FLUID OPERATED MACHINES

A fluid operated machine is a device

which converts the energy stored by a
fluid into mechanical energy or vice versa.
The energy stored by a fluid mass appears
in the form of potential, kinetic and
intermolecular energy. The mechanical
energy, on the other hand, is usually
transmitted by a rotating shaft.
Classification of fluid operated machines

 Classified based on direction of energy conversion

 Driven machines
 Driving machines
 Classified based on principle of operation
 Positive displacement machines
 Classified based on fluid used
 Liquid
 Gases
 Driven machines: these are machines where the mechanical energy from moving parts is
transferred to a fluid to increase its stored energy by increasing either its pressure or velocity
are known as pumps, compressors, fans or blowers.
 Driving machines: These are machines in which the kinetic, potential or intermolecular energy
held by the fluid is converted in the form of mechanical energy of a rotating member is known
as a turbine.
 Positive displacement machines: These are machines where there is transfer of energy between
the fluid and the machine by means of a variable volume, generated by a displacement device.
IMPACT OF FREE JETS

A fluid jet is a stream of fluid issuing from a nozzle with a high velocity and
hence a high kinetic energy.
The liquid comes out in the form of a jet from the outlet of a nozzle, which is
fitted to a pipe through which the liquid if flowing under pressure. If some plate,
which may be fixed or moving, is placed in the path of the jet, a force is exerted
by the jet on the plate. This force is obtained from Newton’s second law of
motion or from impulse-moment equation.
Thus impact of jet means the force exerted by the jet on a plate which may be
stationary or moving. In this chapter, the following cases of the impact jet i.e., the
force exerted by the jet on a plate, will be considered:
 Force exerted by a jet on a stationary plate when
 Plate is vertical to the jet,
 Plate is inclined to the jet, and
 Plate is curved.
 Force is exerted by the jet on the moving plate, when
 Plate is vertical to the jet,
 Plate is inclined to the jet, and
 Plate is curved
For this level we would be concentrating on only the following:
 Force exerted by a jet on a stationary plate when
 Plate is vertical to the jet
 Plate is inclined to the jet
Stationary plate held normal to the jet

Figure 1
Figure 1 shows a fluid jet striking a stationary flat plate held normal to the fluid jet
Solving for the force in the x direction using impulse-momentum equation
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉 ∆𝑉
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉1 [𝑉1 − 𝑉2]
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉1 𝑉1 − 0
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉12
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄ℎ𝑥
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝑉1 /ℎ = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝑄 = 𝑎𝑉
Stationary plate held inclined to the jet

Figure 2
Figure 2 shows a fluid jet striking a stationary flat plate held inclined at angle to the
direction of the horizontal jet.
Solving for the normal force 𝑓 using impulse-momentum equation
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉
𝑓 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉 ∆𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑓 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉1 [𝑉1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 0]
𝑓 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉12 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝑉1 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝑄 = 𝑎𝑉
This normal force 𝑓 can be solved in two direction, 𝑓 parallel to the direction of jet
and 𝑓 normal to the direction of jet.
Solving for the force in the x- direction 𝑓
𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑓 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Solving for the force in the y-direction 𝑓
𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑓 = 𝜌𝑎𝑉 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝜌 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡
𝑉1 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡
In this case also, the work done is zero as the plate is stationary, when the fluid
strikes the plate, it gets divided into two streams Q and Q. since the frictional
resistance has been assumed to be negligible, the resultant force in the direction
tangential to the plate is zero Applying impulse-momentum equation in the direction
tangential to the plate, we obtain:
𝜌𝑄1 𝑉 − 𝜌𝑄2 𝑉 − 𝜌𝑄𝑉 cos 𝜃 =0
𝑄1 − 𝑄2 − 𝑄 cos 𝜃=0…….... (1)
𝑄1 + 𝑄2 =Q……… (2)
 Solving the equations simultaneously we have:
𝑄
𝑄1 = (1 + cos 𝜃)
2

𝑄
𝑄2 = (1 − cos 𝜃)
2
Ratio of discharge:
𝑄1 (1 + cos 𝜃)
=
𝑄2 (1 − cos 𝜃)