FEMA 356

(Federal Emergency Management Agency)

Compilation of Presentation by:

Binaya Jamarkattel 005
Deepak Prakash Aryal 006
Girijesh Prasad Sah 007
Kalyan Adhikari 008
 FEMA 356
(Federal Emergency Management Agency)

1. Rehabilitation requirement
2. General Requirement
3. Analysis Procedure
By:- Binaya Jamarkattel
Roll No :-005
1. Rehabilitation Requirements
1.1 Scope
1.2 Design Basis
1.3 Seismic Rehabilitation Process
1.4 Rehabilitation Objectives
1.5 Target Building Performance levels
1.6 Seismic Hazard
1. Rehabilitation Requirement
1.1 Why we need Rehabilitation?
• Specifies nationally applicable provisions for the rehabilitation of
buildings to improve seismic performance.
• For selecting a rehabilitation objectives and the rehabilitation
process.
1.2 Design Basis
• Provisions of this standards are based on ‘Performance based design
methodology’.
• FEMA 356 is based on FEMA 273 guidelines with limited material
taken from FEMA 274.
• FEMA 356 takes references to many other reports:-
1. FEMA 222A and FEMA 223A – Provision for seismic regulation of new buildings.
2. FEMA 302 and 303 -
3. FEMA 237 – Development of guidelines for rehabilitation of buildings
4. FEMA 172 – NEHRP handbook of techniques for the seismic rehab of existing building
5. FEMA 178 -
6. FEMA 156 and 157- typical cost for seismic rehabilitation of existing building
7. FEMA 275 – planning for seismic rehabilitation: societal issues
8. FEMA 276 – Guidelines for seismic rehabilitation of buildings
1.3 Seismic Rehabilitation Process
• Review Initial Considerations
• Select Rehabilitation Objective
• Obtain As- Built Information
• Select Rehabilitation Method
• Perform Rehabilitation Design
• Verify Rehabilitation Design
1. Redesign Unacceptable Rehabilitation
2. Prepare Construction Documents of Acceptable Rehabilitation
1.4 Rehabilitation Objectives
1. Basic Safety objective
2. Enhanced Rehabilitation Objectives
3. Limited Rehabilitation Objectives
Reduced Rehabilitation Objective
Partial Rehabilitation Objective
1.5 Target Building Performance level
1.5.1 Structural Performance Level and ranges

Discrete Structural Intermediate Structural

Performance Performance

Immediate Occupancy (S-1) Damage Control Range(S-2)

Life Safety(S-3) Limited Safety Range(S-4)

Collapse Prevention(S-5)
Not Considered(S-6)
1.5 Target Building Performance level
1.5.2 Non-Structural Performance Level and ranges

Discrete Non- Structural Performance

Operational (N-A) Not Considered(N-E)

Immediate
Hazard reduced(N-D)
Occupancy (N-B)
Life Safety (N-C)
 1.5 Target Building Performance level
1.5.3 Designation of Target Building Performance Level
Higher Performance
Less loss
Operational (1-A) Very Little Damage (S1+NA)

Immediate
Repairs are minor (S1+NB)
Occupancy (1-B)

Life Safety (3-C) Structure remains stable and has

significant reserve capacity(S3+NC)

Collapse Prevention
The building remains standing, but only
(5-E) Lower Performance
barely; any other damage or loss is
acceptable (S5+NE) more loss
2. General Requirements
2.1 Scope
This chapter deals with the general requirements for:-
• Data collection
• Analysis Procedures
• Methodology
• Strategies
for the design of seismic rehabilitation projects.
 2.2 As-Built Information
• Includes configuration of the structural system, types, detailing,
connectivity, material strength and condition of structural elements.

Building Configuration Component Properties Data Collection Requirement

Component Properties Adjacent buildings

AS-BUILT INFORMATION
• Building Pounding
• Shared Element
Site Characterization & Primary and Secondary condition
Geotech. Information Elements & Components • Hazards from
Adjacent Buildings
2.2.6 Data Collection requirement
2.3 Rehabilitation Methods
2.3.1 Simplified Rehabilitation method
• Applied to buildings of regular configuration.
• This method is less complicated than the complete analytical
rehabilitation.

2.3.2 Systematic Rehabilitation Method

• This method focuses on the nonlinear behavior of structural response
• This method is intended to be complete and contains all
requirements to reach any specified performance level.
2.4 Analysis Procedure
2.4.1 Linear Procedures
Methods to determine limitations Limitations on use of the linear
on use of Linear Procedure
In plane Discontinuity
Out of plane Discontinuity
Severe weak story
Severe Torsional Strength
static procedure
Fundamental Time period
Ratio of Horizontal Dimension
Severe Torsional Irregularity
Severe V.mass, stiffness irregularity
Nonorthogonality
 2.5 Rehabilitation Strategies
Removing of existing
Local Modification Global Structural Stiffening
Irregularities

Global Structural
Mass reduction Strategies Strengthening

Seismic Isolation Supplemental Energy

Dissipation
 2.6 General design Requirements
1. Multidirectional Seismic Effects
2. P-delta Effects
3. Horizontal torsion
4. Overturning
5. Continuity
6. Diaphragms
7. Walls
8. Nonstructural components
9. Structures Sharing Common Elements
10. Building Separation
11. Vertical Seismic Effects
2.7 Construction Quality Assurance
1. Construction Quality Assurance Plan
2. Construction Quality Assurance
Requirement for the Design Professional
Special Inspection
Testing
Reporting and compliance procedures.
3. Responsibilities of the code officials
3. Analysis Procedures
3.2 General Analysis requirements
1. Analysis Procedure Selection
2. Mathematical Modeling
a. Horizontal Torsion
b. Primary and Secondary Elements and Components
c. Stiffness and Strength Assumptions
d. Foundation Modeling
3. Diaphragms
1.5 𝐹𝑑 2𝑥 2
𝑓𝑑 = 1−
𝐿𝑑 𝐿𝑑
Where, fd = inertial load per foot,
Fd = Total inertial load on a flexible diaphragm
x = Distance from the center line of flexible diaphragm
Ld = Distance between lateral support
Contd….
4. P-Δ effects
Static P-Δ effects
i. Linear Procedure

Where, P = Portion of the total weight of the structure

V = Total calculated lateral shear force
h = Height of story i
d = Lateral drift in story I
ii. Non linear Procedure
Dynamic P-Δ effects
The degree by which dynamic P-Δ effects increase displacements depends
upon :- Fundamental period of building, Strength ratio, Frequency, duration of
ground motion, Hysteretic load deformation relation for each story.
Contd…. 5. Soil Structure Interaction
6. Multi directional Seismic Effects
Concurrent Seismic effects
Vertical Seismic effects
7. Component Gravity loads for load combinations
When the effects of gravity and seismic loads are additive
QG=1.1(QD+QL+QS)
When the effects of gravity and seismic loads are counteracting
QG=0.9(QD)
8. Verification of Design assumptions
9. Overturning
Linear Procedures
when dead loads alone are used to resist the effects of overturning
MST > MOT/C1C2C3J
Non Linear Procedures
3.3 Analysis Procedures
3.3.1 Linear Static Procedure
Basis of the procedure
Period Determination
• Method 1 – Analytical :: Eigen value analysis
• Method 2 – Empirical :: T=Cthnẞ
Where, T= Fundamental Period
Ct = constant (material Property, 0.035 for steel- MRF, 0.018 for
concrete MRF,
hn = Height (in ft) above the base to roof level
ẞ = Constant ( 0.80 for steel MRF, 0.90 for concrete MRF, 0.75 for other)
• Method 3 – Approximate ::
for one-story buildings with single span flexible diaphragms
T= (0.1 Δw + 0.078 Δd)0.5
For Unreinforced masonry buildings
T= (0.078 Δd)0.5
Contd…. Determinations of Forces and Deformations
• Pseudo Lateral Load :: V=C1C2C3CmSaW
Where, V= Pseudo Lateral load
C1 = Modification Factors
Cm = Effective mass factor to account for higher mode mass Participation

• Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces

where, Cvx = Vertical distribution factor
k= 2.0 for T>=2.5s and 1.0 for T<= 0.5s
V= Pseudo lateral load
w= Portion of total building weight
h= Height (in ft) from base to floor level i,x
Contd….
• Horizontal Distribution of Seismic Forces
• Diaphragms

Where,
Fpx=diaphragm inertial force
Fi = Lateral load applied at floor level I
wi= Portion of the effective seismic weight
3.3 Analysis Procedures
3.3.2 Linear Dynamic Procedure
Basis of the procedure
Modeling and analysis considerations
• Ground motion characterization
Response Spectrum, Site-specific response spectrum, Ground acc. Time history
• Response Spectrum Method
-
• Time History Method
-
 Determination of Forces and Deformations.
• Modification of Demands
• Diaphragms
3.3 Analysis Procedures
3.3.3 Non-Linear Static Procedure
Basis of the procedure
Modeling and analysis considerations
• Control Node Displacement
-
• Lateral load Displacement
-
• Idealized Force-Displacement Curve
• Period Determination
Ti= Elastic fundamental Period (in Sec)
Ki= Elastic lateral stiffness of the building in the direction
under consideration
Contd…. Determinations of Forces and Deformations
• General
• Target displacement
Target displacement at each floor level is calculated as,

Where,
C0= Modification factor to relate spectral displacement of equivalent SDOF
C1 = Modification factor to relate expected max inelastic displacement to
displacements calculated for linear elastic response
Te = Eff. Fundamental period of the building
TS = Characteristic period of the response spectrum
R = ratio of elastic strength demand to calculated yield strength coefficient.
3.4 Acceptance Criteria
1. Linear Procedure
 Design Forces and Deformations
Deformation-Controlled Actions Force-Controlled Actions
Contd..
1. Linear Procedure
 Acceptance criteria for linear procedure
Deformation-Controlled Actions Force-Controlled Actions
Contd..
2. Non- Linear Procedure
 Acceptance criteria for non-linear procedure
Deformation-Controlled Actions
Forced controlled actions
Thank You!
 FEMA 356
(Federal Emergency Management Agency)

4. Foundation and Geologic Site Hazard

5. Steel
6. Concrete
By:- Deepak Prakash Aryal
Roll No :-006
Foundation and Geologic Site Hazards
1. Scope: General requirements for consideration of
foundation load deformation characteristics, Seismic
rehabilitation of foundations and mitigation measures.
2. Site characterization
Foundation Information
• Structural Foundation Information
• Subsurface Soil Conditions
• Design Foundation Loads
Seismic Geologic Site Hazards
• Fault Rupture
• Liquefaction
• Differential Compaction
• Landslide
• Flooding
3. Mitigation of Seismic-Geologic Site Hazards
• Mitigation for Fault Rupture
• Mitigation for liquefaction
Modification of Structure
Modification of foundation
Modification of the Soil conditions
• Mitigation for differential compaction
• Mitigation for landslide
Regrading
Drainage
Buttressing
Structural improvement
Soil Modification/ Replacement
• Mitigation for Flooding and Inundation
4.4 Foundation Strength and Stiffness
Expected Capacities of Foundations
• Presumptive capacities
 Perspective Expected capacities

• Bearing capacity qc
qc=3qallow
• For deep foundation
Qc=3Qallow
• Alternatively, for any foundation (deep or shallow foundation)
qc or Qc = 1.5 QG
Where,
QG= Gravity load action
Qallow= Allowable Vertical capacity (dead+live load)
qallow= Allowable bearing pressure (dead+live load)
4.5 Seismic Earth Pressure
4.6 Foundation Rehabilitation
• Soil Material Improvements
• Shallow Foundation Rehabilitation
Addition of new isolated footing
Enlarge the existing footing
Increase bearing capacity
Mitigation of differential lateral displacement
• Deep Foundation Rehabilitation
Steel
• Scope : Rehabilitation of Steel lateral-force-resisting element
• Historical Information: Available construction documents and as-built
information.
• Material Properties and Condition Assessment:
1. Properties of in place materials and components:
o Material Properties
o Component Properties
o Test Method to quantify properties
o Minimum number of tests
o Default properties
Steel
• Scope : Rehabilitation of Steel lateral-force-resisting element
• Historical Information: Available construction documents and as-built
information.
• Material Properties and Condition Assessment:
1. Properties of in place materials and components:
o Material Properties
o Component Properties
o Test Method to quantify properties
o Minimum number of tests
o Default properties
2. Condition Assessment
• Examination of component
• Configuration of structural element
• Identification of non-structural component
• Characterization of soil and foundation
• Identification of adjacent building

Procedure
• If detailed design drawings exist, at least one connection of each
connection type shall be exposed.
• In the absence of construction drawings, at least three primary
connections of each connection type shall be exposed.
Steel Moment Frames
1. Fully Restrained Moment Frames
o Stiffness
Linear static and dynamic Procedure

Axial Area and Shear area Moment Of Inertia Panel Zone Modeling Joint Modeling Connections

Non Linear Static procedure

Linear Static and dynamic Procedures ….contd

• Beams: flexural action, deformation-controlled

• Columns: flexural and axial strength, force-controlled
• Panel Zones: Plastic Shear Capacity
• FR Beam-Column Connections: controlling mechanism considering all
potential modes of failure
• Column Base Plate to Concrete Pile Caps or Footing: shall be
evaluated to lowest value
Nonlinear Static Procedure
• Same as those used for linear procedure

Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure

• Incorporated by FEMA 355 D

* Acceptance Criteria
• Beams:
Acceptance Criteria………………… Contd
• Columns:

• Panel Zone: Shear Zone Shall be confirmed deformation controlled

• FR Beam-Column Connections: depends on detailing of continuity
plates, Strength of panel zone, beam span to depth ratio, slenderness
ratio of beam-span to depth ratio
• Column Base Plate to Concrete Pile Caps or Footings: force
controlled
Rehabilitation Measures
• Adding steel braces to one or more bays of each story, increases
stiffness
• Adding ductile concrete (Fiber reinforced concrete) or masonry shear
wall
• Attaching a new steel frame to exterior of building
• Reinforcing moment-resisting connection to plastic hinge locations
• Adding energy dissipation devices
• By welding steel plates or shapes to selected members
Steel Braced Frames
• General
• Concentric Braced Frames: Braced frame system where component
work lines intersect at a single point in a joint
• Eccentric Braced Frames : Braced frame where component work lines
do not intersect at a single point in a joint

Rehabilitation Measures
• Strength of the links may be increased by adding cover plates to the
beam flanges, stiffeners to the web, changing braces configuration
Steel Plate Shear Walls
• General: develops its seismic resistance through shear stress in the
plate wall,
used for Immediate Occupancy and operation of a facility is
mandatory after a large earthquake.
• Stiffness:

• Strength: a) Linear Static and Dynamic Procedures

Steel Plate Shear Walls…………………….. Contd
• Nonlinear Static and Dynamic Procedures:

• Acceptance Criteria :
• Rehabilitation Measures:
Addition of Stiffeners, encasement in concrete, or addition of
concrete or steel shear walls.
Steel Frame with Infills
• General:
partial or complete infill of reinforced concrete or unreinforced
masonary
Steel Frame with Infills………………….. Contd
• Acceptance Criteria
• Rehabilitation:
addition of stiffeners, encasement in concrete, or the addition of
concrete or steel plate shear walls.
Diaphragms
a) Bare Metal deck Diaphragms: usually used for roofs where, very light gravity loads imposed
• Linear and Non-linear static Procedures
• Strength
• Acceptance Criteria
• Rehabilitation Measures: Adding Shear Connectors, Adding new steel plates to existing frame
components, Adding puddle welds
b) Metal Deck Diaphragms with Structural Concrete Topping : usually used for floor and roofs,
where there are typical floor gravity loads.
• Stiffness: Linear Procedures, Nonlinear Procedures
• Strength
• Acceptance Criteria: Connection capacity of connection should be considered deformed
controlled
• Rehabilitation Measures: Adding Shear Connectors, Adding new steel plates to existing frame
components, Adding diagonal steel bracing
Diaphragms……………………………. Contd
C) Metal Deck Diaphragms with Nonstructural Concrete Topping
d) Horizontal Steel Bracing (Steel Truss Diaphragms)
e) Archaic Diaphragms: Consisting of Shallow brick arches
f) Chord and Collector Elements: reinforcing acts as the chord or
collector, load transfer occurs through bond between the reinforcing
bars and the concrete.
Steel Pile Foundations
• General: wide flange shape or structural tubes , with or without
concrete infill
• Stiffness
• Strength: Flexural demand shall be calculated
• Acceptance Criteria: Incorporated with FEMA 274
• Rehabilitation Measures: driving additional piles near existing
groups, adding a new pile cap to increase stiffness, In most cases, it is
not possible to rehabilitate the existing piles.
Cast and Wrought Iron
• General:
• Stiffness:
• Strength and Acceptance Criteria:
Concrete
1. Scope: Techniques for repair of earthquake-damaged concrete
components are not included in this standard. FEMA 306, FEMA 307, and
FEMA 308
2. Material Properties Based on Historical Information:

3. Material Properties and Condition Assessment:

Material Properties: identifies properties requiring consideration and
provides guidelines for determining the properties of buildings
Testing: Unless specified otherwise, a minimum of three tests shall be
conducted to determine any property. If the coefficient of variation exceeds
14%, additional tests shall be performed
Concrete …………………………… contd.
Condition Assessment: Physical condition , Configuration, Neighboring
structural and non-structural components, Suitable knowledge factor, Orientation
and plumbness
Additional Testing: a) Surface NDE (infrared thermography, delamination
sounding, surface hardness measurement, and crack mapping),
b) Volumetric NDE (Radiography and ultrasonic),
c) on-line monitoring using acoustic emissions and strain gauges, and
in-place static or dynamic load tests
d) Level of prestress remaining
e) Locating, sizing, and initial assessment of the reinforcing steel
Concrete …………………………… contd.
4. General Assumptions and Requirements:
a) Modeling and Design

b) Strength and Deformability

c) Flexure and Axial Loads
d) Shear and Torsion
e) Development and Splices of Reinforcement : according to ACI 318
Contd….
f) Connections to Existing Concrete: Component actions on post-installed
connection systems shall be considered force-controlled.
g) Rehabilitation—General Requirements: for replacement of the
component, new element should be designed in accordance with building code
5. Concrete Moment Frames
a) Types: i. Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Moment Frames
ii. Post-Tensioned Concrete BeamColumn Moment Frame
iii. Slab-Column Moment Frames
b) Stiffness, Strength
c) Acceptance Criteria (Linear static and dynamic, nonlinear static
and dynamic procedures)
d) Rehabilitation: i. Jacketing existing beams, columns, or joints with
new reinforced concrete, steel, or fiber wrap overlays
Contd….
ii. Post-tensioning existing beams, columns, or joints using external
post-tensioned reinforcement
iii. Modification of the element by selective material removal from the
existing element.
iv. Improvement of deficient existing reinforcement details
v. Changing the building system to reduce the demands on the existing
element
vi. Changing the frame element to a shear wall, infilled frame, or
braced frame element by addition of new material.
Contd…..
6. Precast Concrete Frames
a) Types: i. Precast Concrete Frames that Emulate Cast-in-Place
Moment Frames
ii. Precast Concrete Moment Frames Constructed with Dry Joints
iii. Precast Concrete Frames Not Expected to Resist Lateral Load
Directly
b) Stiffness, Strength
c) Acceptance Criteria (emulate cast-in-place moment frames)
d) Rehabilitation: Which is same as cast-in-place moment frames
Contd…..
7. Concrete Frames with Infills
a) Types: i. Types of Frames ii. Masonry Infills iii. Concrete Infills
b) Stiffness, Strength
c) Acceptance Criteria (emulate cast-in-place moment frames)
d) Rehabilitation: i. Post-tensioning existing beams, columns, or
joints using external post-tensioned reinforcement
ii. Modification of the element by selective material removal from the
existing element
iii. Changing the building system to reduce the demands on the existing
element
Contd…..
8. Concrete Shear Walls
a) Types: i. Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls and Wall Segments
ii. Reinforced Concrete Columns Supporting Discontinuous Shear Walls
iii. Reinforced Concrete Coupling Beams
b) Stiffness, Strength
c) Acceptance Criteria (emulate cast-in-place moment frames)
d) Rehabilitation: i. Addition of wall boundary members
ii. Addition of confinement jackets at wall boundaries
iii. Reduction of flexural strength
iv. Increased shear strength of wall
v. Confinement jackets to improve deformation capacity of coupling beams
and columns supporting discontinuous shear walls.
vi. Infilling between columns supporting discontinuous shear walls
Contd…..
9. Precast Concrete Shear Walls
a) Types: i. Construction that Emulates Cast-In-Place Shear Wall
ii. Jointed Construction
iii. Tilt-up Construction
b) Stiffness, Strength
c) Acceptance Criteria (emulate cast-in-place moment frames)
d) Rehabilitation: i. Enhancement of connections between adjacent or
intersecting precast wall panels
ii. Enhancement of connections between precast wall panels and
foundations
iii. Enhancement of connections between precast wall panels and floor or
roof diaphragms
Contd…..
10. Concrete-Braced Frames
a) Types: monolithic, non-prestressed, reinforced concrete beams and
resist lateral loads primarily through truss action.
b) Stiffness, Strength
c) Acceptance Criteria (emulate cast-in-place moment frames)
d) Rehabilitation: i. Same as others plus other approaches based on
rational principles
Contd…..
11. Cast-in-Place Concrete Diaphragms
a) Components : i. Slabs ii. Struts and collectors (serve to transmit the inertial
forces within the diaphragm to elements) iii. Diaphragm Chord (resist tension and
compression)
b) Stiffness, Strength
c) Acceptance Criteria (Diaphragm shear and flexure shall be considered deformation-
controlled, Connections shall be considered force-controlled)
d) Rehabilitation: i. can have a wide variety of deficiencies
incorporated by FEMA 310 and FEMA 172
Contd…..
12. Precast Concrete Diaphragms
a) Class : topped or untopped
b) Stiffness, Strength
c) Acceptance Criteria (Same as Cast-in-Place Concrete Diaphragms )
d) Rehabilitation: i. Same as Cast-in-Place Concrete Diaphragms
Contd…..
13. Concrete Foundation Elements
a) Types : i. Shallow Foundations ii. Deep Foundations (Driven Pile Foundations,
Cast-in-Place Pile Foundations)
b) Analysis of Existing Foundations : (Building- Monolithic, Bridge: Pin-Jointed)
c) Rehabilitation:
For Shallow Foundations
i. Enlarging the existing footing by lateral additions.
ii. Underpinning the footing
iii. Providing tension hold-downs.
iv. Increasing effective depth of footing
v. Increasing the effective depth of a concrete mat foundation with a
reinforced concrete overlay.
Contd…..
vi. Providing pile supports for concrete footings or mat foundations
vii. Changing the building structure to reduce the demand on the existing elements
viii. Adding new grade beams
ix. Improving existing soil
For Deep Foundations
i. Providing additional piles or piers
ii. Increasing the effective depth of the pile cap
iii. Improving soil adjacent to existing pile cap
iv. Increasing passive pressure bearing area of pile cap
v. Changing the building system to reduce the demands on the existing elements
vi. Adding batter piles or piers
vii. Increasing tension tie capacity from pile or pier to superstructure
THANK YOU
FEMA Guidelines for Masonry; Wood and Light
Metal Framing; Seismic Isolation and Energy
Dissipation

Prepared By:
Kalyan Adhikari
MSEQE008
 Masonry

 Scope - Concrete- or clay-unit masonry lateral force-resisting elements

 Historical Information - Available construction documents and as-built
information
 Material Properties and Condition Assessment

• Properties of Inplace materials

 Engineering Properties
of Masonry Walls

 Types of Masonry Walls:- Existing, New, Enhanced

Methods of enhancing – Infilled opening; Enlarged opening; Shotcrete;
coatings, reinforced cores, prestressed cores for URM; Grouting; Repointing;
Bracing; Stiffening; Veneer attachment
 URM and Piers in-plane
• Stiffness:
For Solid- With full
cantilevered strained
shear wall rotation

• Strength
 URM walls Out-of-Plane
• Stiffness – neglected
• Strength – treatment of veneer
• Acceptance Criteria – table 7-5

 RM walls and Piers-in-plane

• Stiffness – uncracked or cracked section properties
• Strength – flexural, shear, vertical compressive strength
• Acceptance Criteria – table 7-6 and 7-7
  RM walls Out-of-Plane
• Stiffness – Neglected (analytical model); based on grouted
area (same for existing and new)
• Strength – For Walls with h/t ratio> 20, 2nd order moment
due to out-of plane deflections shall be considered. (same
for ex, new)
• Acceptance Criteria – considered as force-controlled actions
, deformation acceptance of ex, new same
 Engineering Properties of Masonry Infills
 Types – Existing, New, Enhanced
 Masonry Infills in-Plane – FEM used
• Stiffness – represented by equivalent diagonal compressive
strut of width a
a = 0.175(λ1hcol)^(-0.4)*rinf
• Strength – Expected infill shear strength
Vine = Ani fvie
 • Acceptance Criteria

 Masonry infills out-of-plane

 Anchorage to Masonry Walls
• Types- plate anchors, headed anchor bolts, and bent bar
anchor bolts
• Pullout and shear strength- test procedures( to verify)
• Analysis- treated as force- controlled

 Masonry Foundation Elements

• Types- footings and foundation walls constructed of
stone, clay brick, or concrete block
• Rehabilitation measures
 Wood and Light Metal Framing
 Scope
 Historical Information
 Material Properties and Condition Assessment
 Properties of In-Place Materials and Components
• Material Properties
• Component Properties- Elements, Connections
• Test Methods
• Default Properties – Table 8-1 and 8-2

 Condition Assessment
• General
• Scope and Procedure
• Basis for Mathematical Building Model
 Knowledge Factor
 General Assumptions and Requirements
 Stiffness
 Strength and Acceptance Criteria
 Connection Requirements
 Rehabilitation Measures
 Wood and Light Frame Shear Walls
 Types of Wood Frame Shear walls
• Existing- Single layer horizontal sheathing, Diagonal lumber sheathing,
Vertical wood sliding, Wood sliding over horizontal and diagonal
sheathing, panel sheathing, stucco on studs, Gypsum plaster on wood
lath and gypsum lath, etc.
• Enhanced- Wood structural panel sheathing added to unfinished stud
walls, overlay of existing shear walls, added under existing wall covering
• New
 Types of Light Gage Metal Frame Shear Walls
• Existing- Plaster on metal Lath, Gypsum Wallboard, shuttering
• Enhanced
 Single Layer Horizontal Lumber Sheathing or Sliding
Shear Walls
• Stiffness
• Strength
• Acceptance Criteria
• Connections
 Diagonal Lumber Sheathing Shear Walls
 Vertical Wood Sliding Shear Walls
 Wood Sliding Over Horizontal Sheathing Shear Walls
 Wood Siding Over Diagonal Sheathing
 Wood Structural Panel Sheathing
 Wood Diaphragms
 Types Of Wood Diaphragms
• Existing- Single Straights Sheathing, Double Straight Sheathing,
Single Diagonal sheathing, Diagonal Sheathing with Straight
Sheathing, Double Diagonal Sheathing, Wood Structural Panel
Sheathing, Braced Horizontal Diaphragms
• Enhanced- Wood Structural Panel Overlays on Straight or Diagonal
Sheathing, on Existing wood structural analysis, increased
attachment
• New- New wood structural panel sheathing, New single diagonal
sheathing, new double diagonal sheathing, new braced horizontal
diaphragms
 Single Straight Sheathing
 Wood Foundations
 Types- Wood Pilings, Wood footings, Pole Structures
 Analysis, Strength, and Acceptance Criteria
 Rehabilitation Measures

 Other Wood Elements and components

 General- Stiffness, Strength, Acceptance Criteria
 Components Supporting Discontinuous Shear Walls
Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation
 Scope
 Seismic Isolation Systems
 General Requirements
 Mechanical Properties and Modeling of Seismic
Isolation Systems
• Elastomeric Isolators
 Modeling Of Isolators
• Linear Models

• Non-Linear Models

Nc = maximum and minimum axial

loads on given isolators
fmax = determined at the bearing
pressure corresponding to load Nc
 General Criteria for Seismic Isolation Design
• Ground Shaking Criteria
• Selection of Analysis Procedure
1. Linear Procedure
2. Response Spectrum Analysis
3. Non-linear Procedure
 Linear Procedures
• Minimum lateral displacements

• Minimum Lateral Forces

Limits on Vs: (not less than)

1. Base shear corresponding to design wind load.
2. Lateral seismic force required to fully activate the isolation system
factored by 1.5
 Nonlinear Static Procedure
The Pattern of applied load shall be
proportional to the distribution of the
product of building mass and
deflected shape

 Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure

• Nonlinear procedure requirement
• Scaling of result
• Design force and deformations with acceptance criteria
 Design Review
• General
• Isolation system- Site specific seismic criteria, preliminary design,
Isolation system prototype testing, final design, isolation system
quality control
 Isolation System Testing and Design Properties
• Prototype tests
• Determination of force displacement characteristics
• Design Properties of Isolation System
 Passive Energy distribution Systems
 General Requirements
 Implementation of Energy Dissipation Devices
 Modeling of Energy Dissipation Devices
• Displacement-Dependent Devices - F= KeffD
• Velocity-Dependent Devices
1. Solid Viscoelastic Devices- F= keffD+CV
keff = K’, K’ = storage stiffness
2. Fluid Viscoelastic Devices
3. Fluid Viscous Devices
4. Other Type of Devices
 Linear Procedures
• Linear Static Procedure
1. Displacement-Dependent Devices
2. Velocity-Dependent Devices

• Linear Dynamic Procedure

1. Displacement-Dependent Devices
2. Velocity-Dependent Devices
 Non-linear Procedures
• Static
1. Displacement-Dependent
2. Velocity-Dependent

• Dynamic

 Detailed Systems Requirements

- Operating T, Environmental Conditions, Wind forces, Inspection and
replacement, Manufacturing quality control, Maintenance
Thank you
Class presentation in Simplified Rehabilitation &
Architectural, Mechanical, and Electricals
Components According to FEMA 356 THAPATHALI CAMPUS
Institute of Engineering

Presented By:
Er. Girijesh Prasad Sah
M.Sc. in Earthquake Engineering 2076 Batch
Roll No:- THA076MSEQE007
Simplified RehabilItation
“Simplified Rehabilitation” reflects a level of analysis and design that

o Is appropriate for small, regular buildings & buildings that do

not require advanced analytical procedures.

o Achieves the life safety performance level for the Basic safety
earthquake(BSE) earthquake hazard level, but does not
necessarily achieve the Basic Safety Objective(BSO).
Building Type 8—Concrete Moment Frames(C1)

C1: These buildings consist of a frame assembly of cast-in-place concrete

beams and columns. Floor and roof framing consists of cast-in-place concrete
slabs, concrete beams, one-way joists, two-way waffle joists, or flat slabs. Lateral
forces are resisted by concrete moment frames that develop their stiffness
through monolithic beam-column connections. In older construction, or in regions
of low seismicity, the moment frames may consist of the column strips of two-way
flat slab systems. Modern frames in regions of high seismicity have joint
reinforcing, closely spaced ties, and special detailing to provide ductile
performance. This detailing is not present in older construction. Foundations
consist of concrete-spread footings or deep pile foundations.
 Architectural, Mechanical and Electrical Components

“If, during an earthquake, [building occupants] must exit

through a shower of falling light fixtures and ceilings,
maneuver through shifting and toppling furniture and
equipment, stumble down dark corridors and debris-laden
stairs, and then be met at the street by falling glass, veneers,
or facade elements, then the building cannot be described as a
safe structure.”

(Ayres and Sun, 1973a)

Historical Information
The architectural, mechanical, and electrical components and
systems of a historic building may be historically significant,
especially if they are original to the building, very old, or innovative.
Historic buildings may also contain hazardous materials, such as
lead pipes and asbestos, that may or may not pose a hazard
depending on their location, condition, use or abandonment,
containment, and/or disturbance during the rehabilitation.
Rehabilitation Objectives and Performance Levels

The nonstructural Rehabilitation Objective may be the same as the Structural

Rehabilitation Objective, or it may differ. For the BSO, structural and nonstructural
requirements specified in this standard must be met.
This standard is also intended to be applicable to the situation where nonstructural—but
not structural— components are to be rehabilitated. Rehabilitation that is restricted to
the nonstructural components will typically fall within the Limited Safety Nonstructural
Performance Range unless the structure is already determined to meet a specified
Rehabilitation Objective. To qualify for any Rehabilitation Objective higher than
Limited Safety, consideration of structural behavior is necessary to properly take into
account loads on nonstructural components generated by inertial forces or deformations
imposed by the structure.
Classification of Acceleration- Sensitive and Deformation- Sensitive Components
Nonstructural components shall be classified based on their response sensitivity as
follows:
1. Nonstructural components that are sensitive to and subject to damage from inertial loading shall be
classified as acceleration-sensitive components.
2. Nonstructural components that are sensitive to deformation imposed by drift or deformation of the
structure shall be classified as deformation-sensitive components. Nonstructural components that are
sensitive to both the inertial loading and deformation of the structure shall also be classified as
deformation-sensitive components.

Use of Drift Ratio Values as Acceptance Criteria.

The data on drift ratio values related to damage states are limited, and the use of single median drift ratio values
as acceptance criteria must cover a broad range of actual conditions. It is therefore suggested that the limiting
drift values shown in this chapter be used as a guide for evaluating the probability of a given damage state for a
subject building, but not be used as absolute acceptance criteria. At higher Nonstructural Performance Levels, it is
likely that the criteria for nonstructural deformation- sensitive components may control the structural
rehabilitation design. These criteria should be regarded as a flag for the careful evaluation of
structural/nonstructural interaction and consequent damage states, rather than the required imposition of absolute
acceptance criteria that might require costly redesign of the structural rehabilitation
Rehabilitation Methods
1.Replacement
Replacement involves the complete removal of the component and its connections, and its
replacement by new components; for example, the removal of exterior cladding panels, the
installation of new connections, and installation of new panels. As with structural
components, the installation of new nonstructural components as part of a seismic
rehabilitation project should be the same as for new construction.
2.Strengthening
Strengthening involves additions to the component to improve its strength to meet the
required force levels; for example, additional members might be welded to a support to
prevent buckling.
3.Repair

Repair involves the repair of any damaged parts or members of the component to enable
the component to meet its acceptance criteria; for example, some corroded attachments for a
precast concrete cladding system might be repaired and replaced without removing or
replacing the entire panel system.
4.Bracing

Bracing involves the addition of members and attachments that brace the component
internally or to the building structure. A suspended ceiling system might be rehabilitated
by the addition of diagonal wire bracing and vertical compression struts.

5.Attachment

Attachment refers to methods that are primarily mechanical, such as bolting, by which
nonstructural components are attached to the structure or other supporting components.
Typical attachments are the bolting of items of mechanical equipment to a reinforced
concrete floor or base. Supports and attachments for mechanical and electrical equipment
should be designed according to good engineering principles.
Furnishings and Interior Equipment(Storage Racks): Definition,
Behavior, and Acceptance Criteria
Definition and Scope

Storage racks are usually constructed of metal. Storage racks are generally
purchased as proprietary systems installed by a tenant and are often not under
the direct control of the building owner. Thus, they are usually not part of the
construction contract, and often have no foundation or foundation attachment.
However, they are often permanently installed, and their size and loaded weight
make them an important hazard to either life, property, or the surrounding
structure. Storage racks in excess of four feet in height located in occupied
locations shall be considered when the Life Safety Nonstructural Performance
Level is selected.
Component Behavior and Rehabilitation Methods
Storage racks may fail internally—through inadequate bracing or moment-resisting
capacity—or externally, by overturning caused by absence or failure of foundation
attachments.

Rehabilitation is usually accomplished by the addition of bracing to the rear and

side panels of racks and/or by improving the connection of the rack columns to the
supporting slab. In rare instances, foundation improvements may be required to
remedy insufficient bearing or uplift load capacity.

Seismic forces can be established by analysis. However, special attention should be

paid to the evaluation and analysis of large, heavily loaded rack systems because of
their heavy loading and lightweight structural members.
Acceptance Criteria
Acceptance criteria shall be applied in accordance with Section 11.3.2.
Life Safety Nonstructural Performance Level
Storage racks shall be capable of resisting seismic design forces as
computed.
Immediate Occupancy Nonstructural Performance Level
Storage racks shall be capable of resisting seismic design forces as
computed.
Evaluation Requirements
Buckling or racking failure of storage rack elements, connection to
support structures, and type and stability of supporting structure shall be
considered in the evaluation.
Thank you