Index

A Binary binder system, 177

AAC concrete, 213 Binder, 60, 61, 77, 79, 80, 133, 150, 173, 176,
blocks, 232 180, 193, 198, 201, 225, 227, 231
AASF concrete compositions, 228, 234
mechanical properties, 232 content, 225
Abrasion resistance, 47, 60, 75, 79, 137, 138 dosage, 59, 226, 227, 229
Abundant struvite crystallites, 108 formulation, 180
Accelerated carbonation, 66, 185, 192, 197, magnesium silicate hydrate, 174
203, 207, 223 MKPC, 125
curing, 187 ratio, 98, 125, 132, 133, 231, 234
hydrated magnesium carbonates, 185 Blast furnace slags, 94, 95
process, 193, 216 Blended cement, 265
Acid phosphates, 91 carbonation, 202
Acid soluble cements (ASC), 80 Bonding strength, 135, 156
Additive manufacturing (AM), 158 Bone cement, 154
Additives, 87, 94 Borate dosages, 113, 119
Aluminosilicate raw materials, 213, 214 Borax dosage, 115, 127
Ambient Brine precipitated magnesia, 26
CO2 concentration, 185 Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), 153
CO2 levels, 184 Brucite, 4, 15, 16, 30, 33, 51, 176, 197, 217,
curing, 185, 187, 191, 193, 195, 230 218, 285, 298, 306
temperature, 149
flake coated PFA, 203
Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), 216
formation, 215, 218, 289, 300
Amorphous magnesite, 14
peak confirming, 191
Aragonite, 16, 64
synthetic, 1
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), 153
Bulk cement, 184
Artinite, 16
materials, 184
Atmospheric CO2 , 34, 286
Bulk MPC materials, 142
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), 3
Autoclave expansion, 261
Autogenous deformation, 131, 132 C
Autogenous shrinkage, 130–132, 245, 257, Calcination, 1, 2, 5, 7, 22, 86, 89, 95, 116,
263 117, 179, 251
concrete, 259 conditions, 1, 89, 251, 265, 266
limestone, 22
B magnesite, 22, 62, 265, 266
Backfill concrete, 262 magnesium hydroxide, 23
Baishan concrete dam, 245 process, 3–6, 25, 26, 86
Belite hydration, 174, 176 properties, 23
Bentonite, 278, 284, 286, 310 temperature, 1, 5, 8, 20, 38, 42, 45, 62, 89,
mixes, 280 117, 121, 179
314 Index

Calcined CBPC formation, 96

dolomite, 61–63, 66 Cement
samples, 62 carbonation, 180
limestone, 19 clinker, 245, 249–251, 260, 261
magnesite, 22, 62, 246, 251 component, 185
magnesium hydroxide, 23 concrete pavement, 137
MgO powder, 91 expansive, 243–245
seawater, 26 glue, 174
Calcite, 4, 16, 298 hydrates, 94, 175
Calcium hydration, 244, 249, 252, 284
aluminate cement, 244 kinetics, 278
carbonation, 276 process, 257
lime, 19 magnesia, 1, 246
sulfate, 20, 154, 244 silicate hydrate, 174
cement, 154 materials, 128, 158, 245, 252, 261, 262,
hemihydrate, 155 264, 265
Calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (CASH), matrix, 255, 256, 259–261
299 MgO content, 259
Calcium sulfate (CS), 154 mixture, 36
Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA), 278 MOC, 47, 60, 79, 80
Cambridge University Engineering particles, 57, 193
Department (CUED), 232 paste, 101, 107, 114, 121, 177, 180, 202,
CaO content, 14, 20, 50, 51, 178 252, 253, 256–258, 279
Carbonated pore solution, 138
magnesia, 191 Portland, 80, 87, 173–177, 179, 180, 183,
magnesia cement, 185, 193 185, 193, 207, 213, 245
MOC products, 66 replacement, 202, 244, 279, 280, 291
reactive magnesia cement, 183 soundness, 219
Carbonation, 1, 51, 58, 66, 183, 186, 191, specimens, 260
195, 196, 202, 207, 231, 234, 276, stabilization, 152
279, 284, 286 strength, 174
behavior, 184 Cementitious
calcium, 276 binders, 193
cement, 180 bond, 75
chambers, 203 components, 177, 183, 185
complete, 186 composites, 276, 277
depth, 216, 223, 224 materials, 66, 128, 130, 133, 135, 137,
extensive, 197 143, 184, 225, 227, 279
front, 207 matrix, 277, 289, 291, 306, 310
outcome, 203 mixture, 75
period, 196 phases, 75
process, 183, 184, 196, 202, 207 properties, 86, 173, 174
products, 35, 186, 197, 201, 206, 284 systems, 35, 206, 276–278, 292
quantification, 185 Chemical
rate, 184 dissolution, 248
reactions, 185, 203 reactions, 96, 97, 139, 248
reactivities, 184 reactivity, 4–6
resistance, 216, 221–225, 232, 237, 262 shrinkage, 130
stages, 284 transformations, 96
Index 315

Chrysotile, 16 thermal cracking, 244

CO2 , 20, 51, 58, 61–64, 183, 184, 186, 187, Conventional
189, 191, 193, 196–199, 201, 203, cement, 135, 203
207, 216, 231, 300 concrete, 156
adsorbent, 216 Crack formation, 277, 294, 300
canister, 198 Crack mouth healing (CMH), 304
concentration, 66, 185, 186, 188, 195, 203, Cracking, 50, 58, 174, 243, 261, 279, 280,
216, 222, 230 290
emissions, 66, 184, 213 damage, 35
environments, 185 process, 276
footprint, 213 Cryptocrystalline magnesite, 14, 15
gas, 23 formation, 15
pressure, 23, 62, 184, 193, 196, 207 Crystalline magnesite, 15
reabsorption, 183 Crystalline magnesium silicate hydrates, 175
sequestration, 184 Cumulative heat, 100
Complete Curing, 52, 53, 127, 133, 178, 180, 185–187,
carbonation, 186 196, 230, 279, 286
hydration, 264 accelerated carbonation, 187
reaction, 98 age, 122, 125, 128, 219, 225
Compressive strength, 42, 56, 79, 121, 122, ambient, 185, 187, 191, 193, 195, 230
130, 177, 195, 199, 216, 219, 234 chamber, 186
MKPC, 125 conditions, 30, 52, 133, 178, 185, 186,
MPCs, 125 189, 226, 259, 261
mortar, 125 duration, 207
Compressive strength values (CSV), 53 in water, 141
Concrete container, 141
period, 187
autogenous shrinkage, 259
process, 45, 58, 178
blocks, 234
regime, 53
cracking mitigation, 262
stages, 180
dams, 246, 263
temperature, 30, 36, 37, 65, 178, 249, 257,
durability, 260
259, 261, 264
durable, 243
time, 33, 218, 225, 226, 280, 286
expansion, 259, 260, 264
water, 142, 278
expansive, 246, 260
foundation, 245 D
materials, 243, 244 Dam concrete, 244, 245, 259, 262, 263
mechanical strength, 260 construction, 262
MgO, 245, 246, 259, 261–264 durability, 262
microstructure, 260 Dead burnt periclase, 251
mix proportions, 259 Decomposition reaction, 23
mixtures, 230, 231 Deformation, 59, 133, 201
MPCs, 149 Dehydration, 95
pavement, 148, 263 processes, 49
repair, 135 Deionized water, 143
shield, 263 Delayed expansion, 245
shrinkage cracking, 244 Deliquescence, 51
specimens, 261 Denser microstructure, 48, 113, 130, 178,
structures, 135, 149–151, 243, 262, 275 222, 223, 252
substrate, 135 Dental cement, 85, 86
316 Index

Designable hydration reactivity, 263 Excessive

Dissolution, 3, 51, 57, 66, 94, 96, 97, 99, expansion, 260
102–104, 119, 142, 184, 192, 218, MgCl2 , 51, 52
223, 231, 248 water access, 35
chemical, 248 Exothermic
KH2 PO4 , 98 heat, 86
kinetics, 248 reaction, 98
MgO, 36, 248 setting reactions, 87, 93
rate, 37, 51, 116, 214, 218, 222, 226 Expansion
Dolime, 1, 19, 20 concrete, 259–261, 264
unreacted, 20 excessive, 260
Dolomite, 15, 16, 50, 61, 63, 64 mechanisms, 250
calcined, 61–63, 66 periclase, 245
ores, 62 process, 134, 264
powders, 65 properties, 265, 267, 268
sample, 62 value, 134, 261
Dolomitic limestone, 19 Expansive
Dosage, 38, 50, 52, 56, 118, 135, 156, 221, additives, 244, 245, 267, 277–280
257, 259, 262, 277, 286, 289, 304, cement, 243–245
310 concrete, 246, 260
binder, 59, 226, 227, 229 minerals, 276, 277, 280, 286, 289, 299,
MgO, 218 310
Dry binders, 201, 228 stress, 255–257, 259
Extensive
Drying shrinkage, 59, 130, 133, 135, 214,
carbonation, 197
221, 224, 227, 234, 236, 245, 257,
formation, 197
258
hydration, 197
Durability, 8, 35, 60, 137, 143, 150, 158, 214,
219–221, 232, 243, 260–262, 275,
F
306
Fiber Bragg grating (FBG), 132
aspects, 87
Fillers, 2, 47, 50, 52, 65, 79, 88, 94
concrete, 260
Fire resistance, 29, 48, 49, 60, 75, 214, 231
issues, 30, 65, 237
Flexural strength, 42, 60, 65, 121, 124–126,
performance, 231, 306
128, 147, 149, 180
Dypingite, 184–186, 191, 197, 289, 295, 298,
Flint, 50
306
Flowing water, 141–143
curing, 141
E Fly ash (FA), 38, 79, 88, 94, 116, 134, 142,
Efflorescence, 50–52, 61, 234 144, 150, 153, 156, 183, 185, 186,
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy 202, 207, 214, 244, 258, 259
(EIS), 139 Foamed concrete, 156
Elevated CO2 MPCs, 156
concentrations, 191, 202 Formation
conditions, 186, 187 brucite, 215, 218, 289, 300
Encapsulated magnesia powder, 293 environment, 184
Enhanced carbonation resistance, 222 extensive, 197
Enhancement, 183, 205, 224 magnesium
strength, 186 hydroxide, 79, 175, 179
Environment Protection Agency (EPA), 152 oxide, 22
Index 317

silicate hydrate, 177 environment, 252

mechanism, 104 extensive, 197
struvite, 107, 114 heat, 36, 38, 65, 98, 153
Forsterite hydration, 176 in water, 5, 248
Free water, 48, 133, 153, 234 kinetics, 216, 248
Fresh cement, 192 magnesia, 186, 249
Fresh water, 15, 21 mechanism, 100, 178, 218, 246, 278
usage, 21 MgO, 47, 107, 248, 256
periclase, 245, 249, 260
G phases, 30, 51, 221
Gaseous CO2 , 184, 198 process, 97, 110, 248, 252
Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), 95 product, 37, 66, 87, 105, 107, 140, 142,
Ground granulated blast-furnace slag 151, 153, 178, 191, 214, 217, 218,
(GGBS), 38, 213, 215, 216, 225 222, 224, 231, 234, 237, 244, 245,
Ground improvement (GI), 228 249, 252, 253, 255
C2 SH, 261
H layer, 249
Hard burned magnesia, 7 products
Hardened in MPC mortar, 134
cement paste, 174 properties, 216
MKPC paste, 142 rate, 5, 119, 131, 222, 249, 255, 259, 284
formation, 104 reaction, 51, 52, 96, 130, 178
MPC mortar, 138 reactivity, 250–252, 254, 255, 257, 267
Heat, 23, 24, 48, 49, 58, 59, 88, 93, 97–99, temperature, 5, 106
157, 173, 174 Hydraulic
absorption, 93 lime mortars, 183
exothermic, 86 mass concrete, 262
generation, 58, 92, 100 reactivity, 251
Hydromagnesite, 13, 16, 35, 81, 184–186,
hydration, 36, 38, 65, 98, 153
191, 197, 285, 289, 295, 298, 300,
insulation materials, 156
306
reaction, 59
phases, 289
release, 99, 149
rate, 98, 99 I
transfer, 24 Incorporation, 87, 116, 133, 178, 186, 244,
treatment, 89 260, 306
Homogenous calcination, 265, 267 Mg2+ , 204
Humidity curing, 234 slag, 113
Hydrated Inert fillers, 50
cement paste, 249, 256 Inexpensive fillers, 88
lime, 218 Inherent MgO, 214, 216, 218, 221, 225, 237
magnesium carbonates, 184–186, 196, content, 214–216
197, 206, 289 Ionic strength, 184
magnesium silicate, 176
Hydration K
behavior, 107 Kiln, 2, 7, 18, 23, 24, 26, 27, 265, 266
cement, 244, 249, 252, 284 burden, 24
complete, 264 fluidized, 266
degree, 5, 249 furnace, 266
in water, 5 temperature, 23
318 Index

undergoes, 23 fineness, 45
Kinetics, 100 mines, 16
mining process, 266
L ore body, 16
Latent hydration, 50 ore size, 38, 42
Life cycle analysis (LCA), 64 rock, 23
Lightly calcined magnesia, 24 undergoing HMS, 18
Lime, 1, 18–20, 174, 175, 183, 185, 193, 220, Magnesium, 3, 13, 15, 19, 20, 81, 82,
227, 280 174–176
blocks, 185 brines, 18
calcium, 19
carbonate, 1, 3, 15, 20, 23, 37, 45, 51, 63,
content, 18
90, 116, 175
hydrated, 218
calcination, 22
production, 183
minerals, 13
Limestone, 15, 22, 50, 124, 175, 244
carbonation products, 202
calcination, 22
calcined, 19 chlorocarbonate, 81
dolomitic, 19 from seawater, 20
powder, 279 hydroxide, 1, 3, 8, 18, 20–24, 76, 77, 175,
Loose microstructure, 136 176, 178, 179, 184, 186, 191, 197
Loss on ignition (LOI), 3 calcination, 23
Lünebergite, 94 formation, 79, 175, 179
Lytag mixes, 187, 188, 191 from seawater, 1
precipitate, 21, 22
M ion, 15, 19
Macrocrystalline magnesite, 14, 18 nitrate, 176
formation, 15 oxide, 1–3, 13–15, 86, 89, 176, 214
Magnesia, 1, 19, 20, 24–26, 183–185, 187, formation, 22
193, 276, 279, 286, 291, 293, 300 reactivity, 3
addition, 291 oxychloride, 75–77, 80, 81
blocks, 185 oxychloride cement, 29, 79, 80
brick, 26 oxysulfate, 75–77, 79–82
carbonated, 191 oxysulfate cement, 75, 79, 80
cement, 1, 246 phosphate cement, 85, 86
hydration, 186, 249
salt solution, 19
industry, 24, 26
salts, 175
natural, 22
silicate hydrate, 174–176
Portland cement, 262
precipitation, 21 binder, 174
reactive, 2, 184, 276 cement, 174
reactivity, 279 formation, 177
synthetic, 18, 22 gel formation, 79
Magnesian calcite, 203, 204, 284, 285, 299 sulfate, 75–77, 143, 151, 174, 175, 227,
Magnesite, 1, 4, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, 22–24, 26, 232
45, 60, 61, 237, 265, 266 Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC), see
calcination, 22, 62, 265, 266 Magnesium, oxychloride cement
calcined, 22, 62, 246, 251 Magnesium oxysulfate (MOS), see
decomposition, 23 Magnesium, oxysulfate
feedstock, 265 Manufacturing MOC products, 61
Index 319

MAPC, 92–94, 102, 107, 108, 117, 118, 120, dissolution, 36, 248
123, 130, 133, 135, 142, 143, 145, dosage, 218
152, 154, 155 expansive cement, 243, 245
concrete beam, 139 hydration, 47, 107, 248, 256
mix proportions, 124 particles, 5, 52, 64, 89, 94, 105, 193, 205,
mortar, 107, 116, 118, 120, 124, 125, 128, 248, 249
133, 135 reactivity, 89
compressive strength, 124, 125, 143 powder, 5, 42, 50, 51, 62, 86, 89–91, 96,
pastes, 113, 119, 127, 136, 137, 140 103, 120, 157
compressive strength, 123, 124 powders
reaction, 100 dissolution, 50, 93
specimens strength, 145 reactivity, 37
system, 98, 106 reactive, 6, 177, 197, 207, 214, 217,
reaction period, 99 220–222, 224, 225, 234, 237, 300
Mass water, 98 reactivity, 6, 36, 38, 42, 45, 59, 62, 185,
Mechanical properties, 35, 42, 45, 66, 96, 193, 218, 219, 221, 224, 225, 232,
125, 131, 153, 199, 202, 207, 216, 234, 236, 237, 287, 289
219, 237 MgO expansive additive (MEA), 246
Mechanical strength, 77, 78, 121, 122, 124, Microcrystalline dolomite, 63
183, 260, 261, 280, 285, 287 Microstructure, 30, 53, 79, 107, 109, 179,
concrete, 260 183, 218, 222, 254, 255, 262
MKPC, 95 concrete, 260
MPCs, 121, 122, 125 densification, 260
mortar, 126 development, 35
Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), 128 level, 134
Metakaolin (MK), 94, 95, 116, 120, 126, 214 Mineral additives, 38, 52, 59, 185, 186, 287,
Mg2+ 289
concentrations, 36, 37, 205 Mix
incorporation, 204 composition, 29, 30, 37, 38, 42, 45, 52, 53,
ions, 56, 94, 101, 103, 176, 251, 284 59, 60, 186, 193, 226, 234, 236
MgCl2 changes, 58
brine, 61, 65 proportions, 140, 244, 261, 263
concentration, 57 silica fume, 177
content, 52 MKPC, 92, 93, 98, 107, 109, 117, 125, 130,
crystals, 64 131, 136, 142, 145
excessive, 51, 52 binder, 125
resources, 65 compressive strength, 125
solution, 50, 52, 59, 60, 64, 65 concrete beam, 139
unreacted, 52 hydration products, 107
MgCO3 , 13, 23, 183, 205 materials, 143, 157
MgO, 1, 86, 214 matrices, 109, 153
concrete, 245, 246, 259, 261–264 mechanical strength, 95
concrete durability, 262 mixture, 100
concrete expansion, 259, 262 mortar, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121, 122, 125,
process, 263 126, 129, 130, 133, 137, 150
content, 5, 38, 47, 52, 79, 114, 215, 266, microstructure, 110
267 strength, 122
cement, 259 pastes, 99, 108, 113–115, 117, 119, 121,
for Portland cement, 245 129, 131, 141, 142, 144
320 Index

compressive strengths, 121, 142, 144 Multiple hearth furnace (MHF), 24

powder mixture, 93
samples, 130, 134, 143 N
slurry, 93, 120 Natural
specimens, 134 carbonation, 183
strength, 124 magnesia, 22
system, 98, 107, 124, 152 magnesite, 14
MOC waters, 175
binder content, 61 Nesquehonite, 13, 184, 185, 197, 198, 204,
cement, 47, 60, 79, 80 205, 289
hydration phases, 56 Nonspontaneous reaction, 97
mix composition, 57
O
mixes, 45
Oil cement, 148
mechanical properties, 42
OPC binders, 138
phases, 33, 34, 36, 49, 50, 56, 66
OPC concrete, 137, 151
dehydrate, 49
Optimal mix compositions, 42, 64
formation, 51
Optimum dosage, 221
products, 34, 42, 49, 50, 52, 53, 58, 60, 66
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), 29
fire resistance, 49
Oxysulfate cements, 80
MOS
binder, 76 P
cement, 75, 77, 79, 80 Partial carbonation, 51
compressive strength, 79 Pavement concrete, 263
MPCs, 86, 88, 91, 114, 124, 153 Peak hydration temperature, 113
attractive, 88 Pelletisation, 300
binder replacement, 96, 129 Pellets, 300–308, 310
change, 107 Periclase, 8, 16, 245, 249, 266, 268
concrete, 149 contents, 266
compressive strength, 149 expansion, 245
drying shrinkage, 133 in cement clinker, 249
foamed concrete, 156 hydration, 245, 249, 260
formations, 121 degree, 249
hydration, 96 in cement clinker, 249
in water, 88 in cement pastes, 249
materials, 88, 137, 141, 143, 148–151, in cement, 260
153, 155–159 clinker, 245, 249
mechanical strength, 121, 122, 125 surface, 249
microstructures, 96, 107 within cement hydration, 245
mortar, 87, 114, 116, 117, 132, 133, 135, Phase formation, 66, 79
137, 138 Phosphate cement, 85, 154
compressive strength, 125 magnesium, 85, 86
flexural bond strength, 135 Phosphoric acid, 38, 56, 65, 78, 85, 86, 91,
mechanical strength, 126 92, 95
strength, 124 reaction, 92
products, 87–89, 91–93, 97 Plain MKPC mortar microstructure, 110
formation, 96, 97, 100, 103 Pore water, 205, 218
reaction rate, 120 Porosity, 35, 49, 56, 59, 89, 128–130, 141,
ultimate strength, 127 156, 192, 197, 223, 227, 230, 248,
underwater curing, 140 251
Index 321

for optimum carbonation, 193 incorporation, 276

Portland cement (PC), 80, 87, 173–177, 179, oxides, 6, 202
180, 183, 185, 193, 207, 213, 245 MgO, 6, 177, 197, 207, 214, 217,
magnesia, 262 220–222, 224, 225, 234, 237, 300
partial replacement, 244 blends, 207
Portland concrete, 174 cement mortars, 207
seawalls, 175 content, 4, 45, 47, 51, 52, 59, 221
Pozzolanic reaction, 258 mortars, 207
fly ash, 259 pellets, 300
Precipitated magnesia, 1 powders, 2
Precipitated magnesium hydroxide, 21 reaction mechanism, 237
Precursor magnesite, 1 samples, 218, 219
Reactivity, 2, 4, 5, 7, 37, 51, 89, 90, 108, 178,
Q 218, 219, 222, 251, 255, 257, 259,
Quartz, 4 265
Quicklime, 278–280, 284, 286, 310 chemical, 4–6
mixes, 280, 286 content, 5
evaluation, 6
R hydration, 250–252, 254, 255, 257, 267
Radiant heat hydraulic, 251
energy, 157 magnesia, 279
transfer, 26 magnesium oxide, 3
Raw magnesite furnace feedstock, 267 MgO, 6, 36, 38, 42, 45, 59, 62, 185, 193,
218, 219, 221, 224, 225, 232, 234,
Raw materials, 33, 42, 45, 50, 52, 59, 61, 64,
236, 237, 287, 289
66, 88, 120, 134, 213, 214, 231,
value, 6, 251, 266–268
259, 261, 263
values
Reaction
ranging, 261
complete, 98
Reference intensity ratio (RIR), 185
exothermic, 98
Reinforcement, 148, 280
heat, 59
effect, 59
hydration, 51, 52, 96, 130, 178
Replacement
interface, 251, 257
cement, 202, 244, 279, 280, 291
intermediate, 105
fly ash, 150
kinetics, 35, 36, 224, 237
GGBS, 225, 234
MAPC, 100
Rice husk powder (RHP), 59
mechanisms, 35, 36, 65, 66, 100, 214, 218, Rock
237 formation, 15
path, 184 magnesites, 45
products, 29, 59, 66, 86–88, 91, 94, 97–99, Roller concrete, 262
101, 104, 218, 248 Rotary kiln, 7, 26, 27, 173, 263, 266
rate, 36–38, 59, 65, 120, 249
constant, 249 S
stoichiometry, 52, 130, 131 Salt formations, 30
temperature, 29 Saltwater lakes, 15
time, 64, 249 Sand, 50, 59, 65, 88, 124, 201, 226
Reactive replacement, 300
grade magnesia reactivity, 2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 30
lightburn magnesium oxide, 180 Schertelite, 87, 105
magnesia, 2, 184, 276 Seawater, 13, 19, 20, 86, 144
322 Index

calcined, 26 crystals, 102

plant, 21 formation, 102
soaking, 144 formation, 107, 114
Secondary hydration, 284 interlocking microstructure, 101
Serpentine, 16 network, 103
Shaft kilns, 8, 24, 27, 28 Sulphoaluminate cement (SACs), 93
Shrinkage Supplementary cementitious materials
autogenous, 130–132, 245, 257, 263 (SCM), 60, 94, 244
chemical, 130 Synthetic
cracking, 244, 263 brucite, 1
concrete, 244 calcination, 1
drying, 59, 130, 133, 135, 214, 221, 224, magnesia, 18, 22
227, 234, 236, 245, 257, 258 magnesium
thermal, 130 oxide, 3
Silica fume
content, 177 T
mix, 177 Talc, 4, 16, 50, 174, 175
underwater curing, 142 Talcum, 175
Silica fume (SF), 38, 94, 96, 125, 134, 142, Tap water, 143
176, 177, 179, 180, 302 immersion, 143
Silicate binders, 173 Technology Strategy Board (TSB), 228
Slag, 88, 95, 119, 120, 124, 125, 134, 221, Tensile bond strength, 135
279, 310 Ternary cement systems, 202
Thermal cracking, 245, 262
cement mortar, 138
concrete, 244
content, 125
Thermal expansion, 59
incorporation, 113
coefficients, 147, 261
Soaking durability, 226
Thermal shrinkage, 130
Soil water content, 196
Topochemical reaction, 249
Sparry magnesite, 14
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
Specific surface area (SSA), 2, 4, 218
(TCLP), 152
Spontaneous dissolution, 97
Tunnel kilns, 265, 266
Stabilization
cement, 152 U
glass, 152 Ultimate expansion, 255, 257, 259, 264
Static water, 141 Ultimate hydration, 107
curing, 141, 142 Unconfined compressive strength (UCS), 225
Steel reinforcement, 60, 137, 183 Underwater curing, 140
STPP, 93, 106, 110, 118 MPCs, 140
dissolution, 93 silica fume, 142
Strength, 120, 124, 128, 177, 222, 224 Underwater infrastructure, 237
cement, 174 Unreacted
development, 128, 196, 201, 202 cement pockets, 277
enhancement, 186 dolime, 20
losses, 234 MgCl2 , 52
measurement, 234 Unreactive
MKPC, 124 MgO content, 51
values, 196, 234
Struvite, 87, 88, 99, 101, 105, 108, 110, 121, V
134, 141, 153 Volatile organic compounds (VOC), 157
Index 323

Volumetric expansion, 249, 250 facilitating, 184

glass, 142, 217, 221
W molecules, 102, 103, 303
Wash water, 21 resistance, 30, 53, 57, 58, 66, 75, 77, 78, 96
Wastewater, 152, 237 behaviors, 53
systems, 95 coefficient, 56
Water soluble binders, 173
absorption, 53, 231, 250 treatment, 52
capacity, 59 vapor, 23, 48, 49, 80, 248
activity, 184 Weathered MOC cement, 80
attack, 35 Wollastonite (WS), 94, 96, 145
available for hydration, 105 Workability, 94, 96, 114, 116, 177, 180, 224
content, 22, 30, 37, 49, 118, 129, 187, 193,
197, 252, 257
curing, 142, 278 X
conditions, 59 X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 3
demand, 177, 187
diffusion, 249, 277 Z
evaporation, 15, 51, 59, 196 Zinc phosphate cement, 85, 86, 154