INTRODUCTION TO

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ENGR. DAVES GURON
INTRODUCTION

• What is Structural Engineering?

- a specialty within the field of civil engineering — focuses
on the framework of structures, and on designing those
structures to withstand the stresses and pressures of their
environment and remain safe, stable and secure throughout
their use.
INTRODUCTION

• Roles of Structural Engineers

- Structural engineers are primarily concerned with designing
and constructing buildings and structures that are safe and
capable of withstanding the elements to which they will be
exposed, as well as improving the structural integrity of
existing buildings
INTRODUCTION

• What is Structural Analysis?

- The process of determining the response or behavior of a
structure under some specified loads or combinations of loads
- Structural analysis is thus a key part of structural engineering
because the results of the analysis are used to verify the structure’s
strength for its uses.
INTRODUCTION

• Structural Response
- It means to find out support reactions, bending moment,
rotation, stresses, strains, shear force, and deflection that, the
particular member would undergo due to the application of
different types of loads.
INTRODUCTION

• Important factors that is used in designing structure:

- Safety
- Aesthetics
- Serviceability
- Economy
- Environmental Constraints
INTRODUCTION

• Structural Analysis Process:

*Once a preliminary design of a structure is proposed, the
structure must then be analyzed to ensure that it has its required
stiffness and strength.
- Certain idealizations must be made as to how the members are
supported and connected together.
INTRODUCTION

- The loadings are determined from codes and local specifications,

- The forces in the members and their displacements are found using
the theory of structural analysis
- The results of this analysis then can be used to redesign the
structure, accounting for a more accurate determination of the
weight of the members and their size.
 STRUCTURES

• Structures
- refers to a system of
connected parts used to
support a load.
STRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
STRUCTURES
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

1. Tie Rods / Bracing Struts

- Structural members subjected to a tensile
force are often referred to as tie rods or
bracing struts. Due to the nature of this load,
these members are rather slender, and are
often chosen from rods, bars, angles.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

2. BEAMS
- are usually straight horizontal members used primarily to carry
vertical loads. Quite often they are classified according to the
way they are supported. In particular, when the cross section
varies the beam is referred to as tapered. Beam cross sections
may also be “built up” by adding plates to their top and bottom.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

3. COLUMNS
- Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive
loads are referred to as columns.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
TYPES OF STRUCTURES

1. TRUSS
- When the span of a structure is required to be large and its
depth is not an important criterion for design, a truss may be
selected. Trusses consist of slender elements, usually
arranged in triangular fashion.
TYPES OF TRUSSES

a. Planar trusses are composed of members that lie in the

same plane and are frequently used for bridge and roof
support
b. Space trusses have members extending in three
dimensions and are suitable for derricks and towers.
TYPES OF TRUSSES
TYPES OF STRUCTURES

2. CABLES AND ARCHES

- Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension. They
are commonly used to support bridges, and building roofs.
- Arch achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse
curvature to that of the cable. Arches are frequently used in
bridge structures, dome roofs, and for openings in masonry
walls.
 TYPES OF STRUCTURES

3. FRAMES
- Frames are often used in buildings and are composed of beams
and columns that are either pin or fixed connected. The loading on a
frame causes bending of its members, and if it has rigid joint
connections, this structure is generally “indeterminate” from a
standpoint of analysis. The strength of such a frame is derived from
the moment interactions between the beams and the columns at
the rigid joints.
TYPES OF STRUCTURES
TYPES OF STRUCTURES

4. SURFACE STRUCTURES
- A surface structure is made from a material having a very small
thickness compared to its other dimensions. Sometimes this
material is very flexible and can take the form of a tent or air-
inflated structure. In both cases the material acts as a membrane
that is subjected to pure tension.
TYPES OF STRUCTURES