Published by : LAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD 22, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. _[ 2326 23 68 Phones :{ 2326 28 70 R | ott 2528 25 72 *| 011-2326 22 79 Branches : 129/1, IIrd Main Road, [IX Cross, Chamrajpet, Bangalore (Phone : 080-661 15 61) 26, Damodaran Street, T. Nagar, Chennai (Phone : 044-2434 47 26) St. Benedict’s Road, Cochin (Phone : 0484-239 70 04) 4-2-453, Ist Floor, Ramkote, Hyderabad (Phone : 040-2475 02 47) Adda Tanda, Jalandhar City (Phone : 0181-222 12 72) Radha Govind Street, Tharpagna, Ranchi (Phone : 0651-230 77 64) EMAIL : colaxmi@hotmail.com Website : www.laxmipublications.com First Edition : Jan. 1980 Second Edition: Jan. 1983 Third Edition : Mar. 1987 Fourth Edition: May 1991 Fifth Edition : Aug. 1992 Reprint : Aug. 1994 Reprint : Nov. 1998 Reprint. : Sept. 2000 Reprint : July 2002 Reprint : Aug. 2003 © 1980, 1992 B.C. PUNMIA © 1992 ASHOK KUMAR JAIN & ARUN KUMAR JAIN All Rights Reserved by the Authors. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or translated without the written permission of the Authors. Price : Rs. 230.00 Only. C—7319/03/08 DIP Composed By : Arihant Consultants Printed at : Mehra Offset Press, Delhi.Contents PART I WATER TANKS CHAPTER 1. BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN Page 1.1.__Introduction : Torsional _moments in beams 1 1.2. Circular beam supported symmetrically ~ 4 1.3. Semicircular_beam simply supported on_three all columns ~ u 14. Curved beam simply supported at ends and continuous over two equally spaced intermediate supports oe 17 1.5.__Curved beam fixed at ends 9, 0 16.__Semi-cireular beam with slab 26. 1.2.__Torsion_factor J ____________29 1.8.__Stresses_due_to_torsion_in_concrete_beams ___.._33. 1.9. Indian standard Code for design for torsion IS : 456-1978: = 42 Problems 4.0. SG CHAPTER 2. DOMES 2.4.___Introduction ST 2.2. Nature of stresses in spherical domes oe 57 2.3. Analysis of spherical domes we 59 24,__Stresses due to wind load 0, SS 25. Design of R.C. domes oe 65 2.6.__Conical domes nT Problems 2. CHAPTER 3. CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 3.1,__Introduction 7 3.2. General design requirements according to Indian Standard Code of Practice IS: 3370, Part 1965) - 8 3.6._D of flat base slab for elevated &@) 3.2___Circular_tank with domed bottom and roof 38. Intze tank 3.9, Effects of _ continuity 3.10. of tank suy ling towers 3,11. Design of foundations 5.2, Earth pressure on tank walls 5.3.__ Uplift pressure on the floor of the tank 5.4. CHAPTER 6. REINFORCED CONCRETE PIP! 6.1. 6.2 63. 6.4, 65 6.6, 6.7. 6.8, 6.9, 6.10. TA. 7.2 73. TA, 16. of rectangular tank Problems PART II - PIPES, SILOS & CHIMNEYS Loads on pipes Stresses due to hydrostatic pressure Stresses due to self weight Stresses due to weight of water inside Stresses due to carthfill over haunches Stresses due to uniformly distributed load on -top Stresses due to uniform pressure from sides Stresses due to triangularly distributed toad Stresses due to point load on crown Swresses due to over-burden and external loads Problems . BUNKERS AND SILOS Introduction Janssen’s theory Airy's theory Bunkers Hopper ‘bottom Indian’ Standard on design of bins Problems BRREEB BERB BERREE SEER SRRRE 2 88 ERS 313, 316) | i 81. Introduction 341 82. Wind pressure 341 83. Stresses in chimney shaft duc to sclf- weight and_wind ww = BAD a4 § in_ hori inf 4 ind shear . ~ 342 8&5. Stresses due to temperature difference - 348 86 Combined effect_of self load, wind _and temperature - 350 8.7. Temperature stresses in horizontal reinforcement... 355 88. Design of R.C. chimney - 356 Problems = = 366 PART Ill CONCRETE FRAMES CHAPTER 9. PORTAL FRAMES 9.1. Introduction 369 9.2. Analysis of portal frames 370 93. Design of rectangular portal frame with vertical oad 8 9.4. Design of hinge at the base a 385 Problems 2.0 38 CHAPTER 10, BUILDING FRAMES 10.1__Introduction 2. RT Substitul 10.3. Analysis for_vertical loads 391 10.4, Methods of computing B.M. 394 10.5._Analysis of frames subjected to_horizontal forces 00 gg 10.6._ Portal_method 7 10.2_Cantilever method 20 10.8, Factor method 2. Problems 0 PART IV CONCRETE BRIDGES CHAPTER 11. AQUEDUCTS AND BOX CULVERTS 11.1. Agueducts and syphon aqueducts wo 437 11.2._Design of an aqueduct = 438(xii) 1LL3._Box culvert 0h 11.4. Design of box culvert on 444 Problems J ___ i, 52. CHAPTER 12, CONCRETE BRIDGES 121. Introduction ; Various types of - bridges 463 12.2. Selection of type of bridge and economic span length = 467 12.3. Types of loads, forces and stresses 468 12.4, Live load 468 12.5. Impact_effect a 476 12.7, Longitudinal_forces .. _479 129. Centrifugal force 12.10, Width of roadway and footway 12.11. General design requirements 12.12. Solid slab bridges 12.13. Deck girder bridges 12.14, B.M. in slab supported on four edges oe 12.15. Distribution of live loads on fongitudinal beams ... | 12.18. Design of a_T-beam bridge 549 12.19, Balanced cantilever bridge 613 Problems ~ 657 PART V LIMIT STATE METHOD CHAPTER 13. DESIGN CONCEPTS 13.1. Methods of design __ 661 13.2. Safety and serviceability requirements IS: 456-1978) a» __ 663 13.3.__Characteristic_and design values and partial safety factors 664 Problems 200, CHAPTER 14. SINGLY REINFORCED SECTIONS 14.1, Limit state of collapse in flexure 667 14.2. Stress strain relationship for concrete 669 14.3, Stress-strain relationship for steel 669 14.4. Stress_block_parameters 672 14.5, Design stress block parameters (IS : 456-1978)... 675(uti) 14.6. Singly reinforced rectangular beams 14.7. Procedure for finding moment of resistance 14.8. Design of rectangular beam section we Problems ~ CHAPTERS 15. DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTIONS 15.1. Necessity 153. te) i ent. 15.4, Design of a doubly reinforced section & $833 g | 16.1. Introduction ase | 16.3. Moment of resistance when x, < Dy 164. M t resi hen NA. falls web, 708 16.5. IS Code procedure for finding moment of resistance (IS ; 456-1978) - 74 16.6. Design of T-beam = NT 16.7. Doubly reinforced T-beams ~ 727 Problems 0 CHAPTER 17. ‘SHEAR, BOND AND TORSION 17.1, Limit state of collapse : Shear » =739 17.2. Development tength ~ 746 17.3. Limit state of collapse ; Torsion =» = 748 Problems = 752 CHAPTER 18 DESIGN OF BEAMS AND SLABS 18.1. Design of beams = 753 18.2. Design of cantilever ae) 183. Design of doubly reinforced beam - 764 184. Design of one way slab -~ 769 18.5. Design of one way continuous slab 79S 18.6. Design of T-beam roof ~ 785 Problems » 785 CHAPTER 19, AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS. 19.1, Limit state of collapse : Compression 787 19.2. Short columns = 789 19.3. Short axially loaded members in axial compression . = 789 19.4. Short axially loaded columns with minimum eccentricity ~ 790 19.5. Design charts : - 7(ivy 19.6. Compression members with helical reinforcement... 794 19.7. Design specifications (IS : 456-1978) 794 CHAPTER 20, COLUMNS WITH UNIAXIAL AND BIAXIAL BENDING (20.1._Introduction J. 20.2. Combined axial load and uniaxial bending ~~ ___ 807 20.3. Construction of interaction curves for column design -. _ 810 20.4. Short columns subjected to axial load and biaxial bending ww 829 . Problems = 835 CHAPTER 21. DESIGN OF STAIR CASES 21.1, General notes on_ design of stairs - 837 21.2 Design of stairs spanning horizontally - _84l 21.3. Design of dog-legged stair = 843 21.4, Design of stairs with quarter space landing... 846 Problems am 850 CHAPTER 22. TWO-WAY SLABS 22.1, Introduction 22.2. Simply supported slab with corners free to lift (LS. Code method). -- 852 223. Restrained slabs (LS. Code method) -. 859 Problems -- 868 CHAPTER 23. CIRCULAR SLABS 23.1._Introduction J.D 23.2 Slab freely supported at edges and carrying 233. Slabs fixed at edges and carrying U.D.L. - 87 23.4. Stab simply supported at the edges with load w_uniformly distributed along the circumference 23.5. Slab simply supported at edges, with U.D.L. inside a concentric circle Problems CHAPTER 24, YIELD LINE THEORY AND DESIGN OF SLABS | 24.2. Yield line patterns oe 243. Moment capacity along an yield line ~ 24.4, Ultimate load on slabs - 245. Analysis by virtual work method = 246. Analysis by equilibrium method im Problems 3 ale BiggCHAPTER 26. PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 26.1. Introduction 26.2. Basic concepts 26.3. Classification and types of prestressing 26.4, prestressing systems : End anchorages 26.5. Losses of prestress 26.6. Computation of elongation of tendons 26.7. Properties of materials 268. Merits and demerits Of prestressed concrete 26.9. Basic assumptions 26.10. Analysis of beams for flexure 26.11. Kern distances and efficiency of section 26.12. Design of sections for flexure : Magnel’s method 26.13. Rectangular section 26.14. I-Section 26.15, Alternative design procedure 26.16. Shear and diagonal tension 26.17. Stresses at anchorage 26.18. Indian Standard Code recommendations IS : 1343-1980) 26.19. Procedure for limit state design , Problems CHAPTER 27. SHRINKAGE AND CREEP 27.1. Introduction 27.2. Shrinkage of concrete 273. Shrinkage stresses in symmetrically reinforced ‘sections 27.4. Shrinkage stresses in singly reinforced beams 27.5. Instantaneous and repeated loading on concrete 21.6. Sustained loading : Crecp SESE 1050 1055 1060 1084 1101 1103 1103 1107 1109 1112 1114@ 27.7 Factors affecting creep ws 1116 27.8. Effect of creep on E. and m ~ LT 27.9 Effect of shrinkage and creep in columns ws 1118 77.10 Effect of shrinkage and creep in veams - = 1120 /SPPENDIX-A. B.M. and S.F. coefficients __.._ _1123 APPENDIX-B. Properties of materials and concrete - 27 APPENDIX-C. Reinforcement as A APPENDIX-D. w-__ 1137SYMBOLS . A=Total area of section. Ay = Equivalent area of helical reinforcement. Ae = Area of compressive steel. A_= Equivalent area of section. A, = Area of concrete core. Am = Area of steel or iron core. ‘An = Area of longitudinal reinforcement (comp.) As = Area of steel (tensile). A\= Area of longitudinal torsional reinforcement. ‘An =Total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent up bars within distance s,. Ay =Area of web reinforcement. Ag =Area of cross-section of one bar. a=Lever arm. a, = Area of concrete. B=Flange width of T-beam. b = Width, b, = Width of rib. C = Compressive force. e =Compressive stress in concrete. ce’ =Stress in concrete surrounding compressive _ steel. ¢, = Permissible tensile stress in concrete. c, = Compressive stress at the junction of flange and web. D = Depth. d= Effective depth. d. = Cover to compressive stecl. d, = Depth of slab. d, = Cover to tensile stecl. e.= Eccentricity. = Compressive steel depth factor ( =de/d). F =Shear force Characteristic load F, = Design load F, = Radial shear force. (wii)(viii) J=Stress (in general). Jes = Characteristic compressive stress. 4, = Characteristic strength of steel. H =Height. J =Moment of inertia. I, = Equivalent moment of inertia of section. Jj = Lever arm factor. K, = Coefficient of active earth pressure. K, = Coefficient of passive earth pressure. k=Neutral axis depth factor (n/d). L = Length. Le =Developuscnt tength. ‘=Effective length of column ; Length ; Bond length. M =Bending moment ; moment. M, =Moment of resistance ; Radial bending moment. M, =Torsional moment. M,.=Bending moment (limit state design) Mo = Circumferential bending moment. m = Modular ratio. n=Depth of neutral axis. n,=Depth of critical neutral axis. 20 =Sum of perimeter of bars. P,=Active earth pressure. P, = Passive carth pressure. P, = Axial load on the member (limit state design) p= Percentage steel. P' =Reinforcement ratio (4q/bd). Pa = Active earth pressure intensity. P. = Net upward soil pressure. Pa = Passive earth pressure intensity. Q =Shear resistance. 4 =Shear stress (due to bending). q =Shear stress due to torsion. R =Radius ; Resistance factor ( 24)(ex) r= Radius ; cost ratio of steel and concrete ; L/B ratio. 5 = Spacing of bars ; standard deviation. “Sa = Average bond stress. s = Local bond siress. T = Tensile force ; Thickness of wall ; Torsional moment. T, = Torsional moment (limit state design) t= Tensile stress in steel. {-' = Compressive stress in compressive steel. r, = Shear foree due to design load (limit state design) Va = Strength of shear reinforcement (limit state design) W = Point load ; Total load. X = Co-ordinate. x = Depth of neutral axis (limit state design) Z = Distance : Co-ordinate. Y,y = Co-ordinate 2Zs,Z, = Bending moment coefficients. a = Inclination ; coefficient. B= Surcharge angle. y = Unit weight of soil. y' = Submerged unit weight of soil. vy = Partial safety factor appropriate to the loading. Ym = Partial safety factor appropriate to the material Occ = Permissible stress in concrete (direct comp). Ge’ = Direct compressive stress in concrete. [che = Permissible compressive stress in concrete due to bending. Ga = Ultimate compressive stress in concrete cubes. Gn = Permissible compressive stress in bars. ox, = Permissible stress in helical reinforcement. Og = Permissible punching shear stress. Ox = Permissible stress in steel in tension. Om = Permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement. On = Permissible tensile stress in main reinforcement. ¢y = Yield point compressive stress in stecl. = Coefficient of friction.PART I WATER TANKS Chapters : 1, BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 2. DOMES 3. CIRCULAR AND INTZE TANKS 4. RECTANGULAR TANKS 5. UNDERGROUND TANKS| Beams Curved in Plan 1.1. INTRODUCTION : TORSIONAL MOMENTS IN BEAMS Beams curved in plan are used to support circular water tanks (reservoirs), curved balconies, curved ramps or other similar structures having curved boundary. Such curved beams may be circular, elliptical or polygonal in plan, and the line joining the supports lies away from the curved longitudinal axis of the beam. Since the C.G. of loads and reactions to one side of any section does not lic along the axis of the beam, it is subjected to torsional moment, in addition to bending moment (flexural moment) and shear force. (e) Space frame (c) anes beam {plan} an, RS (b) Straight beam (pian) (d) Curved beam (elevatien) FIG. 1.1. TORSIONAL MOMENTS IN BEAMS eg4 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES In order to understand how torsional moments are induced in beams, let us consider a space frame shown in Fig.1.1(a) having horizontal beams 4B and BC mutually orthogonal to each other and a vertical column BD. When vertical load is applied on AB, both AB as well as BD will be subjected to bending moments causing joint B to rotate in the anticlockwise direction, The moment at joint B will evidently be abour the longitudinal axis of BC, and will therefore, cause twisting or torsion in it. The torsional moment so induced will be constant all along the length of the beam BC. Fig. 1.1 (c) shows a beam curved in plan, ie. the longitudinal axis is curved witha radius of curvature R. Point O is the centre of curvature. When the beam is subjected to vertical loads, it bends. At any section P, ths C.G. of loads (C,) and reaction to one side of it lies away from the axis ; due to this, torsional moment is induced about the longitudinal axis at that section. Such phenomenon does not happen in the case of beam straight in plan [Fig. 1.1 (6)] where the C.G. of loads to one side of section P lies along the longitudinai axis. It should be noted that in the case of a straight beam, bending moment at any section P is the moment of all the forces to one side of it, about the transverse axis of the section. In the case of beam curved in plan, the direction of transverse axis at any point is radial. The bending at any point P of the beam is ‘therefore the moment of all the forces to one side of it, about the radial axis OP. On the other hand, the torsional moment at any point is the moment, of all forces about the longitudinal (or tangential) axis of the beam at that section. 1.2. CIRCULAR BEAM SUPPORTED SYMMETRICALLY Let us first analyse a complete circular beam, supported, sym- metrically on columns [Fig. 1.2 (a)]. The beam is thus continuous, and forms a close loop. Let the beam be subjected to uniformly distributed load w per unit length. Due to symmetry, the vertical reaction at each column will be the same. Also, the shear force and the twisting moment at the centre of each span will be zero,- and the twisting moment at the supports will be zero. Let the angle subtended by two consecutive columns A and B be 26, and let the mean radius of the beam be R. Load W of arc AB=w.R20=2w RO The distance of C.G. of an arc, subtending an angle 26 at the centre, is given by OE = Reine (Ll)BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 5 Thus the CG, of the load on beam AB lies at a distance of Reine from the centre of curvature. @ SHEAR FORCE AND MOMENT AT THE SUPPORT Due to symmetry, the S.F. and B.M. at each support will be equal. Let Fy be the S.F. and M, be the B.M. at each support. nt = — =w. (le Evidently, Fy= "8-28 = wre (12) 2 Mgsin® ID Mo’sin@ . wk. | Mo ° \Moces @}itMacos @ \ Y / NG (b) FIG, 1.2 The bending moment M, at each end will be hogging in nature, and it will be about the radial axis AO and BO, Representing the end moments by vectors, the direction of moments at supports, will be as shown in Fig. 1.2(6), in which the arrows indicate the moments. about that direction. The moment M, about, AO can be resolved in two components : () Moment Mosin 6 about chord AD, and (i) Moment Mocos@ about DO. Similarly, moment M, about BC can be resolved in two com- ponents about DB and DO as marked. In order to find the value of end moment M,, let us balance the moment about the chord AB. Components of end moments about chord AB =2Mosine (i) Moment of external force about the chord AB =WxED .6 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES =w.R.26[EO — DO] =2wRo [£808 _ R cose (ii) [Note. The vertical reactions at A and B will not have any moments about AB]. Equating (i) and (fi), we get 2.Mysin @ = 2w RO (ao 00s] o My = wR? [1 = 6 cot 8] (1.3) (ii) S.F. AND BM. AT ANY POINT After having determined end reactions and moments, the S.F. and bending moment at any point P on the beam can be easily found. Let PO make an angle ¢ with AO (Fig. 1.3). Let SF. and B.M. at P be designated as F, and M, respectively. FIG. 1.3. Reaction at A=wRO. Load on AP=W,=w. Ro . F,=wRO-wRo or Fy=wR(O-¢). w(1.4) Let the CG. of load on AP be at point F, such that ‘0 ~inee (Refe. Eq. 1:1) Also from Fig. 1.3, if FG is perpendicular to PO, we have, aa FG= FO.sing/2 = ateBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 7 GO =FO. cos ¢/2 = = ESE G? cos 972 _Rsing ¢ roan- nist on(1-S82) Draw AH perpendicular to PO. Then, AH =Rsing and PH=R(1-cos@). Now B.M. at P = moment about the radial axis PO. Component of end moment, about the radial axis PO =Mycosd (hogging). Hence sagging moment at P is given by = Fy x AH — W, x FG — Mocos ¢. Substituting the values of various quantities, My=w.RO.R sing — wR 9. RB wR*(1 — @ cot 8) cosp or M,=wR? (0 sin ¢ — @sin?¢/2— xo + ocme. cos ¢] or My=wR? (0 sin p + 2.cot 6. cos ¢ — 1] (1.3) (ui) TWISTING MOMENT AT P Let- the twisting moment at P be M,. Twisting moment at any point is equal to the moment of all forces on one side of it, about the tangential axis. at that point. This moment. may be taken as positive if the left portion twists the beam towards the centre of curvature. Mi=Mosin @ — Fox PH + Wy x PG or Mj= wR? (1-6 coté)sin ¢ ~ wR 0. R(1 — cos ¢) +wRe-R (1-8) or Mj=wR® [sing — 6 cotdsing —@+Ocos¢ +¢—sing] — or Mis wR?[p — 6 + Ac0s $ ~ 6cot9. sind] or Mj=wR?(6cosp —@coté.sing — (6 —¢)] -+(1.6) * The above equation gives the distribution of torsional. moment along the beam. In order to get the position of maximum twisting moment, ‘differentiate the above equation with respect to ¢ and equate it to zero. Thus, we get, sin @= ; [sin?@ = cos 9 6" — sin*@y'*] w«[1.6(2)}8 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES The above equation also gives the location of section of contra- flexure. For the design purposes, the values of support moment (Mo), midspan moment (M.) and the maximum twisting moment (Min) can be represented by the following expression : Mo = Cy. wR? (26) (1.7) M. = Cr.w R? (26) -(1.8) and M& = Cy. wR? (28) (1.9) The values of coefficients C; ,C: and Cs; depend upon the magnitude of @ and can be taken from Table 1.1, which also gives the value of angle ¢» where maximum twisting moment occurs. “TABLE 1.1 COEFFICIENTS FOR BM. AND TWISTING MOMENT IN CIRCULAR BEAMS, Example 1.1, 4 curved beam is in the form of a full continuous circle in plan with a radius of 4 m and is supported continuously on six supports. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 2 kNim length, inclusive of its own weight. Determine the bending moment, twisting moment and shear force at salient locations and plot B.M., T.M. and S.F. diagrams. Solution : Number ‘of supports = 6: 24 = 32 or or 6 = 30° = 0.5236 radians From Table 1.1. C; = 0.089; C2 = 0.045; C; = 0.009BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 9 m = 12,75° = 0.223 radians wR?.20 = 2 (4) x (2 x 0.5236) = 33.51 * Mo = C, wR" (28) = 0.089 x 33.51 = 2.982 kN-m (hogging). Me = C2. wR? (2 0) = 0,045 x 33.51 = 1.508 kN-m and ME, = C3 wR? (2 6) = 0.009 x 33.51 = 0,302 kN-m Fo=w.R.0=2% 4 x 0.5236 = 419 KN, @ SF. diagram. The distribution of S.F. is given by Eq. 1.4. F,=wRO-9%) x Fy = 2x4 (30? — 9) x FH where ¢ is in degrees FIG. 14.10 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES or Fy = 0.1396 (30° - ¢) (i) ‘The above equation shows that F, varies linearly with ¢. Values for F, at varying 10° interval is tabulated below : (i) BM. diagram. B.M. M, at any point is given by Eq.1.5: My = WR? [Osin ¢ + 8 cotd.cos ¢ — 1] or My = 2.(4)* [0.5236 sing + 0.2236 cot 30° cos ¢ — 1] or My = 32 [0.5236 sin @ + 0.9069 cos ¢ = 1] (ii) The values of Ms at ¢ = 10° interval are tabulated below : ee — 2.982 End of beam [ee | 12.75° 0.00 Point of max. torsion ee ee Pe] The distribution of bending moment is shown in Fig. 1.4(b). (iii) TM. diagram. The twisting moment M, at any point is given by Eq. 1.6 : Mj =wR[6cosg —@ cord. sing - (6 -9)] = 2(4)? [0.5236.0s 6 — 0.5236 cot 30° sin ¢ - BP - 9755 | = 32 [0.5236 cos ¢ — 0.9069 sin ¢ — 0.01745 (30°— )] (iii) where ¢ is in degrees. The values of M, at 10° interval are tabulated below :BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN i Location End of beam Point_of_max. torsion ‘The twisting moment diagram is shown in Fig. 1.4(c). 13. SEMICIRCULAR BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED ON THREE EQUALLY SPACED COLUMNS a FIG. 1.5. SEMICIRCULAR BEAM _ Let us now take the case of semi-circular beam ABC, simply supported over end column A and B, and continuous over a central column at C (Fig. 1.7). End moments at A and B will be evidently zero. Due to symmetry, reaction at A and B will be equal (say R,) and reaction at C (say R,) will be different, Let us first find the reactions. Total load on the semi-circular beam =W=wxrR (where R is the radius of the semi-cirle) Distance of C.G. of load from centre O = DO = = Rene —Rsina/2 _2R H.R12 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES In order to find the value of the reaction R, , take moments about tangent at point C. “ 2R:xCO=WxDC or 2R.R=waR(R-28 a or R= ak (1-2) (1.10) and R,=W-2Ri=w2R -wR (x - 2) or R,=2wR (1.11) @ SF. at any point . In order to find the S.F. distribution consider any point P at angle @ with OA. The C.G. of the load on AP will be at point E such that EO - haga Draw perpendiculars AH and EG on the radial line PO. AH=R sing ; OH=Rcos¢ 2 EG = EOsing/2 = ase GO = EO ms ¢/2 _Rsing/2 Rsing 72 ORG Load on AP=W,=w Ro “ Fy=Ri-wR¢ ‘ = Ren -wRe or Fy =wR [5-1-6 en(1.12) The above expression is valid from ¢=0 to ¢=x/2. ALG p=n/2 “ Fy=Fe= —wR (i) BM. at any point BM, at point P is evidently equal to moment, about OP, of all the forces to the left of point P.BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 13 Mp= Ri X.AH = Ws x EG n My = 8 (x —2)Rsing —wRpRIE LA or M,=wRt [3 2 ing — 2sin'$] (113) At g=0 M=M,=0 At $=2/2, My=Mc=wR [252-23] -4 =wR “> —0.429wR? (1.14) (ie. hogging) In order to find the maximum sagging bending moment any where in AC differentiate Eq. 1.13 with respect to ¢ and put it equal to zero. * Sip wR [25 cong 2x 2sin $x pons 9/2] =0 dg 2 or 75 cos = 2sin p/2005 9/2 = sing tang = a = 0.5708 which gives > = 29,72? = 29°44’ = 0.5187 radians. Substituting the‘ value of ¢ in Eq. 1.13, we get az-2 29.72" Mnex = wR [= 57 sin 29:72" — 2sin' 2) = 0.1514 wR? (sagging)... (1.15) (id) Torsional moment at any point Torisonal moment at any point P is the moment, about tangent at P, of all the forces to the left of P. My = R, x PH — W, x PG = R; x (PO — HO) — W, (PO ~ GO) R (a2) x (R—Reosg) -w RG [r-*pe] or Mj ow [252 ~ 22 cosy — e+ sing | (116) In order to get the maximum torsional moment, differentiate the above equation with respect to p and equate it to zero.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ” oe =wR [25 ?sing ~1 + cosg] =0. or 2 sing — 1 -+c0s¢ =0 or 0.5708 sing - 1 = -—cos¢ Squaring both the sides, 0.3258 sin? p — 1.1416 sing + 1 = cos’¢ = 1 —sin’¢ 1.3258 sin?¢ = 1.1416 sing 1416 or sing = 13258 $= $m = 59.44° = 1,037 radians. Substituting the vane of ¢ in Eq. 1.16, we get Mh =wR[% a2 -=> z 2 cos 50.44° — 1.037 + sin s9.ae*] or Mh = 0,1045 wR? we(1-17) If this value of gm is substituted in Eq. 1.13, we get M, = 0. Thus the point of maximum torsion coincides with the point of con- traflexure. Example 1.2. A semi-circular beam with radius of 4 m is simply supported at ends, and is continuous over a column at iis middle. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kNim length of the beam, inclusive of its own weight. Determine S.F., BM. and T.M. at salient points, and plot S.F., B.M. and T.M. diagrams. Solution. (Fig. 1.6). R=4m; w=20 kN/m Ry = F(a ~2)6= OXF R.=2wR=2% 20% 4= 160 KN @ SF Fy =R, = 45.66 kN Fo= -wR=~-20X4= - 80 kN At any other location, FyawR[F-1-9] = 0.8611 =20x4[F- 1-8 x 755] (7 — 2) = 45.66 KNBEAMS cpRveo IN PLAN 15 sf or Fy = 80 [0.5708 — 0.01745 ¢]. The variation of F, is thus linear with ¢ At p= 90°F, = 80 [0.5708 — 0.01745 x 90] = — 80 kN To locate the position where F, is zero, we have, 0.5708 — 0.01745 ¢ = 0 _ 0.5708 or = gor7as (ii) Bending moment : M, = — 0.429 wR? = — 0.429 x 20 (4)? = — 137.28 kKN-m (ce. hogging) Mmax = + 0.1514 wR? = + 0.1514 x 20(4)* = 48.46 kN-m (sagging). The bending moment at any other location is given by Eq.1.13. My = wR [o-s70s sing - 2sin’$] = 320 [0.5708 sin ¢ — 2sin*$/2] The values of M, at 30° interval are tabulated below : = 32.71° In order to find the position where B.M. is zero, equate Eq. 1.13, to zero, Thus, 0.5708 sin @ — 2sin*¢/2 =0 or 0.5708 x 2 sin ¢/2 cos $/2= 2 sin? g/2 or. tan ¢/2= 0.5708 “ $/2= 29.72° or = 59.44", which is evidently the location where torsional moment is maximum. Thus, we conclude that the point of torsional moment is also the point of contra-flexure. (iii) Torsional moment : Mz, = 0.1045 wR® = 0.1045 x 20 (4)? = 33.42 kN-m at p= 59.4416 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES The distribution of torsional moment is given by Eq. 1.16. MpawR [25% 2_3= 22 cosy o+sing| or M§ = 20 (4) [0.5708 — 0.5708 cos ¢ + sin ¢ - #755] or Mj = 320 (0.5708 — 0.5708 cos ¢ + sin ¢ — 0.01745 ] where ¢@ is in degrees. The values of torsional moment at 33° interval are tabulated below : (b) B.M.D. (c) T.M.D, SS42kN-m FIG. 16.BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 17 1.4. CURVED BEAM SIMPLY SUPPORTED AT. ENDS AND CONTINUOUS OVER TWO EQUALLY SPACED INTERMEDIATE SUPPORTS Fig. 1.7 shows a verandah beam continuous over four supports which are equally spaced. Hence each span subtends an angle of 90° at the centre. Due to symmetry, Ra=Ro=R, and Rs =Rc=R2z In order to find the reactions, we have, 2(Ri + Ry) = wR3n =3wRa -»(i) FIG. 1.7. Consider sector CD. Load on it = wR > and its C.G. falls at I whose perpendicular distance from BC is equal tolK=CJ WAC _2R_ Now CD =o =F V2R V2R_R 1 . Gaya18 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Load on sectorBC = WRF and its CG. acts at point L, where _Rsina/4 OL =A i =aq-ek Distanace OM = CJ = Vi DM = OL -OM x ae mz v2 4 Now taking the moments of all the forces about line BC. 2Rix CD =2[w.RF) CI (WRF )em = a) R _ payRsinz/4_ R or 2RVER =2(w.RE) WRG wa YE or Ri=wR (32-3)- 0.678 wR ws(1s18) Hence from (i), R =3wRn -R = j}wRa-wRiBx-4) =swRijx-gx+4] or Re=wR {px t 3] = 1678wR (1.19) After having determined the reactions, the expression for My and My at any point can be.casily written. For example, consider point P at angle ¢ , in sector AB. Load on AP =Wy=wRG The C.G. of load acts at point E, such that Og = Beg? ; OF = Ros $/2 EG = OE. sing/2 = Ramee OG =OE. sing/2 = Rss eas cos ¢/2 _R an g FH = OF. sing/2 = om g/tain g/2 Rsin i PG = PO - 0G =R- SEA oR (1 - SE)BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 19 Draw AQ perpendicular to PO. AQ=Rsing ; OQ=Reos¢ PQ =R-—Reos¢ =R (1 — cos ¢) Now B.M. at P is the moment, about PO, of all forces to the left of it. Hence sagging B.M. My, is given by My = Ri x AQ — Wx GE an? = 0678 wR. Rsing — wRg (SS 8/2 ) = wR? (0.678sin¢ —1+ cos¢) (1.20) The expression is valid for ¢ < 90°. For ¢>90°, we have M, =wR? (0.678 sin 6 — 1 + cos @) + Re. Rsin(p — 2/2) or My = wR (0.678 sin p — 1 + cos ¢) + 1.678 w R’ sin (6 — 2/2) we(1.21) The twisting moment M, at any point is the moment, about tangent at P, of all the forces, to one side of it. Taking twisting moment to be positive when the left portion twists the beam towards its centre of curvature, « Mp= -R:x PO+W,x PG = — 0.678 wR x R(1- cos¢) +wROR (1 -%¢) Mj = wR" [ — 0.678 +.0.678 cos ¢ + @ — sing] ©. Mj = wR? [g + 0.678 00s ¢ ~ sing — 0.678]. (1.22) The above expression is valid when ¢ < 90°, For ¢>90°, we have Mj = wR? (p + 0.678 cos ¢ — sin p — 0.678] a — 1.678 wR [R ~ Roos (¢-F | or Mj = wR'[p+ 0.678 cos p+ 0.678 sin @ ~ 2.356] ...(1.23) The SF. at any point P is given by Fe=R-W, (for p< 90°) or Fy = 0.678 wR — wR ¢ = wR (0.678 — ¢) eu(1.24) When ¢ > 90°, Fy = Ri — W, + R, = 0.678 wR = wRo + 1.678 WR or Fy = wR (2.356 — ¢) ww(1.25)2 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1.5. CURVED BEAM FIXED AT ENDS Fig. 1.8 shows a curved beam ABC, fixed at end A and B, and subtending an angle 26 at the centre. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load w per unit length of the beam. Because of fixidity, there will be three reaction components at each support (i) shear force Fo (ii) bending moment Mo and (iii) twisting moment Mg. The beam is therefore, statically indeterminate to first degree. We shall use the method of strain energy to solve the problem. . Because of symmetry, shear force and torsional moment at the middle point C will be zero. Let the bending moment at this point be M. If we cut the beam, at C, in two portions M, will be the reaction component at C. This component is evidently abour the radial axis CO. FIG. 18. Consider a point P at angular distance ¢ with OC. Load on section CP is given by W,=wR ¢, and its C.G. will be at point D such that op = Rsing/2 g/2 From D, drop perpendicular DE on radial axis PO 2 DE = DO.sing/2 = 280g _ = Rsing/2cosg/2 _ Rsing EO = DO.cos ¢/2. 72 é PE=PO-EO=R-R8¢ oR (342) Now, Fy =W,=0R.¢ ou(1.26)BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 21 The bending moment M. (sagging) can be resolved in com- ponent M.cos¢@ about PO and M-sing about tangential axis at P. The moment M,cos¢ about PO will evidently be the bending moment component at P, while M,sing¢ about tangential axis at P will ibe the torsional moment component. oe M,=M. cos ¢ - WED ent or M, = Mecos ¢ - we (ESit-$2 ) or M, = Meoos ¢ -wR?(1—cos¢) __...(1.27) Similarly, Mj = M-sing — W, PE Mj = Mesing — wRg.R (2=s0E ) or M; =Mcesing — wR? (¢—sing) —_...(1.28) ~ Let U be the strain energy of half the portion (CA) of the beam consisting of strain energy due to B.M. and that due to torsional moment. The strain energy due to S.F. is extermely small and may be neglected. = * (ate)? ds Hence U Sas 7 edt 2G where ds= R dp. au In order to determine M. , put om. equal to zero. e 6 My 2M, My aMs ‘ My oly ate Oily = ” J. EI sake + f Gr am. 8-4 Q where G= modulus of tigidity= y= = OSE for concrete. J‘ = torsion factor (rotational constant), depending upon the shape of the section In the expression, = cos p BE ls and =sing ° |e Putting or = Ty, we get @ f [Mz cos. — wR? (1 — cos ¢)] cos p dp2 REINFORCED CONCRETE: STRUCTURES + Tr J {M-sin p — wR? ( — sin g)} sin p dp = 0 o On integration, we get @ , sin20 @_ sin20 Mel 5 + SEES + Te (5 - ‘s )} sin26 +wa'{ ($—sing + 2026 ) +7. (ecos0 - sino + $— =0 (1.29) From the above equation, M, can be found.. Table 12 gives sin28)} the values of factor 4 in terms of factor Tr for various values Ww of central angle 26. 0.056 + 0am Tr 0.37 0.0 0.0217 + 0.0031 Tr 0.4783 + 0.0453 Tr oct Fone coe = 0c Te ee 0.7401 + 03071 Tr 0.7854 + 0.7854 i: Knowing the value of M., moments M, and M, can be - computed from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28. SPECIAL CASE : SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM FIXED AT THE ENDS Special case arises when 20=180°=2, Substituting 6 =F in Eq. 1.29, we get sin 20 sin2@ Me _ _ (Fosing + Ze )+ (Acos6~sino + $ a) wR oe eSB) Me | F-1+0 + 0-1+%-0 Tr wR (7 +0) + (¥-0)BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 23 or + =+ (! - 4) -(¢ - 1) = 0.2732. ...(1.30) Thus, the central moment M. is independent of the properties of the section and the material. Again from Eqs. 1.27 and 1.28 putting ¢ = 9 = } we get the expressions for B.M. (Mc) and T.M. (Mo) at support as under : M = M, cos > — wR (1 — cos 5) = —-wR (ie. hogging) and Mg = M, sin 5 — wR? (3-893) =wR (3-1) -we'(Z-1) =n (1-241) =—wR (-4) = — 0.2976 wR? (1.31) ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION FOR SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM FIXED AT ENDS At each end there will be three reaction components : (i) shear force Fy (ii) bending moment Mo about OD axis and (iii) twisting moment M¢ about tangential axis, Total load on beam =wRa “ Fo= ” Ra Load on half beam AC =4wRa. Its C.G, lies at E ata c FIG. 19a REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Rsin= distance = mage from the centre. Perpendicular distance of this. ae Rsin a asa all forces acting on half the beam AC, we get \ Resin? F ; Mo = gwRx |—aq =wR? (hogging) The twisting moment Mo‘ cannot be found from equation of statics alone. We shall use strain energy method. Let the Mo‘ at R be otherwise, twisting the beam toward the centre O. Consider any point P, as angle ¢ with OA (Fig. 1.9). Load on AP =Wi=wR@ CG. from OA= sin . Taking moments about OA, of Ring Draw DE perpendicular to OP R sin’ Distance of its CG. =OD= Then DE = DOsin$ = Z OB = DO wos $ _ Rsin$.cos$ sin — g 8 PE =R[1- Sad If AF is drawn perpendicular to PO, we have AF =Rsing OF =Rcos¢ and PF = R (1 — cos ¢). Now the sagging B.M. M, at P is given by M, = Fo x AF — Mocos ¢ + Mésing — W, x DE Rsin' $ or Me=wR? [ Fsing — 008 -(- 00s #) | +My'sing — (i) or My=3wRx.Rsing — wR cose + Mising —wRBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 2 . Similarly, the twisting moment Mj at P is the moment of all forces, to its left side, about tangential axis at P. ” Mg= —Fox PF + Musing + Mécos ¢ + Wy. PE or Mg = —LwRx,R(1—cos $) + w R’sing + Mo! cose _ sing +wR.R(1 3 ) or Mj=wR'[ -~F (1 — cos) + sing +9 - sing] + Mi cose wii) Now total strain energy U is: given by Mz (Mi)? ME ase f as, where: ds =R.dp Putting iv 0; we have aMe ad a2 aU _ f Me aMs p “J Ms aM6 pag 20 Mi Elam; Rég= J Gy ame P= where OMe sng and <—2 aM: “= cos g. oMs aMo Substituting the values, we get Er LS,” ane 4 wat (sing ~ cong - 1+ 0059) + Mésing trap] Aa [feos we (-3 jer | -0 [rm (G1) 49m] +24 we (F-2] +2mi b =o . [wa(F-1) +5aa][1+ Zo] <0 + R o FF Mi = -4we(%-1)= =-wR (3-3) (4.31) which is the same as found. earlier. Substituting the value of Mg in Eqs. (i) and (ii), we can find My .% REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES and M, at any point. For example, at point C, ¢ =5 Hence a0 [Band —ca$ - (1-058) _wr{(Z_4 wR Ii =wRlZ- 2(m 4 wR [5 2] - wR (F- z) =wR (3 zc} ) = 0.2732 R*% (1.30) This is also the same as found earlier. mil te 2p fy Similarly Mi = R [ (1 cos } +sinZ Nia VIA x 2 -sinZ | —wR? 5-5 = +5 sin a]: wR $) c085 = zero, as expected. 1.6. SEMI-CIRCULAR BEAM WITH SLAB KNSOOAN SS FIG. 1.10 Fig. 1.10 shows a semi-circular beam ABC fixed at ends A and B, and supporting a semi-circular slab. Since the length of the slab is much greater than the width, it will behave as one way slab. Let w be the uniformly distributed load per unit area of slab. Due to symmetry, the reaction components at A and B will be equal. At each end, there will be three reaction components: (i) shear force Fp, (i) Bending moment Mp and (iii) Twisting moment To. Let us consider a small clement DG, at an angle ¢ with AO, and subtending an angle dg at the centre. The load transferred to this element DG of the beam will evidently be equal to half theBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN a load on the shaded area DEFG. Now DE=Rsin¢g; EO=Reos¢ EF =d (Roos $) =Rsing.d¢. . Load on shaded area = w (DE x EF) =w (Rsin@) (R sind dp) = wR’ sin’ pdg. ©. Load transferred to DG = 3.wR’ sin’ p dg. Length DG =Rd¢ ~. Uniformly distributed load w, at the element LwR'sin’o dp = —a 7) or we =1wRsin?¢ per unit length _ ...(1.32) By equating the vertical forces, and balancing moments about AB, F, and Mo can be determined, But M¢ cannot be determined statically, and the problem is indeterminate to one degree. By .balancing the total vertical forces, we have a/2 Fo= load on portion ace f" wy Rap 2 or Fo= J” GuRsintg) Rag Qo =" [pe - join 29 8 Now B.M. at A= moessit of all forces on AC, about AO wR 4 I =2wR wu(1.33) axis. ads Mo= J" (wpRd9) x DE oO a/2 = Si Crain). sin Py = ” sis gap 0 HET fonoten'e i wR wR => [o+3] =" (1.34) Thus, Fo and Mo are inswir Let the twisting moment Mé at A be acting clockwise. At any point D at angle ¢ , the sagging bending moment will be equal to the moment of all forces to the left side, about the radial axis DO.B REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Consider an elemental load dW at H, its value being given 6W, =, Rdg =1wRsin’B.RdB (from Eq. 1.32) Draw HK perpendicular to DO, Evidently HK=R sin(¢ — 6) and OK=R cos(¢ — f). If a perpendicular AL is drawn on DO, we have AL=R sing; OL=R cos ¢ . ¢ Now My= Fo x AL —Mocos ¢ + Mésing — f° (8 Wa)x HK 0 by or My =2w Rt Rsing ~ "Roos g + Mésing ¢o SJ Jw R sin’ BR dp . Rsin (p — B). or My = Zw Rsing ~ EB cosg + ising -¥R 9 St Asin ( — 6) a8 or My = 8S [FFsng - 41 + cos? ¢) | + Mising Similarly, twisting moment at D is equal so moment of all the forces to the left of it, about tangent at D, “ Mj= — Fyx DL + Mesing + Mécos@ + [° (8%) x DK oO or Mj= —2 wR (10s 6) + 2 sing + Micos 1f*1 a2 +4" pork sin'B.Rap_R {1 — cos (@ -B)} orMinw |G (cos —1) + 5+ zgsin29 | + Mécoss wu(1.36) Now U = Jes S9OE where ds = Rdg. To get Mo, put aa = to zero. aMo 2 OU, [7 Me OMe y R.ap+ f° Me Rap =0 ami Jo El ami o Gs oui ! where 2M sin g and OM = cos 9 aMo aMBEAMS CURVED IN PLAN 2 2 R R/3 . Bs, sing [FE { Fane} tose] + alsng | de raf "cos Por? 4 § oso 1) +3 + fsin2g [Menem or Pil *E {32-3} +8 emi] += R [» wR {5-2 2 3 132 Gi a +3Mi |=0 12 EI [wR {97° -5}t3 aM] I[!*ex]=° From which, M= - Sur [Z-3] or Mi= ~wR[E- ¢ oz] (1.37) ( Note. The minus sign shows that the twisting moment at A will be in anticlockwise direction). Knowing the value of M¢, the values of M, and M, can be easily evaluated. For example, at the. middle of the beam¢ = z Mea tR (# sin 5-3 (1+ 008° 5) ] 3 [3s "2 ; x a -wR $7 3x] 85 m= wr (8-4 (1-38) and Mi=wR [5 (cosF—1) +3 + zesinz| z_ 8 a WR Ege] 085 or Mz = 0, as expected. 1.7. TORSION FACTOR For statically indeterminate beams, curved in plan, the torsion factor J* is used for the determination of torsional moment at any section. Torsion factor is also sometimes known as rotation constant, and its value for various shapes of the section are given below.30 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 1. Circular Section 12D" Ve (1.39) where D =diameter of the circle. 2. Elliptical section 1_ ai 2p +n( 1.40) +e (1.40) where a and b are the sermi-axes of the ellipse. 3. Equilateral section 4 1 ave = on(1.41) where a is the side of the triangle. 4. Hollow circular section 1_48t T="—p where 5 = area enclosed T = thickness of the tube P = perimeter of the tube. 5. Rectangular section Let b = width and D=-depth of the section () Approximate expression 1p D 1, b Whe >< 16 J= o(1.43; mn 3 258 (6° + D) (1.43) D 10D, _ pe, b when 5>16 Ja (1 0.63 B) en (1.44) (ii) St-venant expression 7! BD o ~ ao 336(5) [1 sf he % - - where B= (5) za| (approx.) or § as given by Table 1.3 . TABLE 1.3, VALUES OF 6BEAMS CURVED IN PLAN’ 31 - (it) Theoretical Solution Timoshenko and Goodier obtained the values of J‘ by using the values of J‘ obtained by all the three methods. TABLE 1.4. VALUES OF J‘ I by st, Venants | J" by Timoshenko expression and Goodler 0.1406_p‘ 0.0580 p* : __0.0287 pt ) os | 0.0159 Dt * 9.0160 Dt 0.0158 D‘ Example 1.3, A beam is curved in plan in the form of arc of a circle with radius R=4 m and central angle equal to 90. The beam. carries a super-imposed load of 2 kKNim, and is fixed at both. the ends. If the section of the beam is rectangular, having depth= 600 mm and width= 300 mm, draw the bending moment and torsional moment diagrams for the beam. Take G = 0.45 for concrete. Solution. (Refer Fig. 1.8). The value of torsion factor is given by where ) = 0.0285 D* EI _ 25 x 0.0054 == 7 > ao067 = 365° From Table 1.2, for 20=90° Mc=wR 0.00644 + 0.0090 Tr 0.6427 + 0.1427 Tr 0.0644 + 0.0090 x 3.659 0.6427 + 0.1427 x 3.659 | ~ 2°74 KN-m = 200