J.

Electrical Systems 16-1 (2020): 131-147

Raida JES
SELLAMI1,*, Regular paper Journal of
Nahla BEN Electrical
HALIMA1, Optimal Network Reconfiguration Systems
Imen KHENISSI1, Following Hourly Variations of Load
Tarek BOUKTIR2, demand and Wind Generation
Rafik NEJI1,
As wind power and load characteristic of the distribution system varies over time, the network
topology also changes from one hour to another. The methodology addressed in this study consists
of alternating distribution network switches following hourly variation in load consumption and
wind power output, two scenarios are investigated, in order to obtain an optimal reconfiguration
of the distribution system with the aim of both reduce power losses and improve the voltage
profile. To deal with, an improved PSO methodology coupled with MATPOWER toolbox was
applied on the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network and the obtained results show the
effectiveness of reconfiguration procedure for enhancing the test system performance.

Keywords: Optimal reconfiguration, power losses, voltage profile, hourly variation in load
consumption and wind power output, PSO.
Article history: Received 21 December 2018, Accepted 24 January 2020

1. Introduction

With the increase in renewable energy production over the past decade due to the increased
demand for electricity and the significant depletion of fossil fuels, more attention is being
paid more specifically to the benefits and problems of integration of wind energy [1-2].
Wind energy is affected by weather and daytime variations, making it an intermittent and
stochastic energy source providing additional uncertainty in assessing the reliability of the
electrical system to which it is added [3].
Given that any interruption in electrical power can have huge consequences and that
building a new transmission line is very expensive [4], competition between energy
distributors is increasing in order to improve quality of the energy supplied and to realize
more benefits and those by choosing a topology appropriate to any daily variation in load or
wind power to inject during the operation of electricity distribution networks [5-6].
The reconfiguration of distribution network is one of the most important tasks for reducing
losses and improving the reliability of distribution networks. So far, most researchers have
studied the static problem of network reconfiguration with a constant wind power integration
by using a fixed loads level and due to the time-varying nature of the loads in the distribution
networks and the stochastic characteristic of wind speed, the reconfiguration found presents
a sub-optimal solution [7]. With a variable demand for a load consumption and a variability
of wind power output over a planning period, the reconfiguration problem presents a complex
problem of a combinatorial nature [8]. Moreover, the determination of a reconfiguration
topology considering time-varying variables presents a dynamic problem and the solution
found presents the optimum annual reconfiguration scheme.
The reconfiguration of the distribution network has been the interest of several papers. In
reference [9] Malekpour et al studied the reconfiguration problem using the distributed wind
*
Corresponding author: Raida SELLAMI, E-mail: sellamiraida1991@gmail.com
1Department of Electrical Engineering University of Sfax ENIS, Tunisia
2
Department of Electrical Engineering University Ferhat Abbas. Sétif1,Algeria

Copyright © JES 2020 on-line : journal/esrgroups.org/jes

 R. Sellami et al: Optimal Network Reconfiguration Following Hourly Variations...

power and fuel cells. The fluctuation of wind power was included, in this case the adaptive
particle swarm approach is used to solve the reconfiguration problem. In [10], a probability-
based network reconfiguration model was used to reach the best configuration for each
season, taking into account load variations and renewable generation. Sicong Tand et al. [11]
presented an approach to solve both of microgrid load dispatch and network reconfiguration
problems. Wind and PV powers, fuel cells and batteries are presented in the network taken
into account the uncertainty of the renewable energy generation. To solve the reconfiguration
problem, four bio-inspired optimization method were used. In reference [12], the heuristic
approach is used to solve the reconfiguration problem while simultaneously identifying the
optimal DG locations. In reference [13], a comparison is made between the hourly
reconfiguration and the fixed configurations. While the hourly reconfiguration gives the
greatest loss reduction, a fixed configuration is most preferred due to the overvoltage
transient problems and switching costs of frequent switching operations. In [14], taking into
account the reconfiguration network as a mean control, MINLP and MIQC models are used
to reduce the generation curtailment of DGs. In reference [15], new real time algorithms were
developed to be used in power flow, charge estimation and optimal reconfiguration of smart
systems distribution. For a distribution system with DGs the reconfiguration problem was
solved while load and renewable generation variations were not considered. This work
focused on the development of methods to find the optimal configuration in the distribution
network with DG. However, no method can evaluate whether intraday reconfiguration is
profitable or not.

1.1. Contributions
The originality of the present work lies in proposing not only point-valued results, but also
interval-valued estimated results to demonstrate the usefulness of reconfiguration. The wind
speed data used in the following study were collected over a 24-hour period for the Metline
region, Bizerte, Tunisia for the day of 04 February 2020 [16]. Then, from the hourly values
of the wind speed, an estimate of the output wind power as a function of the time of a wind
turbine (WTDG) was made based on the wind equations given in section 4 and using the
parameters of the power curve. For the load request, the hourly load fluctuations are modeled
using the chronological daily load curve of the RTE [17].
In order to clearly illustrate that the reconfiguration based on the proposed PSO method
is capable of providing reliable results, an optimal reconfiguration of the IEEE 33-bus test
network is made by trying two scenarios, static reconfiguration at a well-determined load
consumption point and with constant power integration of the WTDG into the network and
dynamic reconfiguration over an entire hourly interval of load consumption and with the
injection of the variable output power previously estimated and obtaining the corresponding
optimal reconfiguration for each scenario.

132
 J. Electrical Systems 16-1 (2020): 131-147

1.2. Paper Organization

The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a representation of the problem on
which this study is based. In section 3, the reconfiguration procedure using PSO method
proposed in this work is given. A wind energy conversion system with some useful equations
are detailed in section 4. Section 5 estimates the hourly wind power output, illustrates the
simulation results and attempts a brief discussion of them. Finally, section 6 gives some
concluding remarks to the paper.

2. Problem formulation
2.1. Objective Function
Distribution Network Reconfiguration with WTDG is a nonlinear, multi-objective,
discrete, multistage planning problem [18]. In this study, minimization of network losses is
reflected to be objective, so the reconfiguration of network with the minimum of real power
losses in the whole radial distribution network presents the main objective of our simulation

 K  R  ( )
2 2
study as expressed in equation (1) [19].
PX
QX
FObjective = min ∑ 2
VX

Where, X is branch number, nb is total branch numbers, K  is the state of switch (0 means
open state and 1 means close state), R is the resistor of branch X, P and Q  are the active
and reactive power of branch X , and V is the up-layer node voltage of branch X.
2.2. Constraints
Based on certain constraints, distribution network reconfiguration with and without DGs
insertion is to ensure that the network topology is radial and determine the distribution
network achieving a number of indicators to achieve the best operation state of the
distribution network [20]. The constraint conditions are as follows:

Power Flow Constraint Conditions
P + P = P + P,

Where, P is the active power into node X, P is the WT’s active power into node
X, P is the active power of node X load, P, is active power losses in the section
between busses x and y.

Nodal Voltage Constraint Conditions
V ≤ V! ≤ V"!
Where, V! is the voltage magnitude at bus X, V and V"! are the minimum and
maximum allowable voltages of node X, respectively.

Branch Current Constraint Conditions
I < I"!
Where, I is the current of branch X, and I"! is the extreme allowable current of branch
X.

Network Topological Constraint Conditions

133
 R. Sellami et al: Optimal Network Reconfiguration Following Hourly Variations...

Radial network structure; this indicates that no loops are allowed in the networks.
Load connectivity; each and every bus should be connected via one path to the substation.

Wind turbine constraints
0 ≤ P ≤ P& (5)

Where, P is the power output of wind turbine, and P& is the rated power output.

3. PROPOSED METHOD

3.1. Particle Swarm Optimization Technique

To get the best possible configuration respecting all constraints, a metaheuristic

optimization method, called PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION “PSO” is applied,
where the principle and its parameters are shown below. The principle of PSO is simple,
robust and easy to achieve [21]. PSO technique can generate high quality solutions within
less calculation time and have more stable convergence characteristic than other stochastic
methods.
The PSO based approach is considered as one of the most powerful methods for resolving
the non-smooth global optimization problems. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique
was first discovered by James Kennedy and Russell C. Eberhart in 1995 [22]. The technique
was inspired by simulation of social psychological expression of birds in searching of food.
The model of the swarm movement can be used as a powerful optimizer. PSO includes two
terms pbest "the particle best experience" and gbest "the best global swarm position
optimization" [23-24].
Velocity of each particle is computed based on initial velocity of each personal, the
distance from the personal best position, and the distance from the global best position, as
can be seen in the equation (6):

v(
 = w ( . v( + c . r . -pbest  − x ( 4 + c5 . r5 . (gbest − x () (6)

Where, c1, c2 are acceleration constants, k is the current iteration number and r and r5
are two random numbers within the range [0, 1].
Each particle’s position is updated as in equation (7):

x (
 = x( + v(
 (7)

Where, v( and x( are the velocity and current position of particle i in the search space at
iteration k, respectively.
The inertia weight constant w ( of the particles which controls the exploration of the search

w "! − w 
space, given by equation (8):

w =w ( "!
− ∗k
k "!
(8)

Where, w  and w "! are the initial and final inertia factor weights, k "! is the
maximum iteration number, and k is the current iteration number.

134
 J. Electrical Systems 16-1 (2020): 131-147

The conventional PSO algorithm proposed in this paper has been combined with
MATPOWER toolbox and both of them are implemented in MATLAB programming
language.

3.2. Reconfiguration procedure

Generally, two types of switches are known in the electrical system for the protection and
the configuration of radial distribution network. The first are normally closed switches
(sectionalizing switches) and the second are normally open switches (tie switches). The
closure of all switches in the radial distribution system creates network loops, thereby
determining which elements must be opened.
Changing the state of these switches engenders a change in the configuration of the
distribution system. The loads are transferred between the lines, thereby maintaining the
radial power configuration by means of loops identification. This, in turn, ensures that only
one line segment is switched open at any given time. Consequently, different topologies are
generated guaranteeing the evaluation of the configuration process and the determination

To say that the distribution system is radial requires a ; number of ringsA =

from each identified loop, the element to disconnect to form a radial network [25].

; number of contact switchesA as mentioned in [26]. So, the number of open switches is
; N -CS A = ;(total network branch)-(effective node number) + 1A.
As indicated in [27], the opening and closing of network switches well represented the
method of reconfiguring the power system.

4. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

The wind turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical
energy. So, Wind speed can be converted to wind energy (wind power output) using the
following wind energy equations:

1
The wind power and the mechanical torque are presented by the expressions:
P = ρ πR5 CG (λ, β) V J
2
(9)

P
T =
ΩM
(10)

where R is the turbine radius (m),

ρ the air density (kg/m3),
V the wind speed (m/s),
Cp the power coefficient,
Ωt the mechanical rotor speed (rad/s).
The power coefficient Cp is a nonlinear function, it depends always on the tip speed ratio
λ and the pitch angle β [28-29]:

135
 R. Sellami et al: Optimal Network Reconfiguration Following Hourly Variations...

C5 −CQ
CG (λ, β) = C N − CJ β − CO P exp( )
λ λ
1 0.035 U
λ = ( − J )
λ + 0.08β β + 1
R ΩM
λ=
V
where C = 0.22, C5 = 116, CJ = 0.4, CO = 5, CQ = 12.5
When the nominal speed of the turbine is changed, it directly affects the normalized power
and the power coefficient of the turbine. Figure 1 shows a power output curve for a WTDG.

The output power and energy capture of a wind turbine are affected by Vci, Vr and Vco,
the height of the hub and the nominal output power Pr for a given location [1].

Fig.1. Power output curve of WTDG [1].

The wind parameters used in our simulation study (detailed in section 5) are represented in
the following table:

Table 1: WTDG Functional Data

Cut-in Speed 2.5 (m/s)
Rated Speed 11.4 (m/s)
Cut-out Speed 25 (m/s)

From figure 1 we can explain that when the wind speed is below a minimum threshold,
known as the trigger speed, the output power is zero [30]. Between the switching speed and
the nominal speed, there is a rapid increase in the power produced. A nominal output power
Pr is produced when the wind speed is between the nominal speed and the cut-off speed,
while beyond the cut-off speed, the WTDG is shot down for safety reasons and no power is
therefore produced [31-32]. This operation is also explained by equation (14):

136
 J. Electrical Systems 16-1 (2020): 131-147

0, for v < v\

[1
Y ρ πR5 C (λ, β) V J , for v\ < v < v&
P = 2
(14)
G
ZP& , for v& < v < v\
Y
X0, for v > v\

Where Vci, Vr and Vco respectively denote the cut-off speed, the nominal speed, the
cut-off speed.

5. CASE STUDIES AND NUMERICAL RESULTS

5.1. Simulation Procedure
In order to evaluate the reliability of the anticipated method, PSO is tested on standard
IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network with different scenarios to improve network’s
performance (by the maximization of voltage deviation) and to attain the loss minimization
objective preset for the present study.
The radial system consists of one main feeder and three laterals. The system has 33 buses
and 32 sections. The switch of the system consists of 32 sectionalizing switches (buses that
are normally closed) and 5 tie switches (buses that are normally open) which are branches
number [33, 34, 35, 36, 37], as shown in figure 2.

Fig.2. IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network model at the initial state.

137
 R. Sellami et al: Optimal Network Reconfiguration Following Hourly Variations...

In this current work, two different scenarios are applied to the mentioned distribution
system:
Scenario 1: All load points have the same 24 h load profile + a well-defined output power of
the WTDG during a day,
Scenario 2: All load points follow the specific value given by the hourly load curve during
a 24 h + a variable output power of the WTDG.
Considering the operation state of the system at normal conditions which represent the
initial state of the network, so the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network has 12.66 kV
operation voltages, 100 MVA power base, 3715 kW total power load, 202.67 kW initial real
power loss and 135.14 kVAR initial reactive power loss.

5.2. Scenario 1: All load points have the same 24 h load profile + a well-defined output power
of the WTDG during a day

The study of the first scenario consists in determining the optimal reconfiguration of the
system verifying the objective function of our study while being based on an exact load
consumption point and on a well-defined power output from the wind turbine. The study in
this stage will be based on previous work presenting the optimization of the size and location
of DGs and the results found are mentioned in table 2 where two WTDG are implemented
simultaneously on buses number 12 and 32 with respective size of 0.97 MW and 1.053 MW
such as in figure 3) (before applying optimal reconfiguration to the network). It must be
mentioned that:
- The DG unit is a wind turbine generating only active power.
- The DG unit is considered as a negative active power load. Hence, the bus this WTDG
unit is connected to represents a PQ-type bus.
Network reconfiguration using the proposed algorithm has resulted that there are four tie
switches that must be closed, i.e., switches of 33, 34, 35, and 37, while the sectionalizing
switches to be opened are switches of 7, 8, 14, and 28, so the final state vector corresponding
to the reconfiguration of the network after DGs insertion is X = [7, 8, 14, 28, 36] as shown
in figure 4.

The first scenario results show improving in voltage profile and decreasing in total power
losses of the system. Figure 5 shows the voltage at each bus for the original network and
reconfigured one.
WTDG penetration and network reconfiguration affect the voltage profile, so an
improvement in the voltage level for each bus is recorded. The initial state has a minimum
voltage level of 0.9131 p.u. at bus 18 which increases to 0.9705 p.u at bus 29 after the system
reconfiguration in presence of WTDG in optimal place and with optimal size.
From this table, as two WTDG are optimally implemented into the network as mentioned
below, it can be seen that there are a noticeable decrease in active power loss from 202.6771
kW to 88.4176 kW with a reduction of 56.3751 % compared with the initial state. After
applying the reconfiguration method on the IEEE 33-bus network with WTDG penetration,
an important improvement in active power losses is recorded with an amount of 69.67 kW.
The reduction of real power losses reached a maximum value with a rate of 65.6233 %.

138
 J. Electrical Systems 16-1 (2020): 131-147

Table 2: Optimal sizing and Placement of WTDG

Name of Access WTDG Total Losses without Losses with Power Saving
WTDG point size WTDG WTDG (kW) WTDG (kW)
(MW) size (MW) (kW)
WTDG1 12 0.97 2.023 202.68 88.42 114.26
WTDG2 32 1.053

Fig.3. IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network model with optimal WTDG penetration.

139
 R. Sellami et al: Optimal Network Reconfiguration Following Hourly Variations...

Fig.4. IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network model with WTDG and after reconfiguration
(scenario 1).

Fig.5. Voltage profiles of the distribution IEEE-33 bus after PSO reconfiguration for the
case with WTDG comparing with the base case (scenario 1).

140
 J. Electrical Systems 16-1 (2020): 131-147

Table 3: Comparative results of IEEE-33 bus radial distribution System (scenario 1).
Real Minimum Location % of real Tie switches
Scenario 1 power voltage of Vmin power loss
loss (kW) (p.u) reduction

Base Case 202.6771 0.9131 18 _____ 33, 34, 35, 36, 37

Before
Reconfiguration 88.4176 0.9719 18 56.3751 33, 34, 35, 36, 37
Case
With
WTDG After
Reconfiguration 69.6736 0.9705 29 65.6233 7, 8, 14, 28, 36

5.3. Methodology to Estimate Wind Power Output

In our simulation study, Hourly wind speed data of the Metline /Tunisia region for the day
of 04/02/2020 also the daily load consumption data were collected as shown in the following
figure [16-17].

80000 14,5
70000
Load Consumption (kW)

13,5

Wind Speed (m/s)

60000
50000 12,5
40000
30000 11,5

20000
10,5
10000
0 9,5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hours) Load Wind

Fig.6. Evolution during the day of electricity load consumption and wind speed variation
The parameters of the wind farm used in all of the following study are presented in table
4 and the wind turbine chosen in our study is a variable speed wind farm based on an
asynchronous double feed machine “DFIG”.

141
 R. Sellami et al: Optimal Network Reconfiguration Following Hourly Variations...

Table 4: Parameter of the wind farm used in the whole study

Parameters Values
Number of Generators 2 identical generators for each bus 12 and 32 of the
IEEE-33 bus network,
Nominal Power (Mw) 2*0.5=1
Number of Blades 3
Rotor Surface (m2) 1.275
Hub Height (m) 42/48/65
Diameter (m) 40
Nominal Frequency (Hz) 50
Nominal Line Voltage (V) 550
Disconnection Speed (m/s) 25
Nominal Wind Speed (m/s) 11.4
Starting Speed (m/s) 2.5
Maker Enercon
Since wind energy is a function of the variation in wind speed, power forecasts are
generally calculated based on mathematical equations. To perform the adequacy assessment
on a one-day horizon, the hourly average wind speed values are calculated for every 24 hours
(every hour of the same day). From the time series presenting the wind speed for a day and
the various equations presented in section 4, the curves giving the blade orientation angle
"β", the power coefficient "Cp" and the output power of the wind turbine "PWT" as a function
of the times are found and presented in figure 7, figure 8 and figure 9, successively.

Fig.7. Hourly blade orientation angle

142
 J. Electrical Systems 16-1 (2020): 131-147

Fig.8. Hourly variation of the power coefficient

Fig.9. Wind Power Output estimation of the Metline region for the day of 04/02/2020

5.4. Scenario 2: All load points follow the specific value given by the hourly load curve
during a 24 h + a Variable output power of the WTDG

It is obvious that a topology which is optimal at one time is no longer for another. For
example, a configuration that is optimal for peak hours may no longer be optimal for off-
peak hours due to the change in the behavior of loads on the network and also the variability
of wind Speed during a day, for this the simulation of scenario 2 becomes essential.
The results of the feeder system in relation to the above mentioned procedure are reported
in table 5 where the 5th column of the table clearly shows the various change to be made in
switcher’s topology while going from one hour to another during the 24 hours of the day.
This summary table clearly shows that over the 24 hours, we consider that there are 8
reconfigurations which have been calculated as being optimal for losses over contiguous hour

143
 R. Sellami et al: Optimal Network Reconfiguration Following Hourly Variations...

intervals. For example, the reconfiguration [7/9/14/30/37] is optimal for the hours {10.00,
11.00 and 19.00} of the day.
Table 5: Results of reconfiguration of the IEEE-33 bus network (Scenario 2).

Before Reconfiguration After Reconfiguration

P.losses reduction
Hours (h)

P.losses Vmin P.losses Vmin

Switchers

Switchers

(%)
(kW) (pu) (kW) (pu)

1 155,1291 0,9590 7/8/14/28/32 92,7057 0,98366 40,2396

2 141,3654 0,9645 7/8/14/28/32 78,8119 0,98530 44,2495
3 141,3654 0,9641 7/8/28/32/34 78,5677 0,98530 44,4222
4 132,2193 0,9678 7/8/28/32/34 69,4957 0,98648 47,4390
5 127,1885 0,9699 7/8/14/28/32 64,6363 0,98716 49,1806
33, 34, 35, 36, 37

6 128,5702 0,9693 7/8/14/28/32 65,9608 0,98697 48,6966

7 124,3639 0,9594 7/8/14/28/32 81,7294 0,98430 34,2815
8 105,6195 0,9591 7/8/14/28/32 76,4694 0,98456 27,5991
9 156,9821 0,9514 6/8/14/30/37 134,1294 0,97903 14,5575
10 157,6462 0,9520 7/9/14/30/37 133,7811 0,97910 15,1383
11 157,2335 0,9521 7/9/14/30/37 133,3358 0,97914 15,1988
12 157,2434 0,9438 7/8/14/28/32 129,6394 0,97962 17,5549
13 172,8910 0,9475 7/8/14/28/32 124,5433 0,98032 27,9641
14 180,5898 0,9503 7/8/14/28/32 120,0599 0,98094 33,5178
15 169,7743 0,9539 7/14/28/32/35 108,2734 0,98206 36,2250
16 157,7263 0,9542 7/8/14/28/32 103,4724 0,98235 34,3975
17 153,4953 0,9557 7/8/14/28/32 98,88282 0,98281 35,5792
18 140,3953 0,9492 7/9/28/32/34 109,9056 0,98132 21,7170
19 154,1448 0,9524 7/9/14/30/37 131,0584 0,97930 14,9770
20 155,1325 0,9399 7/14/30/35/37 147,7111 0,97654 4,78392
21 149,6365 0,9535 6/9/14/30/37 125,1795 0,97988 16,3442
22 136,3695 0,9485 7/8/14/28/32 110,3007 0,98123 19,1162
23 126,6507 0,9513 7/8/14/28/32 100,4348 0,98212 20,6993
24 164,7528 0,9556 7/8/14/28/32 102,8814 0,98259 37,5541

However, the changes between these reconfigurations during a day could be a heavy task
for network operation and even a waste of time and energy, hence the idea is to choose a
single reconfiguration used throughout the day. We identify, among the 8 resulting
reconfigurations, the one that would lead to the lowest value of the power losses with the best
value of minimum voltage magnitude (objective function of our study) and maintain it during
all the day which will be the reconfiguration of the hour 05.00 of the day allowing to have a

144
 J. Electrical Systems 16-1 (2020): 131-147

minimization of power losses equal to 49,1806 % and a maximum improvement in minimum

voltage equal to 0,98716 pu comparing respectively to losses and voltages in the initial state
without reconfiguration as it is shown in both figure 10 an figure 11.

1
Before Hourly
0,995
Reconfiguration
0,99
Voltage Magnitude (pu)

0,985
0,98
0,975
0,97
0,965
0,96
0,955
0,95
0,945
0,94
0,935
0,93
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hours)
Fig.10. Hourly variation of minimum voltage value before and after reconfiguration
(scenario 2)

220 Before Hourly

Reconfiguration
200 After Hourly
Reconfiguration
180
160
Power loss (kW)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (hours)

Fig. 11. Power losses variation before and after hourly reconfiguration (scenario 2)

145
 R. Sellami et al: Optimal Network Reconfiguration Following Hourly Variations...

5. Conclusion

The study discussed in this paper highlights, on an example of an IEEE 33-bus radial
distribution network and for a possible daily load consumption curve and hourly wind power
output values, that the operation of distribution networks with the topology identified as
optimal for the scenario 1, is not optimal for the scenario 2 when switching from one hour to
another one during all 24 hours of the day.
The results obtained by Particle Swarms Optimization (PSO) combined with the
MATPOWER toolbox and following calculations of the so-called sub-optimal
reconfiguration at specific point of the load curve and with a well-defined output power of
the WTDG, have proved the effectiveness of this proposed method to identify the optimal
reconfiguration for the entire interval of the given consumption curve and with a variable
output power of the WTDG, leading to significant reductions in power losses with a
remarkable improvement in all minimum voltage values.

References

[1] AK. Ronay, LI. Yan-Fu, VI. Valeria, and al, Adequacy assessment of a wind-integrated system using neural
network-based interval predictions of wind power generation and load, International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 95, 213-226, 2018.
[2] H. Imen Ben, S. Saoussen Brini, MS. Faouzi, and al, Optimal network reconfiguration and renewable DG
integration considering time sequence variation in load and DGs, Renewable energy, 121, 66-80, 2018.
[3] BIL. B. Ould, SAM. V. NDI. P. A., and al, Multi-objective design of PV-wind-batteries hybrid systems by
minimizing the annualized cost system and the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) , IEEE International
Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), 861-868, 2013.
[4] H. W. M., A. M. A., and AL. Luai M, Optimum Sizing of Hybrid PV, Wind, Battery and Diesel System
Using Lightning Search Algorithm, Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 1-13, 2019.
[5] E. Bogdan, A. Hérault, M. Cécile, R. Guillaume, and al, Reconfiguration des réseaux électriques-
Méthodologie de reconfiguration temporelle pour la réduction des pertes Joule, 2010.
[6] CH. Shuheng, HU. Weihao and CHEN. Zhe, Comprehensive cost minimization in distribution networks using
segmented-time feeder reconfiguration and reactive power control of distributed generators, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, 31(2), 983-993, 2015.
[7] SH. M.Hossein, HA. Mah.Reza, S. Javad, and al, Duration based reconfiguration of electric distribution
networks using dynamic programming and harmony search algorithm, International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 41(1), 1-10, 2012.
[8] S. Simone SF, R. Ruben, P. Jorge, and al, Artificial immune algorithm applied to distribution system
reconfiguration with variable demand, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 82, 561-
568, 2016.
[9] A. R. Malekpour, T. Niknam, A. Pahwa, and A. Kavousifard, Multiobjective stochastic distribution feeder
reconfiguration in systems with wind power generators and fuel cells using the point estimate method, IEEE
Trans. Power Syst, 28(2), 1483–1492, 2013.
[10] A. Zidan and E. F. El-Saaddany, Network reconfiguration in balanced distribution systems with variable load
demand and variable renewable resources generation, in Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Soc. General Meeting,
San Diego, CA, USA, Jul. 2012.
[11] S. C. Tan, J. X. Xu, and S. K. Panda, Optimization of distribution network incorporating distributed
generators: An integrated approach, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 28(3), 2421–2432, Aug. 2013.
[12] R. Srinivasa Rao, K. Ravindra, K. Satish, and S. V. L. Narasimham, Power loss minimization in distribution
system using network reconfiguration in the presence of distributed generation, IEEE Trans.Power Syst.,
28(1), 317–325, Feb. 2013.
[13] E. Lopez, H. Opazo, L. Garcia, and P. Bastard, Online reconfiguration considering variability demand:
Applications to real networks, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 19(1), 549–553, Feb. 2004.
[14] F. Capitanescu, I. Bilibin, and E. Romero Ramos, A comprehensive centralized approach for voltage
constraints management in active distribution grid, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 29(2), 933–942, Mar. 2014.
[15] A. Vargas and M. E. Samper, Real-time monitoring and economic dispatch of smart distribution grids: High
Performance algorithms for DMS applications, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 3(2), 866–877, Jun. 2012.
[16] https://www.weatheravenue.com/fr/africa/tn/banzart/el-metline-hourly.html.
[17] http://clients.rte-france.com/lang/fr/visiteurs/vie/courbes.jsp.

146
 J. Electrical Systems 16-1 (2020): 131-147

[18] W. C. Wu and M. S. Tsai, Application of enhanced integer coded particle swarm optimization for distribution
system feeder reconfiguration, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(1), 1–9, 2011.
[19] Kumar and Priyesh, Network Reconfiguration of Distribution System Using Particle Swarm optimization,
International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science, 5(8), 2016.
[20] X. Xiang, D. Liu, N. Xiang, and B.Wang, Distribution network reconfiguration based on parallel Tabu search
algorithm, Power System Technology, 36(8), 101–105, 2012.
[21] Y. L. Mei, X. Mingxia, and X. Jianjun, Power flow algorithm for distribution network with distributed
generation, Power System Protection and Control, 41(5), 18–22, 2013.
[22] J. Kennedy and R. C. Eberhart, Particle swarm optimization, in Proc IEEE Int Conf Neural Networks, 4, 1942–
1948, Dec. 1995.
[23] N. K. Patel, and B. N. Suthar, Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Using Particle Swarm Optimization in
Deregulated Environment, International Conference on EESCO, 2015.
[24] S. Pandya, and R. Roy, Particle Swarm Optimization Based Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch, IEEE
International Conference on Electrical Computer and Communication Technologies- Coimbatore, India, 2015.
[25] C. Djabali, A. Boukaroura, N.Ketfi, and T. Bouktir, Optimum Distribution Network Reconfiguration Using
Firefly Algorithm, International Conference on Recent Advances in Electrical Systems, Tunisia, 2016.
[26] Z. Fang and C. S. Cheng, A modified newton method for radial distribution system power flow analysis, IEEE
Transactions on Power Systems, 12(1), 389–397, 1997.
[27] M. A. Kashem, V. Ganapathy, and G. B. Jasmon, Network Reconfiguration for Load Balancing in
Distribution Network, IEEE Proceeding of Generation Transmission and Distribution, 146(6), 563-567, 1999.
[28] G. Boukettaya, L. Krichen, A dynamic power management strategy of a grid connected hybrid generation
system using wind, photovoltaic and Flywheel Energy Storage System in residential applications, Energy, 1-
12, 2014.
[29] A. Masmoudi, A. Abdelkafi and L. Krichen, Electric power generation based on variable speed wind turbine
under load disturbance, Energy, 2011.
[30] TRIPATHY, M. and SAMAL, Rajat Kanti, A new perspective on wind integrated optimal power flow
considering turbine characteristics, wind correlation and generator reactive limits, Electric Power Systems
Research, 170, 101-115, 2019.
[31] Karki R, Hu P, Billinton R, A simplified wind power generation model for reliability evaluation, IEEE Trans
Energy Convers, 21(2), 533–540, 2006.
[32] Justus CG, Hargraves WR, and Yalcin A, Nationwide assessment of potential output from wind-powered
generators, J Appl Meteorol, 15(7), 673–8 July, 1976.

147