4 MARK QUESTIONS.

Describe the Iranian Revolution of 1979. [4]

Describe Saddam Hussein’s modernisation programme in Iraq. [4]

What actions were taken by the Shah of Iran against the mullahs to suppress opposition? [4]

Describe the damage done to Iran and Iraq by the war of 1980–88. [4]

Describe the storming of the US embassy in Iran in November 1979. [4]

What was Operation Desert Storm? [4]

Describe the rule of the Shah of Iran. [4]

What actions were taken by the Shah of Iran against the mullahs to suppress opposition?

Describe Saddam Hussein’s career in Iraqi politics up to July 1968.

6 MARK QUESTIONS.
Why were relations between Kuwait and Iraq poor by July 1990? [6]

Why did Iraqi troops invade Iran in September 1980? [6]

Why did the people of Iran want the Shah to abdicate in 1979? [6]

Why was Ayatollah Khomeini popular with the Iranian people? [6]

Why were Iran and Iraq at war by 1980? [6]

Why did the West get involved in the Iran-Iraq War? [6]

Why did Ayatollah Khomeini become the ‘supreme leader’ of Iran in 1979? [6]

Why did it take Saddam Hussein eleven years to remove Bakr from the Presidency of Iraq?
[6

Why did Saddam Hussein introduce purges? [6]

10 MARK QUESTIONS.
‘Economic factors were the main cause of the Iranian Revolution of 1979.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.[10]

Was the Shah a reforming or a repressive ruler of Iran? Explain your answer. [10]

‘The main reason Saddam Hussein was able to come to power in Iraq was his use of terror.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

‘Saddam Hussein was able to hold on to power because he improved the lives of the people
of Iraq.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

‘Iraq’s economic problems explain why it invaded Kuwait in 1990.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

‘The most serious aspect of the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–88 was the threat to the stability of
the
Arab World.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

‘Saddam Hussein was able to hold on to power because he improved the lives of the people
of Iraq.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

‘The main reason Saddam Hussein was able to consolidate his dictatorship was the
development of his personality cult.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]

‘The most important reason for Saddam Hussein being able to come to power in Iraq was
the influence of Khairallah Tulfah.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]

‘The main reason Saddam Hussein was able to come to power in Iraq was his use of terror.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

What actions were taken by the Shah of Iran against the mullahs to suppress opposition?

Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail e.g. ‘The Sha
government censored what mullahs were allowed to preach.’
‘The mullahs were not allowed to be involved in political matters.’
‘Some mullahs were banned from preaching.’
‘Some mullahs were arrested and imprisoned for provoking opposition.’
‘Radical mullahs were rooted out by the secret police, SAVAK.’
‘SAVAK used brutal tactics and forced confessions.’
‘Some mullahs were forced into exile.’

Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question

 Answer
Why did the people of Iran want the Shah to abdicate in 1979?

e.g. ‘The Shah was associated with Britain and the USA, which was disliked.’
‘He tried to westernise the country.’
‘Many wanted a society based on Islamic values.’
‘He imported huge amounts of American foodstuffs, which undercut native tradesmen.’
‘Most villages lacked piped water and electricity.’
‘The country had high illiteracy and infant mortality rates.’
‘The considerable wealth of the country went to a few.’
‘Much of the country’s wealth was spent on the armed forces.’
‘The Shah imposed a one-party state.’
‘The people hated SAVAK, the secret police.’
‘Saddam Hussein was able to hold on to power because he improved the lives of the people
of Iraq.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Saddam was supported by many Iraqis because he used Iraq’s massive oil revenues to carry
out an extensive modernisation programme. The modernisation included supplying electricity to
even remote villages, having a building programme for schools, houses and hospitals, making hospital
treatment free and having a campaign to end adult illiteracy.’
OR
e.g. ‘Saddam closely followed many aspects of Stalin’s method of governing.
He attempted to remove all opposition by using purges. Hundreds of party members and military
officers were removed from their positions with many being executed.
False accusations, arrests, torture and trials became a regular feature of Saddam’s rule by terror.’

Describe Saddam Hussein’s career in Iraqi politics up to July 1968.

Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail

e.g. ‘At the age of 20 Saddam Hussein became a Baath Party activist.’
‘Saddam Hussein was given a position in the Regional Command.’
‘In 1958 he demonstrated his loyalty to Khairallah by assassinating a local government official.’
‘In 1959 he was involved in a plot to assassinate Iraq’s ruler General Abdul Karim Qassem.’
‘He was involved in a coup against President Arif. The coup was discovered and Saddam spent two years
to Bakr in 1963.’
‘In 1963 Saddam Hussein became the head of the Iraqi Intelligence Services.’
‘He collaborated with senior army officers to carry out a bloodless coup in July 1968.’

Why did it take Saddam Hussein eleven years to remove Bakr from the Presidency of
Iraq?

e.g. ‘When he was first made Deputy of the Revolutionary Command Council, Saddam
Hussein thought it was sensible politically to avoid being identified as having presidential
ambitions. He proceeded cautiously, keeping a low profile and maintaining a good political
relationship with Bakr. At the same time, he gradually eliminated any potential threats to his
own position and also appointed supportive people to important positions in the Command
Council. This all took time.’

e.g. ‘He did not want to be identified as having presidential ambitions too soon.’ ‘He moved
cautiously and took care to keep a good political relationship with Bakr.’

‘Initially he wanted to maintain Bakr’s dignity as president.’

‘Saddam gradually got rid of those who could pose a threat to him.’

‘Saddam gradually appointed people who supported him to the Revolutionary Command
Council.’

‘The main reason Saddam Hussein was able to consolidate his dictatorship was the
development of his personality cult.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.

e.g. ‘Saddam was aware that he needed to make himself popular with and loved by the Iraqi
people if he was to consolidate his dictatorship. The media portrayed him as a father-like
leader, protecting his people. There were positive images of him everywhere, in an
exhibition of his life in Baghdad, in statues, murals and paintings all over the country, and in
songs written to praise him. This all ensured people supported his presidency.’

OR ‘Saddam’s use of terror helped to consolidate his dictatorship. At the beginning of his
presidency, he put a number of opponents on trial and 21 were later executed. Any Baath
party member who tried to join another party would face the death penalty. Any opposition
was dealt with ruthlessly, meaning that people were simply too afraid to oppose Saddam’s
presidency.’

e.g. ‘Saddam was glorified by the media.’

‘In Baghdad there was a permanent exhibition about Saddam’s life.’

‘Statues, murals and paintings of Saddam were everywhere.’

‘Saddam’s modernisation programme helped to consolidate his dictatorship.’

‘Saddam used terror to consolidate his position.’

‘The Baath Party dominated and controlled almost every aspect of life.’

Describe Saddam Hussein’s career in Iraqi politics up to July 1968.

Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail

e.g. ‘At the age of 20 Saddam Hussein became a Baath Party activist.’
‘Saddam Hussein was given a position in the Regional Command.’
‘In 1958 he demonstrated his loyalty to Khairallah by assassinating a local government official.’
‘In 1959 he was involved in a plot to assassinate Iraq’s ruler General Abdul Karim Qassem.’
‘He was involved in a coup against President Arif. The coup was discovered and Saddam spent two years
to Bakr in 1963.’
‘In 1963 Saddam Hussein became the head of the Iraqi Intelligence Services.’
‘He collaborated with senior army officers to carry out a bloodless coup in July 1968.’

8(b) Why did Saddam Hussein introduce purges?

Level 4 Explains TWO reasons

Level 3 Explains ONE reason

e.g. ‘Saddam became president when Bakr stood down because of health problems and probab
bullying. Mashhadi, the RCC’s Secretary-General, demanded a vote on the validity of the proces
duties and accused of being part of a plot to overthrow the Baathist regime. Saddam did not wan
authority.’

Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons

e.g. ‘Saddam admired Stalin’s use of terror.’

‘The previous regime had used similar methods.’
‘To remove potential rivals from the Baath Party.’
‘To remove disloyal Army officers.’
‘To punish those who had left the Baath Party and joined another party.’
‘To act as an example to those who thought of opposing him.’

0
8(c) ‘The most important reason for Saddam Hussein being able to come to power in Iraq

was the influence of Khairallah Tulfah.’ How far do you agree with this statement?

e.g. ‘If it had not been for his uncle, Khairallah, Saddam could have spent his life as an
unknown Iraqi peasant. Saddam lived in his household and Khairallah instilled in Saddam

an appreciation of Arab nationalism and a hatred of the monarchy that ruled Iraq supported by t
ensured Saddam went through primary school and attended high school. He inspired Saddam
to join the Baath Party.’
OR
e.g. ‘Saddam was fortunate that Prime Minister Bakr was both from Tikrit and a kinsman,
the cousin of Khairallah Tulfah. Saddam lost no time in joining his faction of the Baath Party
and proving he was indispensable. In 1964 Bakr appointed him to the Regional Command.
He was put in charge of security and the Party’s military
organisation.’
e.g. ‘Khairallah insisted Saddam had an education.’ ‘Khairallah got
Saddam interested in Arab nationalism.’
‘Saddam joined the Baath Party.’
‘The Prime Minister was Khairallah’s cousin.’
‘Saddam was put in charge of security.’
‘He built up a power base.’
‘Saddam collaborated with senior officers.’
‘He carried out a coup.’
‘Saddam became Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council.’
‘Saddam worked to eliminate anyone who might pose a threat.’
‘Saddam appointed friends to the Revolutionary Command Council.’
‘Saddam spent money on hospitals and schools which gained popularity.’
‘Saddam ‘encouraged’ an ailing Bakr to resign.’
‘Saddam had influential relatives.’