School of Business Department of Economics

BSTA205
Answer Key of Work Sheet 2

1. Describing Qualitative Data:

- Frequency table: A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing
the number of observations in each class.
- Class frequency: The number of observations in each class.
- Relative frequencies: show the fraction of the total number of observations in each class.
Frequency
RF=
Total
- Bar chart: A graph in which the classes are reported on the horizontal axis and the class
frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are proportional to the heights of
the bars.
- Pie chart: A chart that shows the proportion or percent that each class represents of the
total number of frequencies.
- Pie Angles=RF∗360 °

2. Describing Quantitative Data:

- Frequency distribution: A grouping of quantitative data into mutually exclusive classes

showing the number of observations in each class.

- Constructing a frequency distribution:

Step 1: Decide on the number of classes (K):
2k >n (n: total number of observations)
ln n
Or k =
ln 2

Step 2: Determine the class interval or width (i):

Highest value −lowest value
i≥
K
Step 3: Set the individual class limits.
Step 4: Tally the observations into the classes.
Step 5: Count the observations in each class.

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- Class midpoint: A point that divides a class into two equal parts. This is the average of
the upper and lower class limits.
- Histogram: A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the class
frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are represented by the heights of
the bars and the bars are drawn adjacent to each other.
- Frequency polygon: A graph that consists of line segments connecting the points formed
by the intersections of the class midpoints and the class frequencies.
- Cumulative frequency and cumulative polygon: is used to determine the number of
observations that lie above (or below) a particular value.

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Problems

Problem 1
The following data show the responses to the question “What is your primary source for
news?” from a sample of 25 college students.
Internet Newspaper Internet TV Internet
Newspaper TV Internet Internet TV
Newspaper TV TV Newspaper TV
Internet Internet Internet Internet Internet
TV Internet Internet TV TV

a- Summarize the students responses with a frequency table.

Source of news Frequency Relative Frequency Percentage Relative Frequency
Internet 12 0.48= 12/ 25 48% = 0.48 . 100
Newspaper 4 0.16=4/25 16%= 0.16 .100
TV 9 0.36= 9/25 36%= 0.36 .100
Total 25 1 100%

b- Calculate the relative and percentage frequencies.

c- Draw the corresponding Bar graph.

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12
12

10
9

6
4
4

0
Internet Newspaper TV

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Problem 2
20 19
18
Number of soft drinks selected

16
14 13
12
10
8
8
6 5 5
4
2
0
Coke classic Diet coke 7up Pepsi cola Sprite
Soft drink

The bar graph shows soft drinks selected in a sample of 50 soft drink purchases.

a- Use data provided in bar graph to construct a frequency table showing categories and
corresponding frequencies.
%
Relative Relative
Soft Freque frequen frequenc Angle=360
drink ncy cy y *RF
38%=
Coke 0.38= 0.38 . 360*0.38=
classic 19 19/50 100 136.8
16%=
Diet 0.16=8/ 0.16 . 360*0.16=
coke 8 50 100 57.6
0.1=5/5 10%=0.1. 360*0.1=3
7up 5 0 100 6
Pepsi 0.26=13 360*0.26=
cola 13 /50 26% 93.6
0.1=5/5 360*0.1=3
Sprite 5 0 10% 6
Total 50 1 100% 360

Calculating the angles is simply by multiplying each relative frequency or each

percentage by 360 degrees

b- Calculate relative frequencies, percentage and the angles.

c- Construct a pie chart.

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 School of Business Department of Economics

Sprite; 36; 10%

Coke classic; 136.8;

38%
Pepsi cola; 93.6;
26%

7up; 36; 10%

Diet coke; 57.6; 16%

Problem 3
At a sports club, a sample of 30 clients were selected and recorded their corresponding weights
in Kg:
49, 40, 102, 110, 58, 78, 85, 82, 90, 92, 90, 65, 85, 103, 110, 67, 66, 58, 87, 80, 49, 55, 63, 89,
74, 52, 139, 135, 99, 69
(You are requested to write the formulas, if any)
a- How many classes would you recommend for the data given above? K=3 8, k=4 16,
k=5 32 number of classes = 5 classes
log n
K is the number of classes and K >  K > 4.9  K = 5
log 2
b- What class width (interval) would you recommend? I= 139-40/ 5= 19.8 = 20
Highest observation−lowest observation 139−40
i≥ i≥  i ≥ 19.8  W = 20
K 5
c- Construct a frequency distribution table showing the classes, their frequency, their
midpoints, and their cumulative frequency.

Classes Frequency Midpoint Cumulative frequency

(40,60( 7 50 7
(60 , 80( 7 70 14
(80, 100( 10 90 24
(100 . 120( 4 110 28
(120, 140) 2 130 30

d- Present the data graphically using a frequency histogram, a frequency polygon and a
cumulative frequency polygon.

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School of Business Department of Economics

Histogram
12
10
10

8 7 7
6
4 Frequency
4
2
2

0
60

0
80

0
10

12

14
to

to

to

to
to
up

up

up

up

up
40

60

0
80

10

12

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e- 50% of the weights are below what value? 75% of the weights are below what value?
50 % of the values are below 80.
75% of the values are below 100.

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 School of Business Department of Economics

Problem 4
The below histogram reports the monthly salary (in dollars) for a number of LIU graduates

40 38
35 32
Frequency of LIU graduates

30
25
21
20 18
15
11
10
5
0
[400-700[ [700-1000[ [1000-1300[ [1300-1600[ [1600-1900[
Monthly salary in $

From the above histogram:

a- Determine the number of classes (No calculation needed). K= 5 classes
b- Determine the class interval or width (No calculation needed). i= 300
c- Determine the total number of observations. Frequency =? Total = 21+32+38+18+11=
120 observations
d- Determine class with lowest frequency. (100-1900( frequency = 11
e- Determine the midpoint for class [1300-1600[. Midpoint = 1300+1600/2=
1450

Answers
a- 5 classes
b- 300$
c- 120
d- [1600-1900[
e- 1450$

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 School of Business Department of Economics

Problem 5
Given the following frequency distribution for the weight of the junior basketball players:
Weight range (in kgs) Number of players
(50 up to 60( 13
(60 up to 70( 27
(70 up to 80( 40
(80 up to 90( 31
(90 up to 100( 9

a- What is the class interval suggested? Interval = 10

i = l2 – l1 = 60 – 50 = 10
b- Construct a frequency distribution containing:
 Class midpoints

 Relative frequency
 Cumulative frequency

Weight range (in Class Midpoint Number of Relative Cumulative

kgs) players=fequency Frequency= Frequency
frequency /total
50 up to 60 50+60/2=55 13 13/120= 0.108 13
60 up to 70 65= 60+70/2 27 27/120= 0.225 13+27=40
70 up to 80 75 40 40/120= 0.333 40+40=80
80 up to 90 85 31 31/120=0.258 80+31=111
90 up to 100 95 9 9/120 = 0.075 111+9= 120
Total 120 1

c- Develop a frequency polygon.

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
45 55 65 75 5 95 105

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 School of Business Department of Economics

d- Develop a cumulative frequency polygon.

140

120
Cumulative frequency

100

80

60

40

20

0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Weight (in kg)

e- Based on the cumulative frequency polygon, what percentage of players weigh below 75
kgs?
50%

Problem 6

A sample of 18 exam scores in a math class is given below:

58 72 62 74 53 99
66 75 70 61 55 98
69 69 81 61 85 63

a- How many classes would you recommend? K =? K=1 , 2

K=2 4 , k=3 , 8 , k=4 16 , k=5 32>18
24 =16<18
25 =32>18
So the number of classes is K=5 classes

b- What class interval would you suggest (using the formula)? I= 99 - 53 / 5 = 9.2 =10

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 School of Business Department of Economics

max−min 99−53
i≥ = =9 .2
k 5
Take i= 10

c- Construct a frequency distribution for these data using the below table.

Classes Frequency Cumulative frequency

(50 up to 60( 3 3
(60 up to 70( 7 10
(70 up to 80( 4 14
(80 up to 90( 2 16
(90 up to 100) 2 18
Total 18

d- Calculate the cumulative frequency using the above table.

Problem 7
Kristine opened a shop in down town Beirut selling dresses. Last week she received a shipment
from France containing 95 dresses. 20 dresses were black, 25 were red, 15 were white, 20 were
pink and 15 were blue.
a- Transform the above given into a frequency table indicating the colours and the number
of dresses Kristine received in the shipment.
Dresses by Color Frequency
Black 20
red 25
White 15
Pink 20
Blue 15
Total 95

b- Transform the frequency table into a Bar Chart.

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 School of Business Department of Economics

30

25

20

15

10

0
Black Red White Pink Blue

Problem 8
The soft drink market is an extremely large and growing market in Lebanon. In a recent year, 9
million cans were sold in Lebanon alone.
The following pie chart indicates what percentage of soft drinks is sold in each of the following
places: supermarkets, convenience stations, vending machines, university cafeterias, and
drugstores.

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 School of Business Department of Economics

Sales
Drugstores; 5%

University cafeterias; 15%

Supermarkets
Convenience stations
Supermarkets; 40% Vending machines
Vending machines; University cafeterias
15% Drugstores

Convenience stations;
25%

a- Construct a frequency table showing the relative frequencies of soft drinks sold.
b- Conduct the frequencies of soft drinks sold in each selling place and include them in the
frequency table.
c- Conduct the angle that each portion covers.
Selling Place Rel. Frequency Frequency Angle= R.F . 360
Supermarkets 0.40 0.4 x 9 = 3.6 M 0.40 x 360 = 144
Convenience Stations 0.25 2.25 M= 0.25.9 90= 0.25 .360
Vending Machines 0.15 1.35 M= 0.15.9 54= 0.15.360
University Cafeterias 0.15 1.35 M=0.15.9 54= 0.15.360
Drugstores 0.05 0.45 M=0.05.9 18= 0.05.360
Total 1 9M 360

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 School of Business Department of Economics

Problem 9

The following data represents the grades of a sample of 20 students on an exam, in an increasing
order.

74, 75, 79, 79, 80, 80, 81, 84, 85, 85, 85, 87, 87, 89, 89, 89, 90, 90, 90, 93

In order to organize a frequency distribution:

a) Determine the appropriate number of classes (k) for this data set. k=5 classes 32> 20
n=20
2^k > 20 è 2^5 = 32> 20 è k=5

b) Determine the class width or interval (i). I > 93 - 74 / 5= 3.8 rounding 4

Max = 93
Min= 74
i≥ ( max-min)/k= (93-74)/5 ≥ 3.8 we can use an interval of 4

c) Construct a frequency distribution showing the frequencies of the grades obtained.

Grades Frequency Class midpoint Cumulative

frequency
(74 up to 78( 2 76=74+78/2 2

(78 up to 82( 5 80= 78+82/2 7

(82 up to 86( 4 84 11

(86 up to 90( 5 88 16

(90 up to 94) 4 92 20

Total 20

d) On the same table, calculate the classes’ midpoints and the cumulative frequencies.

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 School of Business Department of Economics

Problem 10

The weight of boxes ( in Kg) is given by the following chart. The x-axis represents the weight and the

y-axis represents the number of boxes.

a) What is the chart called?

Histogram

b) How many boxes are under study? Total Frequency =? 10+18+14+24+12+7 = 85

c) Find the number of boxes weighting more than 30 kg.

19 = 12+7 boxes

d) What is the class interval (or width)? (without calculation)

Class interval = 5

e) Find the number of classes. (without calculation)

6 classes

f) Draw a polygon on the above graph.

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 School of Business Department of Economics

Problem 11

The number of airplanes landing at Beirut International Airport during the first 17 days of the
month of February 2014 is as follows:

9; 10; 11; 12; 13; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 19; 20; 20; 20; 20; 21; 23

1. Determine the number of classes. K = 5

2k>n  2k > 17  25 = 32 > 17  k = 5 classes

2. Determine the class interval .(i=??)

i > (H – L) / k  i > (23 – 9) / 5  i > 2.8 i = 3

3. Organize the data into a frequency distribution.

Classes Frequency
C.F
(nb of airplanes) (nb of days)
[9 – 12[ 3 3
[12 – 15[ 4 7
[15 – 18[ 3 10
[18 – 21[ 5 15
[21 – 24[ 2 17
Total 17

4. On the same table, calculate the cumulative frequency.

Problem 12
A survey asked 15 clients about the most favorable chocolate. The results are in the below table
where T stands for Twix, M stands for Mars, C stands for Cadbury, and G stands for Galaxy.

M M C T M C T T T G G T C G
M

1. Construct a frequency table showing the categories and their frequencies.

Chocolate Frequency
Twix 5
Mars 4
Cadbury 3
Galaxy 3

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Total 15

2. Construct a bar chart showing the categories and their frequencies.

6

0
Twix Mars Cadbury Galaxy

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 School of Business Department of Economics

Problem 13
Given below the chart that represents the favorite type of movies for 20 students ( total):

1. What do we call this chart ?

Pie chart

2. Fill in the below frequency table showing type of movies, frequencies and relative
frequencies.

Type of movies Frequency Relative frequency

Sci-fi 4= 0.2. 20 0.2 or 20%
Drama 1 = 0.05. 20 0.05
Romance 6= 0.3 .20 0.3
Comedy 4= 0.2 .20 0.2
Action 5= 0.25.20 0.25 or 25%
Total 20 1

Problem 14
The histogram below shows the cost per meal at for a sample of Beirut restaurants.

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 School of Business Department of Economics

25

Based on the given histogram, without calculation:

a. How many restaurants are in the sample?
The sample size is: 4+8+10+12+6 = 40 restaurants.
b. What is the number of classes?
5
c. What is the class interval (width) ? I = 10
d. How many restaurants have a meal cost below $35?
22= 4+8+10

e. How many restaurants have a meal cost above $55?

Zero

Problem 15
The Histogram below shows the distribution of a sample of black cherry trees according to their
heights (in feet) in a Park.

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 School of Business Department of Economics

Based on the given histogram, without calculation:

a. How many trees are in the sample?
The sample size is: 3+3+8+10+5+2= 31Trees. Frequency
b. Find the class interval.
5
c. What is the number of classes?
6
d. How many trees have a Height below 75 feet?
14
e. How many trees have a Height below 90 feet?
31

Problem 16
The below chart shows the heights in cm.

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 School of Business Department of Economics

a- What is the chart called?

Histogram
b- Determine the number of classes (No calculation needed).
6 classes

c- Determine the class interval or width (No calculation needed).

149.5 – 139.5 = 10

d- Determine the total number of observations. Total frequency =?

30 people
e- Determine the number of people with height higher than 169.5cm.
8 people = 5+2+1

Problem 17
The below chart shows the heights in inches.

a- What is the chart called?

Histogram
b- Determine the number of classes (No calculation needed).
10 classes

c- Determine the class interval or width (No calculation needed).

60 – 58 = 2

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d- Determine the total number of observations.

25
e- Determine the number of people with height higher than 68 inches.
7 students= 4+2+1

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