred (unclear).
• this is important when the location of traffic information devices is
considered.
✔ Drivers will see clearly those devices that are within the 12 degree cone,
but objects outside this cone will be blurred.

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 VISUAL RECEPTION – PERIPHERAL
VISION

✔ Peripheral vision is the ability of people to see objects beyond the cone
of clearest vision.
✔ Although objects can be seen within this zone, details and color are not
clear.
✔ The cone for peripheral vision could be one subtending up to 160
degrees; this value is affected by the speed of the vehicle.
✔ Age also influences peripheral vision.
For instance, at about age 60, a significant change occurs in a
person's peripheral vision.

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 VISUAL RECEPTION – COLOR VISION

✔ Color vision is the ability to differentiate one color from another,

✔ but deficiency in this ability, usually referred to as color blindness,
✔ It is not of great significance in highway driving
because other ways of recognizing traffic information devices
(e.g.,shape) can compensate for it.
✔ Combinations of black and white and black and yellow have
been shown to be those to which the eye is most sensitive.

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 VISUAL RECEPTION – GLARE VISION AND
RECOVERY
✔ Occurs when the image reflected by the relatively bright
light appears in the field of vision.
✔ Glare result in a decrease of visibility and cause discomfort
to the eyes.
✔ It is also known that age has a significant effect on the
sensitivity to glare, and that at about age 40, a significant
change occurs in a person's sensitivity to glare.

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VISUAL RECEPTION – GLARE VISION AND
RECOVERY

There are two types of glare vision: direct and specular. Rowland
and others have indicated that direct glare occurs when relatively
bright light appears in the individual’s field of vision and specular glare
occurs when the image reflected by the relatively bright light appears
in the field of vision. Both types of glare result in a decrease of
visibility and cause discomfort to the eyes.

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 VISUAL RECEPTION – GLARE VISION AND
RECOVERY
✔ The time required by a person to recover from the effects of glare after passing
the light source is known as glare recovery.
✔ Studies have shown that this time is about:
• 3 seconds when moving from dark to light and can be 6 seconds or more
when moving from light to dark.
✔ Glare vision is of great importance during night driving; it contributes to the
problem of serving older people, who see much more poorly at night.
✔ This phenomenon should be taken into account in the design and location of
street lighting so that glare effects are reduced to a minimum.
 VISUAL RECEPTION – GLARE VISION AND
RECOVERY
✔ Glare effects can be minimized by reducing luminaire brightness
and by increasing the background brightness in a driver's field
of view.
✔ Specific actions taken to achieve this in lighting design include:
• using higher mounting heights,
• positioning lighting supports farther away from the highway,
and
• restricting the light from the luminaire to obtain minimum
interference with the visibility of the driver.
VISUAL RECEPTION – DEPTH PERCEPTION

✔ Depth perception affects the ability of a person to estimate

speed and distance.
✔ It is particularly important on two-lane highways during
passing maneuvers, when head-on crashes may result from a
lack of proper judgment of speed and distance.
✔ The human eye is not very good at estimating absolute values of
speed, distance, size, and acceleration.
✔ This is why traffic control devices are standard in size, shape,
and color.
HEARING PERCEPTION

✔ The ear receives sound stimuli, which is important to

drivers only when warning sounds, usually given out by
emergency vehicles, are to be detected.
✔ Loss of some hearing ability is not a serious problem,
since it normally can be corrected by a hearing aid.
PERCEPTION - REACTION PROCESS
The process through which a driver, cyclist, or pedestrian evaluates and reacts to a
stimulus can be divided into four sub processes:
1. Perception: the driver sees a control device, warning sign, or object on the road.
2. Identification: the driver identifies the object or control device and thus
understands the stimulus.
3. Emotion: the driver decides what action to take in response to the stimulus;
for example, to step on the brake pedal, to pass, to swerve, or to change lanes
4. Reaction: the driver actually executes the action decided on during the emotion
sub-process.
 PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Pedestrian characteristics relevant to traffic and highway engineering
practice include those of the driver and other pedestrian
characteristics may influence the design and location of pedestrian
control devices. Such control devices include special pedestrian signals,
safety zones and islands at intersections, pedestrian underpasses,
elevated walkways, and crosswalks.
✔ Apart from visual and hearing characteristics, walking characteristics
play a major part in the design of swhich permits pedestrians to cross
an intersection with heavy trafficome of these controls. For example,
the design of an all-red phase,, requires knowledge of the walking
speeds of pedestrians.
 PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Observations of pedestrian movements have indicated that walking
speeds vary between 3.0 and 8.0 ft /sec. Significant differences have
also been observed between male and female walking speeds. At
intersections, the mean male walking speed has been determined to be
4.93 ft /sec, and for females, 4.63 ft /sec. A more conservative value of
4.0 ft /sec is normally used for design purposes.
 PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS
✔ However, Rouphail and others have shown that the average walking
speed depends on the population of elderly pedestrians. For
example, the average walking speed is 4.0 ft /sec when the
percentage of elderly pedestrians is 20 percent or lower, but
reduces to 3.0 ft /sec when the percentage of elderly pedestrians is
higher than 20 percent. This factor therefore should be taken into
consideration for the design of intersection pedestrian signals at
locations where a high number of older pedestrians is expected.
 PEDESTRIAN CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Consideration also should be given to the characteristics of
handicapped pedestrians, such as the blind. Studies have shown
that accidents involving blind pedestrians can be reduced by
installing special signals. The blind pedestrian can turn the signal to a
red phase by using a special key, which also rings a bell,
indicating to the pedestrian that it is safe to cross.
✔ Ramps are also now being provided at intersection curbs to facilitate
the crossing of the intersection by the occupant of a wheelchair.
Also, consideration should be given to the relatively lower average
walking speed of the handicapped pedestrian, which can vary from
a low of
1.97 ft /sec to 3.66 ft /sec.
BICYCLISTS AND BICYLES CHARACTERISTICS
✔ The basic human factors discussed for the automobile driver
also apply to the bicyclist, particularly with respect to perception
and reaction.
✔ Unlike the automobile driver, the bicyclist is not only the driver
of the bicycle, but he/she also provides the power to move
the bicycle.
✔ The bicycle and the bicyclist therefore unite to form a system,
thus requiring that both be considered jointly.
BICYCLISTS AND BICYLES CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Three classes of bicyclists (A, B, and C) have been identified in
the Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities by AASHTO.
✔ Experienced or advanced bicyclists are within class A, while
less experienced bicyclists are within class B, and children
riding on their own or with parents are classified as C.
BICYCLISTS AND BICYLES CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Class A bicyclists typically consider the bicycle as a motor
vehicle and can comfortably ride in traffic.
✔ Class B bicyclists prefer to ride on neighborhood streets and
are more comfortable on designated bicycle facilities, such as
bicycle paths.
✔ Class C bicyclists use mainly residential streets that provide
access to schools, recreational facilities, and stores..

❑ In designing urban roads and streets, it is useful

to consider the feasibility of incorporating bicycle
facilities that will accommodate class B and class C
bicyclists.
VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Criteria for the geometric design of highways are partly based
on the static, kinematic, and dynamic characteristics of vehicles.
✔ Static characteristics include the weight and size of the
vehicle, while kinematic characteristics involve the motion of
the vehicle without considering the forces that cause the
motion.
✔ Dynamic characteristics involve the forces that cause the motion
of the vehicle.
✔ Kinematic characteristics involve the motion of the vehicle
without considering the forces that cause the motion.
 VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Since nearly all highways carry both passenger-automobile
and truck traffic, it is essential that design criteria take into
account the characteristics of different types of vehicles.
✔ A thorough knowledge of these characteristics will aid the
highway and/or traffic engineer in designing highways and
traffic-control systems that allow the safe and smooth
operation of a moving vehicle, particularly during the basic
maneuvers of passing, stopping, and turning.
 VEHICLE CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Therefore, designing a highway involves the selection of a
design vehicle, whose characteristics will encompass those
of nearly all vehicles expected to use the highway.
✔ The characteristics of the design vehicle are then used to
determine criteria for geometric design, intersection design,
and sight-distance requirements.
 ROAD CHARACTERISTICS
✔ Design of highway elements includes alignment, lane capacity,
sight distance etc.
✔ Sight distance: - length of the road surface at which object
stationary or moving are visible by the driver while driving.
✔ Two types of sight distance: - Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
- Overtaking/Passing Sight Distance (OSD).
 STOPING SIGHT DISTANCE
✔ Minimum distance required for a driver to stop a vehicle after
seeing an object in the vehicle’s path without hitting the
object.
❖ To ensure that safety elements are included in the geometry
design.
❖ To determine the locations of warning/reminder system to the
users.
 PASSING / OVERTAKING SIGHT DISTANCE(PSD/OSD)
✔ Applies when the sight distance is long enough to enable a
vehicle to overtake and pass another vehicle safely on a two-
way lane highway, without colliding with an oncoming
vehicle.
✔ The passing sight distance will also allow the driver to
successfully abort the passing maneuver (that is, return to
the right lane behind the vehicle being passed) if he or she
so desires.
 PASSING / OVERTAKING SIGHT DISTANCE(PSD/OSD)
✔ In determining minimum passing sight distances for design
purposes, only single passes (that is, a single vehicle passing a
single vehicle) are considered.
✔ Although itis possible for multiple passing maneuvers to
occur (that is, more than one vehicle pass or are passed in
one maneuver), it is not practical for minimum design criteria
to be based on them.
SUMMARY:
The highway or traffic engineer needs to study and
understand the fundamental elements that are important in the
design of traffic control systems. This chapter has presented
concisely the basic characteristics of the driver, pedestrian,
bicyclist, vehicle, and the road that should be known and
understood by transportation and/or traffic engineers.
THANK YOU!!!
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
AND
ORGANIZATION
S
 TRASPORTATION SYSTEMS

• A GROUP OF COMPONENTS, INCLUDING INPUTS, PROCESSES,

OUTPUTS AND FEEDBACK USED TOGETHER TO MOVE
PEOPLE AND GOODS FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER.
 CATEGORIES
• LAND TRANSPORTATION
• WATER TRANSPORTATION
• AIR TRANSPORTATION
• SPACE TRANSPORTATION
• INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION
 LAND TRANSPORTATION

• THE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND PEOPLE IN A

VEHICLE OPERATING ABOVE OR UNDER THE GROUND.
EX. SUBWAYS, BUSES, TRAINS, TRUCKS AND MOTORCYCLES.
 LAND TRANSPORTATION
5 CATEGORIES
*RAIL- INVOLVES VEHICLES THAT USE RAILS FOR GUIDANCE
WHILE TRAVELLING.
*HIGHWAY- USES LOCAL ROADS AND HIGHWAYS.
*PIPELINE- MOVES CARGO THROUGH STATIONARY PIPES.
*ON-SITE- MOVES PEOPLE OR CARGO SHORT DISTANCES,
SUCH AS BETWEEN BUILDINGS OR COMPLEXES
*RECREATIONAL- USED FOR FUN, SPORT, OR GENERAL
LEISURE.
 WATER TRANSPORTATION

• THE WAY IN WHICH PEOPLE AND CARGO ARE MOVED ON

BODIES OF WATER.
* TWO FORMS
1. INLAND- CANALS, RIVERS AND LAKES.
2. TRANSOACEANIC- ACROSS THE OCEAN.
 AIR TRANSPORTATION
• MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE OR CARGO ABOVE THE GROUND
AND WITHIN THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE.
*TWO TYPES
1. LIGHTER THAN AIR- VEHICLES RISE AND FLOAT
ON THEIR OWN.
2. HEAVIER THAN AIR- REQUIRES POWER TO
CREATE MOVEMENT.
 SPACE TRANSPORTATION

• THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE OR CARGO WITHIN NEAR

SPACE AND OUTER SPACE.
• CAN BE MANNED OR UNMANNED
 INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION

• WHEN MORE THAN ONE OF THE ENVIRONMENTS IS USED (

LAND, WATER, AIR OR SPACE) IT IS CONSIDERED AS
INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION.
COMPONENTS OF
TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS

• THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ANY TRANSPORTATION

SYSTEM CONSISTS OF INPUTS, PROCESSES AND
OUTPUTS.
 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM INPUTS

• INPUTS- THE VARIOUS RESOURCES NEEDED IN ORDER TO

BEGIN AND MAINTAIN THE USE OF A SYSTEM.
* PEOPLE- SERVE AS BOTH OPERATORS AND PASSENGERS
 INPUTS
• CAPITAL
*ALL THE ASSETS USED TO HELP AND OPERATE THE
SYSTEM AND THE POSSESSIONS OF THE TRANSPORTATION
COMPANY.
EX. VEHICLES, ROADS, GARAGES

• KNOWLEDGE
*THE INFORMATION ATTAINED THROUGH
APPLICATION AND EXPERIENCE OF THE VARIOUS TASKS
PERFORMED BY PEOPLE.
 INPUTS

• MATERIALS
*THE RAW MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION AND
FUNCTIONING OF A TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM.
*INCLUDES IRON, WOOD, FUEL, PLASTIC AND CONCRETE.
• ENERGY
*PROVIDES POWER AND MOVEMENT TO THE SYSTEM.
*TYPES INCLUDE HEAT, MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, NUCLEAR,
LIGHT AND ELECTRICAL.
 INPUTS

• FINANCES
*ALL MONEY NEEDED TO PAY FOR EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS,
PERSONNEL AND ENERGY SOURCES.
*NEEDED FOR THE SYSTEM TO FUNCTION EFFICIENTLY AND
EFFECTIVELY.
 TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM
PROCESSES

• PROCESSES ARE THE ON-SCENE PART OF THE SYSTEM.

• RECEIVING- THE PASSENGER OR CARGO IS
PHYSICALLY PLACED AT THE LOCATION FOR
DEPARTURE.
• HOLDING- PLACE TO WAIT FOR THE TRANSPORTATION VEHICLE
• LOADING- PEOPLE OR CARGO ARE LOADED ONTO THE VEHICLE.
 END OF OUTPUT

• TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OUTPUT- THE RELOCATION

OF PEOPLE OR CARGO.
 THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!!
HAVE A NICE DAY