GEOGRAPHY

312/2
FORM IV
2 ¾ HRS

END OF TERM 2 EVALUATION TEST 2018

FORM 4
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A

1a) Mining methods

 Underground/ shaft/adit/slope boring/solution

 Alluvial/panning/placer/drodging/hydraulic mining
 Open cast mining/strippign
(any 2x1=2mks)

b. Factors that determine whether a mineral can be exploited

 Size of the mineral deposit

 Availability of market
 Technological development
 Method of mining
 Availability of labour
 Quality of the mineral or
 Transport
 Availability of capital
 Value of the mineral
(anyb3x1=3mks)

2a) What is meant by the term Horticulture? (2mks)

 It is the cultivation of flowers for sale/export/commercial purposes (1x2=2 mks)

b. factors that favour horticulture near L. Naivasha

 Proximity to Nairobi
 Warm climate
 Availability of fresh water
 Good transport
(any 3x1=3mks)

3a) Definition of land reclamation

 It is the process of converting less productive land into a more productive state for agricultural
or settlement purposes (2x1=2mks)
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b) Methods used to reclaim and in Kenya

 Draining of swamps
 Irrigating dry land
 Introducing drought resistant crops
 Through controlling of pests
 By afforestatio
(any 3x1=3mks)

4. a) Major causes of mortaliy in East Africa other than HIV/AIDS

 Road carnage
 Cancer
 Nutritional diseases/lifestyle diseases
 Conflicts/wars
 Natural calamities/famine
(any 2x1=2mks)

b) Ways in which spread of HIV/AIDS may slow down economic development

 Sickness leads to absenteeism from work/reduced production

 Money spent in treating the sick could be used for other economic activities
 Death resulting form diseases lead to loss of economically productive population
 Caretakers of family level use more time caring for the sick/orphans of enganging in economic
activities /hish dependency ratio (any 3x1=3mks)

5) Reasons why oil prices ay not be easily reduced

 No immediate substitutes for oil

 Has many uses
 The demand for oil keeps rising
(any 2x1=2 mks)

b) Ways a country can adopt to ease energy crisis

 Use of other sources of energy

 Rationing of oil products
 Adopting alternative modes of transport
 Developing gadgets which do not consume a lot of energy e.g energy saving jikos
 Use of common means of transport for people moving towards same direction
 Proper maintenance of motor vehicles
(any 3x1=3 mks)

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A divided rectangle to represent horticultural crop production in Kenya in the year 2000

6a) Total produce = 100 800

Length of the rectangle – 15 cm

Flowers – 42500 X15 = 6.324cm = 6.3cm

100800

Oranges – 22600 X 15 = 3.363cm = 3.4 cm

10800

Tomatoes - 20300 X 15 = 3.02cm = 3.0 cm

10800

Carrots - 15400 X 15 = 2.29cm = 2.3cm

10800

(diagram4x1 = 4mks)

Calculation 4x1=4mks)
08

6a) ii) Calculate the range

42500-15400=27100

(2x1=2mks)

iii) Percentage of horticultural crop with the highest tonnage

flowers - 42500 X 100% = 42.163%

10800

iv) advantages of using divided rectangles to represent geographical dat

 Easy to construct/draw
 Easy to compare the components
 Gives a clear visual impression
 Takes up less space as compared to other graphs
 Each components proportion to the total can easily be seen at a glance (Any 3x1=3mks)
2
bi) Three tropical fruits grown under horticulture in Kenya

 Bananas
 Dates
 Pineapples
 Pawpaws
 Avocados
 Loguats
(any 3x1=3mks)

ii) Reasons why horticulture is more developed in Netherlands as compared to Kenya

 Farmer in Netherlands have more access to capital needed for horticultural crop products in
Netherlands than in Kenya
 Theres high demand both locally and international for horticultural crop products in
Netherlands than in Kenya
 Availability of advanced and appropriate technology in Netherlands than in Kenya
 Netherlands unlike Kenya has well developed means of transport which enhance fast
movement of horticultural products
 There is more advanced horticultural farming related research in the Netherlands than in
Kenya.
 There is well organized marketing system where co-operatives societies market the products
provide loans to farmers, organize auctions and provide farmer with necessary inputs

Importance of horticulture farming to the economy

 Major agricultural export for Kenya
 Provision of food and flowers to the local population
 It is a source of employment
 Has ledto the development of insfrastructure
( any 3x1=3 mks)

7a) What is agro-forestry

 It is the land-use system which enables the portion production tree crops and livestock on a
given unit of land for maximum production and land sustainability (1x2=2mks)

b) benefits of agro-forestry

 Some trees are used for animal fodder

 Trees grown act as wind breakers at the edge of farm plots or between rows of crops
 Some trees are planed to provide fruits for human and animal consumption
 Trees supply wood and wood products
 To maintain soil fertility
(any 3x1=3mks)

c. i) Explain how the following have influenced distribution of natural forests aspects 2mks

3
  The windward slopes of mountains receives high rainfall hence are wet therefore have dense
forests
 The south facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are warmer and wet therefore have
dense/luxuriant forests

Soils (2mks)

Deep well drained and fertile soils supports plant life hence having variety or dense forest lower.

ii) ways of managing forests (any x2=8mks)

 Carrying out public campaigns on the valve of forests through the mass media by the
governmental institutions
 Creation of forest reserves so as to protect mainly indigenous forest trees extinction
 Enabling law ad regulations which are meant to effectively manage forests by the government
to allow maximum participation of the local people
 Establishment of training and research institutions dealing with forestry for trained and
qualified personnel to manage forests
 Research carried out on soil requirement for different tree species enabling the foresters o plant
trees in suitable areas.

7d) Compare soft wood forest in Kenya and Canada under the following subheadings

- Transportation
 Transportationof loss in Kenya is done using tractors,lorries, trucks and trains wile in
Canda,is is done using mobile cable steel bars, skiing on ice-corvered ground and also
floating down on rivers
- Harvesting: In Canada, cheap harvesting is done through selective losing
- In Canada losing is done during winter and early sumer while in Kenya, it takes place
throughout the year. In both countries commercial losing is mechanical
- Climate:- in Canada, due to low temperature, soft wood trees species take many years
tomaturewhile in Kenya moderate to high temperature encourages faster growth to maturity so
take short time /few years
- Distribution – In Kenya soft wood forests are found mainly in the highlans whil in Canada they
are found found both in highland and lowland areas. In Kenya softwood forest cover a small
percenge fo te totl land area while in Canada they cover large tracts of land

8a) i) Canada (1x1=1mks)

ii) The convergence of the warm and cold currents causes upwelling of ocean water which bring
minerals for planktons to the surface hence attracting large number of fish to the area

 The cool water favour survival of a wide variety of fish species which makes the area an
important fishing ground
 The convergence of warm and cold currents modifies the temperature of the ocean water
making the area ideal for fishing throughout the year (any 2x2=2)

4
b)

 Lod
 Halibut
 Haddock
 Flonnder
 Hake
 Herning
 Mackrnel
 Shellfish
 Crustaceans
(any 3x1=3mks)

c) Why fresh water fishing is more developed that marine fishing in East Africa (6mks)

 There are numerous inland fishing grounds such as lakes and rivers which are accessible to
many people
 There is low demand for sea fish compared to fresh water fishig more preferale
 Limited technology coupled with inadequate capital make it difficult to develop marine fishing
 The stiff competition of the open sea fro industrialized contries whose fishermen use modern
fishing equipment discourages local fishermen
 The narrow continental shelf along the coast of East Africa limits the growth of plankton thus
limiting the breeding of fish/limiting the variety of edible fish.
(any 3x2=6mks)

di) trawling method 1mk

ii) A bag-shaped net is attached to a trawter/ship, the net is cast intothe wate as the drawler

the nets mouth is kept open by other boards/head beam. The upper part of the net is kept a float by
floats/corks

weights are used to keep the lower part of the net at the sea bed.

The trawler dre the net along the sea bed catching fish.

After sufficient fish has been caught the net is hauled to the frawler to empty the fish

ii)

 Canning
 Freezing
 Smoking
 Salting
 Sub-drying
 Frying

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e)

 The overfished areas are being restoked

 Disposal of effluents into fisheries is prohibited
 Research is carried out to expand and improve fisheries
 Institutions have been set upt train personnel to manage fisheries
 Special hatcheries have been set up for artificial fertilization of eggs at Sagana hatcheries

9a) name two major non-agric exports from Kenya (2mks)

Minerals –flourspar, soda ash, cement, petroleum pdts

b) Give three factors that limit trade among East Afrian contries (3mks)

- Membership to different trading blocks

- Lack of common survency
- Underdeveloped insfrastructure /poor transport network
- Restriction of movement of people ad goods /high taxes rates
- Production of similar goods
- Political instability
- Different political ideologies

ci) differenciate between bi-lateral trade nd multilateral trade (2mks)

bi-lateral trade involves the exchange of goods and services between many countries

multilateral involves the exchange of goods and services between many contries

ii) Apart from East Community (EAC) name other two trading blocks in Africa

COMESA – Common Market For Eastern and Southern Africa – replaced PTA Preferential Trade
Area

SADC – Southern African Development Community

ECOWAS – Economic Community of Western African States

iii) What is a trading block

they are associations held between groups of neighbouring contries within the same geographical
region, which are formed for the purpose of promoting and freeing trade.

di) Explain three factors that influence trade (6 mks)

- Demand and supply

- Need to import
- Transport and communication
- Capital
- Trade restrictions
- Population
- Climate
 6
- Political relations
- Differences in technological levels
- Economic unions

dii) Explain 4 problems facing trade in Kenya (8mks)

- Nature of produce
- Political strife
- Craze for imported products/high dependence on imported pots
- Corruption
- Poor infrastructure
- Inadequate capita
- Low purchasing power /poverty/high cost of living
- Insecurity
- Poor implementation of legistration
- High taxes

10. Define:

i) Transport (1mk)

transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to another

ii) Communication (1mk)

Communication is the sending and receiving of information, news, ideas and messages between
individuals and groups

b) i) Apart from road transport name three other forms of transport In Africa (3mks)

- Railway transport
- Air transport
- Water transport 3x1=3 mks

ii) Mention 3 major ocean routes of the world (3mks)

- The north-Atlantic route

- He cape of good hope route
- The Mediterranean – swis-Asiatic route
- The panama canal – West Indian – Central America route
- The South Atlantic route
- The trans-Pacific sea route Any 3x1 = 3mks

c) i) State four economic contrinutions of road transport (4mks)

- offers employment opportunities

- promotes trade
- promotes development of urban cetres
 - encourages agricultural development

- promotes tourism
- it’s a source of revenue for the government Any 4x1=4mks

ii) Explain four problems facing road transport in Africa (8mks)

- physical barriers such mountains have made consignation of transport routes very different
in some areas.
- Limited resources in some areas
- Political differences hinder the movement of goods and passangers along the roads
- Civil wars have interfered with proper maintenance of roads and interrupted free flowof
transportation services
- Low volume of trade due to bonder bureaucracies
Any 4x2=8mks

d) What is containerization (2mks)

this the act of packing goods in standardized containers of steel (2mks)

ii) state three advantages of containerization (3mks)

- Minimizes the loss of goods through theft or bad weather

- The containers are strong and hardy thus offer protection to fragile goods
- They are easy to handle since they are fixed with special licks and handles
- They occupy less space since they are of standard sizes
- It is time saving since loading and offloading is easier than if goods were several small boxes.
Any 3x1=3mks
Total 25
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HISTORY & GOVERNMENT

311/1
FORM IV

END OF TERM 2 EVALUATION TEST 2018

FORM 4
HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A 25 MARKS

1. Identify the branch of History that studies the occupation of people.

Economic history 1 x 1 = 1 mark
2. Identify the main method used by Anthropologists to gather historical information.
Observation 1 x 1 = 1 mark
3. Name two linguistic groups in Kenya
i. Bantus
ii. Nilotes
iii. Cushites 2 x 1 = 2 marks
4. Identify any responsibility granted to the imperial British East African company by the Royal
character in 1888
i. Maintenance of law and order
ii. To eradicate slave trade
iii. To promote trade
iv. To levy and collect taxes
v. To civilize indigenous people 1 x 1 = 1 mark
5. State one way in which the Swynnerton plan affected African farmers during the colonial period.

i. African farmers were given title deed

ii. Africans were allowed to grow cash crops
iii. Training and research institutions were established in such areas as forestry, agriculture water and
veterinary services 1 x 1 = 1 mark
6. Name one community in Kenya which exhibited mixed reaction towards British Colonization in
Kenya.
Agikuyu
Akamba
Luo 1 x 1 = 1 mark
7. State the main result of the lyttetton constitution of 1954
- It allow for the formation of a multi-racial government 1 x 1 = 1 mark
8. Identify the main ideological difference between Kenya African National Union and Kenya
African Democratic union in the early 1960s.
- KANU advocated for a unitary government while KADU favoured a federal systems of
government 1 x 1 = 1 mark
9. Identify two benefits of multi-party democracy in Kenya
1
- Free expression
- Reduced abuse of power by leaders
- Created transparency and accountability
- Promote respect for human rights
- It promoted freedom of assembly and association through formation of political parties at will
2 x 1 = 2 marks
10. Give two ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen by birth
- If a mother/father of the person is a Kenyan citizen
- A child found in Kenya who appear to be less than eight years of age and whose nationality and
parents are not known. 2 x 1 = 2 marks
11. State two reasons why Human Rights are important
- They provide the general public access to information necessary for protection of democracy and
accountability
- They assist in achieving dignified life which respect human needs
- They guide organs of state on the exercise of state power
- They provide basis of granting special treatment to persons with special needs
- When respected these rights reduce conflicts and enhance national integration
- They empower citizens by giving them control in decision making organs of the state
- Rights are inherent to human beings since one has rights because they are human
2 x 1 = 2 marks
12. Name two constitutional offices in Kenya
- Attorney General
- Electoral commissions
- Governor of central bank
- Judges of the high court
- Chief justice
- Director of public prosecution
- Judges of the supreme court
- Controller of Budget
- Auditor General 2 x 1 = 2 marks
13. State two factors that are considered when changing constituency boundaries in Kenya
- Population
- Physical and human infrastructure
- Historical and cultural ties between the groups of people involved
- The cost of administration
- Geographical factors
- Views of the community involved 1 x 1 = 1 mark
14. State the main function of the leader of majority in parliament
- Defends the government legislation /policy in parliament 1 x 1 = 1 mark
15. Name the two branches of the National Police Service in Kenya
 i). Administration Police
ii). Kenya Police Services 2 x 2 = 2 marks
16. Name the newly created office in the cabinet in Kenya
Chief administrative secretary 1 x 1 = 1 mark
2
17. Mention two types public funds stipulated in Kenyan constitution 2010.
- Equalization fund
- Consolidated fund
- Revenue funds
- Contingencies funds 2 x 2 = 2 marks
SECTION B 45 MARKS
Answer any three questions from this section
18. a). Identify three commodities imported from Asia into towns along the Kenyan Coast by 1500
A.D.
i. Glassware
ii. Cowne shells
iii. Beads
iv. Rugs and Carpets
v. Swords/dagger
vi. Cloth/silk
vii. Spic
viii. Porcelain 3 x 1 = 3 marks

b). Explain six social results of the contract between Kenya coast and the outside world by 1500 A.D
i. Intermarriages – between African and Arabs
ii. Development of Kiswahili language from Bantu and Arabic
iii. Spread of Arab/Persian Architecture – build stone houses
iv. Spread of Islamic culture/religion
v. Emergences of classes - rich merchant
vi. Depopulation – due to slave trade
vii. Islamic education/ Madarassas 6 x 2 = 12 marks
19. a). Give three significance of the Devonshire white paper of 1923
i. it demanded Asians the right to settle in the high lands which were reserved for European
settlers
ii. it intensified rivalry between the Indian and the settlers leading to the Indians to refuse to take
up their seats in the legislative council
iii. It led to the appointment of John Arthur to represent Africans interests in the legislative council
3 x 1 = 3 marks
b). Explain six negative effects of urbanization in Kenya during the colonial period.
i. Urban unemployment led to poverty, immorality crimes and violence
ii. Shortage of essential social services e.g housing hence slums
 iii. Kipande system was introduced to stem out influx of Africans into the towns.
iv. Strict social laws were introduced. Africans were picked of the streets and charged of roaming.
v. Racial segregation in urban centres
3
vi. Poor living conditions e.g water shortage, poor drainage and disease outbreak
vii. Disrupted traditional social control system and made it difficult for families to live together.
viii. Overcrowding in towns due to rural urban migration 6 x 2 = 12 marks
20. a). Identify three roles played by African chiefs in Kenya during the colonial period
i. collected taxes
ii. recruited labour for settler farms
iii. maintenance of law and order
iv. settle minor disputes
v. persuaded Africans to accept foreign ideas e.g Western civilization 3 x 1 = 3 marks

b). Explain six factors that enabled Mau Mau freedom fighters to fight the British for a long time led
able leaders
i. fighters used guerilla warfare
ii. mount Kenya and Aberdares provided good hide outs for the fighters
iii. Oathing united the people and made them committed to the cause
iv. Some fighters were ex-service men and therefore were experienced
v. The others provided warriors with food, medicine, weapons and information
vi. Movement received moral and material support by the already independent countries
vii. Poor transport was to disadvantage the Europeans 6 x 2 = 12 marks
21. a). State five features of African socialism
i. it emphasized progressive taxation
ii. it promotes equity
iii. Advocates for mutual social responsibility
iv. It promotes participation in democratic process/political democracy
v. It advocates for various forms of ownership
vi. Respect the human dignity

b). Explain five roles played by national philosophies in Kenya (10 mks)
i. Promotion of education through building of schools
ii. Enhancing unity and understanding among people
iii. Improvement of medical services as hospitals and dispensaries are built
iv. Promotion of welfare of people with special needs
v. Enhancing nationalism and patriotism
vi. Improving the living standards of people through various economic activities such as agriculture
e.g (Nyayo Tea Zones)
vii. Encouraging patriotism and nationalism.

SECTION C 30 MARKS
Answer any two questions from this section
 22. a). State five non-violent methods of resolving conflict (5 mks)
i. Litigation
ii. Arbitration
iii. Negotiation
4
iv. Mediation
v. Problem solving workshop
vi. Policing
vii. Religious action
viii. Fact finding missions
ix. Conciliation
b). Explain five factors that promote national unity (10 mks)
i. The constitution gives all Kenyans equal rights hence fostering a sense of equality promoting
national unity.
ii. The Presidency – it is a symbol of national unity
iii. Education – Children from all races and tribes learn freely and use a common curriculum
iv. National language – Enable people of different communities to communicate
v. Trade – use of common currency has enabled interactions among different groups.
vi. Intermarriages – enhance cooperation
vii. Fair distribution of national resources
viii. Co-curricular activities – games, sports, music festivals bring people together.
ix. National symbols – give people a sense of belonging
x. National philosophies – enable people from different ethnic groups to put their resources together.
a). State five ways in which the Bill of rights protects the rights of persons with disabilities
i. treated with dignity and respect
ii. Access educational institutions and facilities
iii. Reasonable access to all places, public transport and information
iv. Use sign language, Braille or other appropriate means of communication
v. Access materials and devices to overcome constrains arising from someone’s disability.

b). Discuss the functions of the Kenya Human Rights and Equality commission (10 mks)
i. To promote respect for human rights and develop culture of human rights in the republic
ii. Promote gender equality and equity
iii. Promote the protection and observation of human rights
iv. To take steps to secure appropriate redress where human rights have been violated
v. To investigate or research on matters on human rights and make recommendations to the state
vi. To monitor, investigate and report on observance of human rights
vii. To ensure state compliance with obligations under treats and conventions relative to human rights
23. a). State five situations that can make a registered voter be denied the right to vote in Kenya
(5 mks)
5
i. When one is of unsound mind
ii. When one is discovered to have voted twice
iii. When one doesn’t have an original identity card/passport on a voting time
iv. When one’s name doesn’t appear in the voters register
v. When one presents him/herself in a constituency where one is not registered.

b). Explain five limitations of parliamentary supremacy in Kenya (10 mks)

i. Increased powers of the cabinet can reduce parliament’s authority
ii. The people’s customs and traditions must be considered.
iii. The application of the rule of law does not allow the house to pass a law that is contrary to the
constitution of Kenya.
iv. Legislation by county governments may also undermine parliamentary supremacy.
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HISTORY & GOVERNMENT

311/2
FORM IV

END OF TERM 2 EVALUATION TEST 2018

FORM 4
HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A 25 MARKS

Answer all questions in this section

1. Name the type of government in which a group of people from the highest social class rule over
others.
Aristocratic 1 x 1 = 1 mark

2. Give two consequences of the land enclosure system in Britain during the Agralian Revolution

i. Rich farmers bought land from small peasants

ii. The poor farmers were forced to migrate to urban areas
iii. The landless people were subjected to poverty
iv. The people in the urban areas were subjected to poor living conditions due to
overcrowding. 2 x 1 = 2 marks
3. Name two metals that were used as currency in pre-colonial Africa.
i. Copper
ii. Bronze
iii. Gold
iv. Iron
v. Silver 2 x 1 = 2 marks
4. Identify the contribution of Gotlies Dainler in the field of transport
He developed the first motorized cycle/ Bicycle 1 x 1 = 1 mark

5. Give the main form of transport that was used in the Trans-Atlantic Trade
Water transport / Sailing ship 1 x 1 = 1 mark

6. Give two disadvantages of Television as a modern means of communication

i. Can only be viewed where there is electricity
ii. Cultural values has been eroded by phonographic material/ programmes
iii. Enhances violence especially among the youths
iv. Bad behaviors have been encouraged through advertisement e.g Alcoholic drinks
 v. Watching television has become an addiction in some areas 2 x 1 = 2 marks

7. Give two social functions of the Ancient city of Athens in Greece

 Cultural cenres
1
 Educational centres
 Sport centres
 Religion centres 2 x 1 = 2 marks

8. State two functions of Lukiko in Buganda Kingdom during the ninetieth century
 Advised the Kabaka
 It represents the wish of the people
 It assisted in settling disputes/ acted as the final court.
 It directed the collection of taxes
 It was the law forming body of the kingdom 2 x 1 = 2 mrks

9. Identify any two personalities whose activities promoted colonialism in Africa

 Karc Peters
 Harry Johnson
 William Mackinon
 David Livingstone
 Ceul Rhodes 2 x 1 = 2 marks

10. Identify two military tactics employed by Samuel Toure against the French
 Guerilla warfare
 Scorched earth policy 2 x 1 = 2 marks

11. State one way in which the Ndebele benefited after the British Ndebele was of 1893 to 1896
 The Ndebele were made headmen
 The Shona police were removed from Metabeleland. 1 x 1 = 1 mark

12. Identify one role played by conventional peoples party in the struggle for independence in
Ghana
 Demanded voting rights to be extended to all people
 It mobilized the people to oppose colonial rule/sensitized all Africans about their rights
 It advocated for a unity Government 1 x 1 = 1 mark

13. Give one function of Chef De Canton in the French Policy of Assimilation
 Keeping taxpayers register
 Conscripting army recruit labours
 Supervising all the activities within the local towns 1 x 1 = 1 marks
14. Identify two major ways used by the super powers to fight during the cold war
 Malicious propagandas
 Military packs/ treaties i.e warsan packs and NATO
 Economic aid to rivals i.e marshal plans and COMECON Plan 2 x 2 = 2 marks
 15. State one condition that a country should fulfill in order to became a member of Non-Aligned
Movement
 A county should be independent
2
 A country should not be a member of NATO or WARSAN Pact military
2 x 2 = 2 marks
16. Name the philosophy that Tanzania adopted at Independence to spearhead her development

African socialism/Ujamaa 1 x 1 = 1 mark

17. Name one major political party in U.S.A.

 Democratic party
 Republican party 1 x 1 = 1 mark

SECTION B 45 MARKS

Answer any three questions from this sectiona). State five reasons why early people
domesticated crops and animals during the Neolithic period.

 Due to increased population more food was required

 There was competition for food between human beings.
 Overhunting depleted stocks of animal of which human being relied on for food
 Hunting and gathering had become tiresome/insecure
 Calamities such as bush fires/ floods destroyed vegetation/drove animals away
 Some crops and animals had economic value
 Animals were domesticated to provide security e.g dog
 There was a change in climate which caused aridity

b). Explain five ways through which early man adapted to the environment during the late stone
Age.
 Making clothes to warm their body
 Development of upright posture using hand limbs, this improved mans ability to hunt
and see danger
 Gradual use of front limbs/ hands for holding objects enabled man to make tools which
made his work easier.
 Increased brain capacity to above 1500cc enhanced man’s level of creativity
 Domestication of a plants and animals ensured prolonged supply of food reducing
nomadic life for sedentary life.
 Discovery of language enhance the exchange of ideas
 Weapons making enhanced exchange for reducing insecurity 5 x 2 – 10 marks
18. a). Give three problems faced by factory workers faced during the industrial revolution.
 They were paid low wages
 They worked for long hours
4
 They were exposed to accidents
 Accident victims were laid off without compensation
 Inadequate housing made them life in slums
 They suffered from diseases due to poor sanitation/ pollution

b).Explain six factors that have promoted industrialization in South Africa

 The availability of many resources of energy to provide the required power for
industrialization
 The existence of varied mineral resources to sustain the process of industrialization
 The presence of well developed transport network/infrastructure to facilitate movement
of raw materials and finished industrial goods to the market.
 The availability of internal and external markets of manufactured goods.
 The availability of capital generated from South African trade in other goods has
enabled to set up industries.
 The government’s sound industrial policies which encouraged both local and foreign
investors to boost industrialization
 The high quality of goods has led to increased demand for South African manufactured
goods
 The political stability in the country since the end of apartheid era has created
conducive environment for industrial development.

19. a). What factors contributed to the rise of Buganda as strong kingdom
 Good, strong and able rulers in the nineteenth century
 Buganda was small and compact, easy to hold together.
 It’s strategic position, next to lake Victoria which gave help in good means of
communication and natural defense.
 Participate in trade with waswahili and Arab traders
 Good climate with ample rainfall for the growth of crops, bananas and fertile soils.
 A strong army for defense
 Ganda tradition; women farm while men involve in other activities
 The centralized government
 Good security, no rivalry due to fall of Bunyore – Kitara kingdom 5 x 1 = 5 marks

b). Describe the social organization among the Baganda in pre-colonial period
 The Baganda believed in the existence of many gods
 The society was made up of social classes
 The slaves were lowest in the society
  They ha religious leaders foremost being Kabaka
 They were natural shrines
 They believed in existence of ancestral spirits
5
 It was polygamous
 Labour was divide according to sex
 The Buganda men were circumcised at puberty
 The Buganda sacrificed to the ancestors during drought 5 x 2 = 10 marks

20. a). Name any three chartered companies used by European powers to administer the colonies in
Africa
i. Imperial British East Africa Company
ii. Germany East Africa Company
iii. British South Africa Company
iv. Royal Niger Company 3 x 1 = 3 marks
b). Explain Six causes of Maji Maji uprising between 1905 to 1907
i. Africans resented the forced the force labour
ii. Africans were forced to grow cotton in infertile land
iii. Africans disliked the Akidas and Jumbles who were foreigners and brutal
iv. The Germany officials sexually harassed the African women
v. The Germans mistreated Africans rulers by whipping them in public / harsh German
rules
vi. Africans were against introduction of taxes by Grman
vii. The Ngoni fought to seek revenge over Boma massacre of 1899
viii. German despised the African culture 6 x 2 = 12 marks

SECTION C 30 MARKS

Answer any two questions from this section

21. a). Give three conditions which one had to fulfill in order to became a French citizen in Senegal
 Literature – able to read and write in French
 Able to speak French
 Be a Christian
 One must have worked in the French civil service
 Practice monogamy

b). Explain six differences between the used of British indirect rule and French assimilation
policy.
 The British used traditional rulers as chiefs while the French appointed assimiled
Africans to become chiefs
 African traditional rulers under British rule retained most of their powers whereas chiefs
under French rule had limited powers.
  British colonies were administered as separate territories while French rule had limited
powers
 While French administrators were represented in the chamber. Fight for their
independence
6
 The attainment of independence by India, Pakistan in 1947 encourage the Ghananians
to demand for their rights to govern themselves.
 The existence of young educated Ghananians who had understood the ideas of
democracy/freedom who inspired the masses towards a worthy cause
 High rate of unemployment among the Africans created resentment
 The United Nations Charter’s is declaration of the importance of political independence
for all people inspired the Ghananians and other leaders.
 The charismatic leadership provided by Kwameh Nkrummah united the people in their
struggle against colonial domination
 The selective granting of trading licences to European traders while denying the same to
Africans created discontent of deputies in France; in British colonies laws were made
by the colonial legislative council
 Assimilated Africans in the French colonies became full French citizens while in British
colonies, educated Africans remained colonial subjects.
 British indirect rule preserved African cultures while assimilation undermined African
culture.

22. a). State three rules played by the United States of America in ending the second world war.

 The U.S.A. provided modern military equipment to allied forces

 She gave financial support to the allied forces
 She provided military personnel to the allied powers
 U.S.A. blockaded the panama canal against the central powers
 She dropped atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagashaki which forced Japan to surrender

b).Explain the six causes of the cold war after 1945.

 The disagreements between the soviet union and the united states of America over
reduction of arms led to arms race
 The occupation of Eastern Europe by soviet union caused fear among U.S.A. and its
allies in Western Europe iron curtain policy by the U.S.S.R
 The ideological differences pursued by the U.S.A and U.S.S.R created mistrust and
suspicious among them leading to hostility
 The dormination of united states of America and her allies was checked by U.S.S.R
through the use of veto power thus increasing the tension
 The involvement of both the united nations of America and the U.S.S.R in European
conflicts in the late 1940’s created tension among them.
 America’s marshal plan to revive European economies after the war made U.S.S.R to
counteract by form a similar one thus increasing tension.
 Formation of military alliances NATO by united states of Americaand her allies led to a
similar alliances/warsaw pact thus intensifying the rivalry
 Construction of the Berlin wall by U.S.S.R in Germany to block Eastern Europe to west
 6 x 2 = 12 marks

23. a). Give three functions of the East Africa legislative assembly
 Provides a forum for debate on East African issues
 Acts as a watchdog for the East African community
 Participates in the legislative process i.e law making 3 x 1 = 3 marks
b). Explain six achievements of economic community of West African states
 Enhanced movement of goods between member states through removal of trade
barriers
 Has promoted cultural exchange
 There are shared services/facilities e.g education, transport and communication
 Has helped in conflict resolution through ecomog
 Establish a development fund for members
 Has enhanced unity between francophone and Anglophone countries in the region
 Created a wide market in the region for good produced there. 6 x 2 = 12 marks
 8

BUSINESS STUDIES
565/1
FORM IV
2 ½ HOURS

END OF TERM 2 EVALUATION TEST 2018

FORM 4
BUSINESS STUDIES PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. Challenges encountered in satisfaction of want
 They are competitive hence don’t give way to each other
 They are too maby to be fully satisfied
 Resources required on scarse
 Some are complimentary and they attract others wants
 Some are habitual and habits are hard to break
 Are repetitive hence cannot be satisfied once and for all
2. Causes of shift in supply curve to the right
 Reduction in cost of production
 Improved technology
 Increased access to factors of production
 Future expectation of decrease in price
 Reduction in taxes
 Increased subsiders
 Increased quota set (4x1=4 mks)
3. Reasons why it is advisable to take endowment assuarance policy
4. Premiams are paid for an agreed period of time
5. Compensation is paid after expiring of an agreed period of time
6. Acts as saving for the futre investments
7. Assured benefits unless death proceeds expiry of the agreed period (4x1=4mks)

4. Factors that determine the amount of money held for transaction motive

 The level of income

 Individual spending height
 Availability of credit facilities
 Number of dependents an individual has (4x1=4 mks)
5.

 Wood – Renewable

1
 Wool – renewable
 Natural gas – non renewable
 Coal – non renewable (4x1=4mks)

6. Functions of retailers to consumers

 Offering credit facilities

 Offering after sale services
 Giving advice to customer on the use of the product
 Offering a variety of goods
 Breaking the bulk (4x1=4mks)
7.
a) possession utility
b) form utility
c) place utility
d) possession utility
8. purpose of the office equipments
a) franklin machine – for printing postage impressions on enviropes
b) addressing machine – for printing addresses on mails
c) folding machine – for folding letters and sealing envelopes
d) guillotine – for trimming docukents into required shapes and sizes (4x1=4 mks)
9. types of business resources
 technological resources
 human resources
 physical resources
 financial resources (4x1=4 mks)
10. circumstances where signs are appropriate
 where there is language barrier
 when giving direction eg road signs
 when one or both partiesaredeaf or dump
 when silence is vital eg in hospitals (4x1=4 mks)
11. reasons for popularity of saccos
 easy to save because its done through check off system
 easy to get loans from saccos due to few requirements
 offers loans at low interest rates
 members savings are save since saccos are insured by cooperative insurance services (4x1=4 mks)
12. limitation of using containers in transport
 containers are expensive to own /hir
 they require special vessel and truck to transport
 special habours /terminals are required to anchor special vessels
 special loading and affloading facilities required
 unsuitable for irregular shaped goods
 inability to fill/less container load (4x1=4 mks)

13. functions of Kenya Bureau of Standards

 setting up the required standards for goods
 ensuring standards are maintained through regular inspection
 putting stamp of approval to show that established standards have been met
 carrying out testing on measuring apparatus (4x1=4 mks)
14. circumstances under which personal selling may be used
 when introducing a new product
 when re-launching a new product
 where demonstration is required
 when the product is tailored to suit the customers specification (4x1=4 mks)
15. circumstances under which a cheque may be dishonoured
 when the cheque is postdated
 when the cheque is stale
 if the drawer has closed their accounts with the bank
 if the signature os the account holder differ from the spacemen in the bank
 incase there is insufficient funds in the account (4x1=4 mks)
16. A/c to debit A/c to credit
Creditor Return outwards
Bank rent
Drawings Cash
Return inwards Debtors (4x1=4 mks)
17. Factors that may discourage location of firm in an area
 Poor infrastructure
 High cost of land in the areas
 Shortage of raw material
 Insecurity
 Poor government
18. Services offered by the commercial banks
 Accepting deposits in cash/cheque
 Provides safer means of payment
 Safe keeping of valuables their vaults for a fee
 Act as guarantor and referee for their clients
 Providing useful information to traders in the various aspects of business
 Loan facilities repayable at interests
 Affecting foreign exchange payments (4x14ms)
19. Limitation of a trial balance
 Errors of omission
 Errors of commission
 Errors of principle
 Errors of compensation
 Errors of complete reversal of entries
 Errors of original entry (4x1=4mks)

20. a. 100 000

b. 10 000
c. 210 000
d. 122 290 (4x1=4mks)
a. monopolistic Oligopolistic

Products are homogenu Products are homogenous

Action of firm does not affect entire industry Actions of one fir affects the entire industry
Firms set their own prices There is price rigidity
Has many sellers Few number of sellers
(4x1=4 mks)
21. a) invoice issued
b) Invoice received
c) Credit note issued
d) Credit note received

23. a) Rosto = Cost of good sold

Average stock

2 = x
40 000

X= 80 000

b) Gross profits

mark up = Gross profit

cost of sales

20/100 = x/80 000

X = 20/100 x 80 000 = 16 000

X = 16 000

c) Sales = Gross profit + cost of sales

16 000 + 80 000 = 96 000 (8x ½ =4 mks)

24. Involuntary / open unemployment

Residual unemployment

Disguise/hidden unemployment (4x1=4mks)

 4

25. Mille Traders

Balance sheet

As at 31st Dec 2001

Fixed assets sh sh Sh sh
Machne 600 000 Capital 800 000
Furniture 200 000 800 Add net profit 10 000 810 000
000 Current liabilities
Current assets Creditor 80 000
Stock 100 000 Over draft 70 000 15 000
Debtors 50 000 960 000
Cash 10 000 160 000
960 000
(4x1=4)
 5

BUSINESS STUDIES
565/2
FORM IV
2 ½ HOURS

END OF TERM 2 EVALUATION TEST 2018

FORM 4
BUSINESS STUDIES PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
1a)

Date Details DR CR
4/3/2014 Furnitures a/c 50 000
Starehe Furnitures 50 000
(Being a record of purchase fixed asset on credit)
15/3/14 Huruma Traders 13 000
Type writer a/c 12 000
Less on disposal a/c 1000
Being a record of sale of a fixed asset on credit at a loss
20/3/14 Cash a/c 8 000
Rent received a/c 8000
(being record of rectrification)
Of an error where rent received was debited and
Cash a/c) credited

b) ways in which warehousing facilitates trade

- Ensures steady flow of goods into the market

- Protect goods from loss through pilferage and theft
- Gives importer a chance to look for market
- Enables buyers to inspect goods before
- Helps in improving the quality of some goods
- Prepares goods for sale
- Encourages specialization.
2a) At the price p quantity q0 is demanded an increase in price to p1 reduces the quantity demand
from q2 to q1 causing backward movement from A to B along the demand curve.

A decrease in price to P2 increases the quantity demanded to 12 increases the quantity demanded to
q2 causing a forward movement from A to C along a demand curve (10x1=10 mks)

NB: Arrows must be used to show the direction of the movement, otherwise no tick.

1. a) i) Indemnity

This is a principle where insured is restored to the original fianancial position he was before the loss
occurred.

ii) Subrogation

This is a principle that state that once an insured is fully compensated for loss suffered, the insured is
not supposed to gain out of the loss i.e. the insurer acquires all the rights the insured had in the
destroyed property.

iii) Utmost good faith

It states that all parties involved in the insurance contract must disclose all the relevant facts about the
property or life being insured.

Iv) Proximate cause

The principle states that there must be a very close relationship between the risk insured and actual
cause of the loss in order for the insurance company to indemnity

v) Insurable interest

according to this principle one should only insure property that he/she stand to suffer a direct financial
los incase the risk insured against occurs.

3a) Factors to consider when deciding on what goods and services to produce

i) Profitability : Any business would tend to provide goods and services that yield maximum
profits.
ii) Level of competition : Any firm should produce goods that meet least competition either
the ones are not currently available in market or are an improvement on the existing ones.
iii) Availability of resources / factors of production
A firm should produce commodities for which the necessary resources are available e.g raw
materials , skilled labours
iv) Government policy: a firm should produce goods that are permitted by the government
v) Demand / market: A firm should produce commodities that have high demand leading high
sales volume.
vi) Cost of production : A firm should produce commodities for which production costs are
affordable to the firm (5x2=10mks)
 2

3b) Kiganjo traders

Profitand loss A/c

For the year ended 31st dec 2011

Expenses Revenues

Carriage on sale 18 000 Gross profit 80000

Insurance 2800 Rent income 35 800

Commission allowed 5500

Bad debts 40000

Net profit c/d 47500

115800 115 800

Net Profit b/d 47 500

Kiganjo traders

Balance sheet

As at 31st Dec 2011

Fixed Assets capital 390 000

Premises 248 000 +Net profit 47 500

Motor vehicles 180 000 437 500

Furniture 19 000 447000 current liabilities

Current Assets creditors 60 000

Stock 25 000 bank overdraft 40 000

Debtors 65 500 90 500

537500 537 500

 (20 x ½ = 10 mks)

4a) Outline five benefits that may occur to a community that is involved in trading activities.

- There will be an apportunity to utilize the available resources that would have otherwise have
stayed idle.

- Creation of employment for those engaged in trading activities.

- Trade will also lead to wide market for goods and services
- Variety of goods and services will be available giving people choice to satisfy different
consumer needs
- Increased income to purchase more goods and services.
- Enhances specialization / division of labour hence improved quality products.

4 b) Explain five negative implication of a population growth

- Increase in dependency ratio

- Reduction in saving and investment
- Unemployment
- Uneven distribution of income
- Environmental degradation
- Strain on social amenities
- Decrease in per capital income

5a) Five ways in which a business may be negatively influenced by external environment.

i) Unfavourable government policy such as changes in legislation or total loans which can
lead to clash of business.
ii) How population that may reduce the demand for a business product
iii) High competition that may reduce the size of the market
iv) Tough economic situations/conditions that may reduce sales such as low individual
incomes/recession.
v) Low/poor technology applied by a firm leading to low quality goods thus affecting sales.
vi) Negative cultural beliefs that may lower demand for the products

5b) Problems encountered in measuring the national income of a country

Inadequate qualified personnel to carry out data collection and processing

Double counting may occur when using income and output approaches.

Existence of non-marketed output

Difficulties in obtaining net product income from abroad.

Problem of estimating data for depreciation since this data is not reliable
Inadequate information on small business and self employed people

Dr creditors a/c Cr

2008 sh 2008
Jan 2 Bank 228 000 Jan 1 Bal b/d 450 400
2 Dis received 12 000
9 Bal c/d 210 400
450 400

Dr Debtors a/c Cr

2008 sh 2008 sh
Jan 1 bal b/d 350 000 Jan 7 Cash 160 000
Jan 7 dis allow 40 000
Jan 7 Bal c/d 150 000
350 000 350 000

Dr bank a/c Cr

2008 2008 sh.

Jan 1 Bal b/d 260 000 Jan 2 creditors 228 000
Jan 7 Bal c/d 68 000 Jan 3 Cash 100 000
328 000 328 000
Dr cash a/c Cr

2008 2008 sh.

Jun 1 Bal b/d 120 500 Jan 7 bal c/d 380 500
Jun 3 bank 100 000
June 7 Debtors 16 000
380 500 380 500
Dr Debtors a/c Cr

2008 2008 sh.

Jun 7 debtors 40 000 Jan 7 bal c/d 40 000
40 000 40 000
40 000
Dr Discount received a/c Cr

2008 2008 sh.

Jan 7 Bal c/d 12 000 Jan 7 12 000
12 000 12 000
(20 x ½ = 10 mks)

6b) private ltd co public corporation

i) Formed under company act i) Formed under an act of

ii) Owned by shareholder parliament
iii) Management is appointed by ii) Owned by the government pintly
shareholders with private investors
 iv) It is profit motivated iii) Management is appointed by the
v) Profits are shared by the government
shareholders as dividend. iv) Main motive is to offer essential
vi) Initial capital is provided by the services ot the public
shareholders v) Profits go to the government
vii) Auditing is done by private autitors vi) Initial capital is provided by the
government
vii) Auditing is done by government
auditor

AGRICULTURE
443/1
FORM IV
2 ½ HOURS

END OF TERM 2 EVALUATION TEST 2018

FORM 4
AGRICULTURE PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME
1. Availability of land
Availability of labour
Customes of beliefs of the farmers
Methods of land ownership
2. Soil texture is the relative proportion and distribution of various sizes of the soil particles in the
soil
Soil texture is the arrangement of soil particles.
3. i). Striga/witch weed
ii). Wild oats, oxalis
iii). Water hyacinlt (Eichbornia crassipes)
Salvinia (Salvinia Guriculate)
iv). Sochom apple, double thorn
4. By the soil analysis to determine the nutrient content
By dosewing the nutrient deficiency symptoms
By ash analysis
5. Remove excess salt substances that accumulates to levels that interfere with plant growth.
To raise soil PH
To increase soil volume for proper root anchorage of plant and nutrient supply.
To put to swampy and marshy land into crop production
To improve ceration / air circulate in the soil to facilitate respiration of plants roots and micro-
organisms.
6. It replenishes soil nutrients
It increases herbage yield
It improves the nutritive value of the crops
It helps to amend soil physical and chemical properties such as structure and PH.
It increases microbial breakdown of organic matters.
7. Gender parity
Literacy levels
Level of technology
National income
1
8. To allow easy management practices such as weeding and pruning
Enable crop to escape attack by certain soil borne pets and diseases
Allow penetration of light
To facilitate harvesting of clean fruits e.g in tomatoes
9. Through hand digging /Human power
Through Ox-ploughing /Animal power
Through tractor ploughing /Mechanical power
10. Economic use of time
Saves transport cost
Proper supervision of land
Sound farm planning and adoption of crop rotation programmes
Marveled delivery of agricultural advice by extension officers easy
Easy conduct permanent structures like fencing and building
Easy to control pets, weeds and diseases.
Easy to conserve soil and water.
11. Fast growth
Deep rooted
Nitrogen fixing
Good in by product of production
12. Reasons for pruning
- To allow adquet light penetration
- To facilitate easy harvesting
- To facilitate efficient use of chemical sprays
- To reduce incidences of pest and disease attack
- To improve quality of crops
- To prevent bionmed bearing/cropping
13. Spread of diseases, pests and weeds
Bulky to transport and apply
Labourious in transportation
Loses nutrient if poorly stored
Do not benefit crops if used when not fully decomposed.
14. Leaf vegetables
Kales, cabbages
Stem vegetables
Leeks
 Root vegetables
Carrots, beat roots
Fruit vegetables
Tomatoes
15. i). Destroy crop roots thus interfering with absorption of water and nutrients
Pulls plant underground causing their death
Spoil pastures by covering them with soil from burrowed tunnels
ii). Squirrels
Rats
Mice
2
Porcupine
Hedgehogs
16. Poor timing of farming activities
Poor methods of farming
Failure to adopt new technologies
Poor decision making
17. Owner can lease land to earn income
Landless people can rent land for agricultural production
Land that would otherwise be idle is put into agricultural use by tenants increasing production
It ensures eqitable distribution of land as a natural resource
It reduces land disputes since the land lord controls the allocation

SECTION B 20 MARKS

18. a). Maize 4000 x 40 = 160,000

Cabbages 2,800 x 60 = 16,000
Beans 3,000 x 80 = 240,000
The farmer should grow beans
b). value of cabbages 16,000/=
ii). Is the best alternative forgone
c). Resources are limited while possible enterprises are unlimited
19. Wash the seeds to remove dirt and dressed chemical
Put seeds in a suitable shallow container
Prepare the sticker materials
Mix thoroughly with seeds
Sprinkle and mix the inoculants
20. i). Mite
ii). It is too small in size (microscopic) to be noticed easily/early.
It breeds fast leading to higher PH population within a short period of time
iii). The pesticides kills it’s natural enemies which help in Biological control of pests e.g
termites
21. coffee berry disease
Damping off
 a). Cut – off - drain
b). L – Embarkment/Ridge – To hold back excess water which may overflow over the channel.
M – Channel/Trench – To hold excess water and divert it outside the farm to grounds where
erosion is least likely to occur.
c). By planting grass on it
d). i). The expected volume of run-off
ii). The bedrock/oil type

SECTION C (40 MARKS)

22. a). Challenges facing vegetable farmers

- High cost of farm inputs
- Lack of storage facilities leading to spoilage of produce
- Poor transport network leading to deterioration of produce before reaching market
- Lack of technical knowhow on the best farming practices to adopt when growing the
crops
- Inadequate market for their products
- Unfavourable environmental factors e.g poor rainfall patterns: poor soils
- Pest and diseases
- Inadequate extension

b). Safety precautions observed when using herbicides

- Read and follow manufacturers instructions

- Wear protective clothing
- Avoid inhaling the herbicides by not spraying against wind, not smoking and wearing a
breathing mask
- Don’t blow or stuck blocked nozzles with the mouth
- Bath thoroughly after handling the chemicals
- Keep chemicals out of reach of children (safe storage)
- Proper proposal of empty containers
- Don’t wash spraying equipment in water sources

c). Benefits of minimum tillage

- Reduces cost of cultivation

- Control of soil erosion
- Maintain soil structures
- Conserve soil moisture
- Prevent disturbance of crop roots
- Prevent exposure of humus to sun’s heat
23. a). i).- Prepare seedbed early and eradicate all weeds
- Dig deep to remove all perennial weeds
 - Harrow the soil to medium tilth

ii).- Plant on the onset of rains

- Shallow furrows at depth of 5-10 cm are mabe

- Inoculated certified seeds are selected
- Spacing 45 – 60 cm X 10 – 15 cm
- Phosphate fertilizers – 100 – 200 kg/ha during planting
- Plant 2 – 4 seeds per hole (50 – 60 kg/ha)

iii).- Gapping and thinning

- Staking for climbing varieties

4
- Pest and disease control

iv). –Done by uprooting dry whole plants

- Done during cool weather

- Threshed by beating with sticks
- Winnowed to remove haulms and husks

b). - More palatable

- Security against total loss

- Higher yields per unit area
- More nutritious
- Maximum soil nutrient utilization
- Better weed control effect
- Reduces soil erosion
- Increased soil fertility due to nitrogen fixation if leguminous crops are included.
24. Describe how chemical water treatment is carried out
 Filtration

Water is filtered using series of different sized screens

 Softening

Water is softened by use of soda ash and alum which is added at equal proportion in the
softening chamber. Alum coagulate solid particle soda ash softens water.

 Sedimentation and coagulation

Water is allowed to remain in the tank so that the solid particles can settle at the bottom
where aluminum combines tiny solid particles. Water stay in the tank for at least 36 hrs to
kill bilharzias worms.

 Filtration
 Water is pumped to filtration tank filled with fine sand at the top, sand filters removes any
physical, solid particles leaving water very clear

 Chlorination

Filtered water enter the chlorination tank. The chlorine is used to kill micro-organism in
water.

 Water is stored in a large tank before distribution. Water is distributed to consumers

either by pumping or by graving through pipes

b). Explain factors that determine the spacing of crops in the farm

- Soil fertility – fertile soil will support closely spaced crop since it has adequate nutrients
- Moisture – high soil moisture will encourage a close spacing as crops will not compete
5
for water
- Mechanization – it operation are mechanized a wider spacing is required for
manipulation of the machines
- Growth habit of the crop – training crops require a wide spacing
- Purpose of the crop – forage crops are closely spaced than food crops
- Size of the plant – plant with large canopy require a wider spacing.
 6

AGRICULTURE
443/2
FORM IV
2 ½ HOURS

END OF TERM 2 EVALUATION TEST 2018

FORM 4
AGRICULTURE PAPER 2
MARKING SCHEME
SECTION A 30 MARKS

1. – Sufficient air circulation

- Regulate humidty inside the houses
- Regulate temperature in houses (1 mk)
2. - Helps in growth
- Development of foetus
- Fattening
- Production of products like milk, eggs, wool and meat etc (1 ½ mk)
3. a). Dropper
Blackhead Persian
Red maasai sheep (1 ½ mk)
b). Merino 1 ½ mk)

4. It does not eradicate other stages of the parasite lifecycle

Does not destroy intermediate host
Does not destroy intermediate host (1 ½ mk)
5. Opening their beaks
Lying down
 Opening /spreading their wings
Moving away from the heat source
Chicks drinking excess water (2 mk)
6. Mortise gauge is used to mark one parallel line while the marking gauge is used for marking
two parallel lives (1 mk)
b). Bolus gun is used to administer solid medicines in livestock while drenching gun is used to
administer liquid medicines to animals (1 mk)
7. Hand dressing using pygrose
spraying
8. To identify ewes that have been served
To identify the ram which has served
To show the animal that is fertile (1 mk)
1
9. Progesterone
Oestrogen
Leuterizing hormone (2 mks)
10. To keep the calves warm
Stimulate blood flow
To remove mucous membrane
To create motherly instinct
11. Dromedary has one hump while Bacterian has two humps.
Dromedary has low amount of fur while Bactrian has a lot (2 mks)
12. Notifiable diseases – these are diseases whose outbreak must be reported to the relevant
authority while the zootic deseases are the ones which can be transmitted from animals to
humans and vice versa.
13. They are expensive to buy and maintain
Economical in fuel consumption
They can be used in a wider range of farm land including hilly areas
They can do small tasks within the farm which would be uneconomical to do using four stroke
engine. (2 mks)
14. a). Seemless buckets prevents accumulation of dirt in the joints. (1 mk)
b). Prevent oxidation of milk fats (1 mk)
15. Spillway – to drain excess water back to the source
Inlet- allow entry of fresh water
Outlet – to drain the pond during various management practices i.e cleaning, dislting,
harvesting, liming
16. The top bar hive can be moved for inspection of combs and replaced
Honey comb can be moved without damaging the brood
Honey is of high quality it’s harvested without the brood
More wax is harvested as honey combs are not returned to the hive
The hive is easy to construct and repair
Hive is cheap to build and no expensive equipment is required to extract honey.
A queen excluder is used in the centre of the hive to separate honey from the brood so as to
further increase the honey quality (2 mks)
17. Trailer
Harrows (1 mk)
 18. High operational cost
Requires highly skilled labour
Only economical with a large herd
Nozzles tend to clog with dirt in wash (1 ½ mk)
19. This is the actual percentage of protein, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed (1 mk)
SECTION B 20 MARKS
20. a). Egg cemdling
b). Blood spots on yolk
start cracks on shell
breakage of egg shell
very porous shell (3 mk)
c). contains food reserves for the developing chick (1 mk)
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21.

Oats kl Dcp 30 part of oats

Simsim seed cake 50% 8/38 parts of simsim seed cake

30/38 x 100 kg = 78.9 kg of oats

8/38 x 100kg = 21.1 kg of sim sim seed cake

b). Ratio is daily amount of food given to an animal to cater for both maintenance and

production requirements

22. a). Crush

b). Control of external parasites – spraying/dusting/Hand dressing
Deworming
Method of identification – Ear tagging/notching/ Branding
Dehorning
Hoof trimming
Vaccination
(and any other relevant practice) (any 4 x ½ = 2 mks)

c). Repair any broken timber/metal rails

Repair damaged posts

Paint the posts with insecticides to prevent termite damage (2 mks)

23. A – Dehorning wire

B – sachi dunp
b). A – Used in dehorning farm animals
B – Holding timber firmly together during fixing.
c). Grease/oil to prevent friction and for efficiency of the equipments
24. a). Four reasons for dehorning in livestock production
 - Prevent livestock from inflicting injuries on each other
- To make the animal docile and easy to handle
- For easy transportation and feeding
- Prevents destruction of farm structures (4 mks)

b). Eight factors considered when selecting a breeding stock.

- Age – young animals , those that have parturated for not more than three times should be
selected.

- Level of performance – Only those animal with the highest production level should be
selected

- Physical fitness – animal selected should be free from physical defects (e.gmono eyed,
limping)

- body conformation – animal are selected based on their proper body conformation for the
desired type/breed.

- Temperature/behavior – Animals selected should not have undesirable behaviours such as

aggressiveness, cannibalism, egg eating

- Quality of production – selected animals that give high quality products e.g wool with pure
white colour

- Mothering ability – selected animal with good natural instinct towards young ones

- Adaptability – selected animals should be well adapted to the prevailing climate conditions in
the area

Prolificacy – animals selected should have ability to give birth to many off offspring at a time/
have a regular breeding.

25. a).

PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE

Use petrol as fuel Use diesel as fuel
Have a carburetor for mixing petrol and air Doesn’t have carburetor, has a injector pump
Air and petrol first meet in the carburetor Air and diesel first meet in the cylinder
Has a spark plug Does not have a spark plug
Has a low compression ratio 8:1 Has a high compression ratio 16;1
Produces less noise Produce a lot of noise
Produces little smoke Produce a lot of smoke
Produces less power Produces more power
(8 mks)
b). - Size of the land
- cost of the tractor
- availability of service facilitates e.g mechanics
- topography of the soil
 - availability of capital
- Number of enterprises on the farm
- Availability of tractor hire-service/ other sources of power. (6 mks)

c). - Debeaking

- Keep the poultry busy

- Pest control
- Frequent egg collection
- Making laying nets dark
- Balanced diet
- Removing any broken eggs (6 mks)

26. - Regular drencing, deworming or dosing

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- Proper sanitation in livestock houses
- Roatational grazing
- Ploughing pasture field
- Clean feeder/waterers
- Regular spraying/dipping
- Hand picking
- Eradicating the alternative hosts
- Use predator birds
- Hand – dressing using py-grease (10 mks)

b). - Fast growth and reach maturity early

- High quality products

- Low cost of production
- Control pest and disease spread
- Animal have a long production life
- High yields (5 marks)

c).

Ruminants Non – ruminants

Four stomach chambers One stomach chamber
Chew and regulate take food Doesn’t not chew cud
Digest cellulose in the rumen by use of Cellulose digested in the caecum
micro-organism
Have no ptyalin in the saliva Have ptyalin in the saliva
Have alkaline saliva Have neutral saliva
Digestion and absorption takes place in Most digestion and absorption takes place
rumen in small intestines.
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