Now test yourself answers
1 Engineering materials
1.1 Material properties
1 The ability of a material to withstand impact
without breaking. The opposite of brittleness.
2 Malleability.
3 A tough material may bend or be dented by
an impact, but will not break; whereas a brittle
material may fracture or shatter.
4 A bicycle tyre – e.g. ductility, hardness
The wing of an airliner – e.g. strength, malleability
A disposal cup from a drinks machine –
e.g. strength, malleability
1.2 Metals and alloys
1 A metal that does not contain iron
2 Steel contains both iron and carbon. As it is a
mixture of these two elements, it is an alloy.
3 Ferrous metals – e.g. cast iron, mild steel, stainless
steel
Pure non-ferrous metals – e.g. aluminium, copper,
lead, zinc
Non-ferrous metal alloys – e.g. brass, bronze
4 For example, aluminium or copper, as both are
good conductors of heat and have good corrosion
resistance.
1.3 Polymers
1 For example, ABS, acrylic, nylon, polycarbonate,
polystyrene
2 The shape of a thermoplastic can be changed by
heating it up until it softens, then cooling it in a
new shape. The shape of a thermosetting polymer
cannot be changed by heat once it has been
formed.
3 For example, melamine formaldehyde – this is
a thermoset, so it will not change shape when
heated. It is also stain-resistant, scratch-resistant
and odourless.
1.4 Composites, timber and
ceramics
1 A material made by combining two or more
different materials, which remain physically distinct
within its structure.
2 For example, fibreglass boat hulls, CRP bodies
in high-performance sports cars, CRP frames for
racing bikes, Kevlar body armour.
3 Very hard and difficult to machine, excellent
corrosion resistance and electrical resistance,
resistant to high temperatures, good compressive
strength but low tensile strength, brittle.
1.5 Material costs and supplies
1 It is more cost-effective, as the company does not
need to have the specialist machines or skilled
workers to produce materials in small quantities.
The companies that manufacture the standard
materials can benefit from economies of scale.
2 Using a standard size and shape may result in less
overall manufacturing costs, e.g. removing less
material.
3 Cost of materials and cost of manufacturing/
changing the shape of the materials into the form
required by the final product.
1.6 Energy production methods
1 The by-products of burning fossil fuels can
cause pollution, smog, acid rain and gases that
contribute to global warming.
2 The heat produced by the nuclear pile is used to
turn water into steam. This turns the generators
that convert the movement to electricity.
3 Advantages: it is sustainable and produces energy
at very low cost, once in place.
Disadvantages: electricity is only produced when
there is wind. This means that methods are
needed to store the energy collected, which adds
cost and reduces how efficient the approach is
at providing energy. Some people dislike wind
turbines, believing that they are ugly.
AQA GCSE (9–1) Engineering 1
 1.7 Factors influencing design
Now test yourself answers
solutions
1 Designing a product to last for a set period of time
2 Selection of materials so that they will wear out in
a certain time period, designing the product so
that it goes out of fashion or becomes out of date
because new and improved products become
available, the use of sealed parts in the product.
3 For example, repairing a broken machine;
lubrication; applying coatings to prevent corrosion;
replacing worn parts; replacing batteries.
Exam practice questions
1 A
2 B
3 B
4 Award a maximum of one mark for a correct
response.
Possible answers:
Painting
Polymer dip coating
Electroplating
Zinc galvanising
5 One mark for each correct response up to a
maximum of two marks.
Possible answers:
Polyester resin
Melamine resin
Polyurethane
Vulcanised rubber
6 One mark for identifying a suitable material and
two marks for explanation.
Possible response:
Copper can be used (1) as it is an excellent
conductor of electricity (1) and it is ductile (1).
7 One mark for each correct response:
Composites are materials made from two or
more different materials. Composites combine
the properties of the different materials from
which they are made. Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)
combines strands of glass fibres that are strong
but brittle with a thermosetting polymer. This
creates a composite that is tough and not brittle.
GRP is often used in boat hulls.
8 One mark for each point made (maximum
six marks). Possible responses:
2 www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes
Ceramics (e.g. tungsten carbide) are harder and
more resistant to wear than high-carbon steel
High-carbon steel is tougher; ceramics can be
brittle and may shatter
Ceramics are more expensive to machine into
shape; high-carbon steel is cheaper
Ceramics are better for high performance
cutting of hard materials
High-carbon steel may be better where
toughness is needed
9 a) One mark for each of the following:
– Calculate correct radius: 0.125m
– Substitute values into πr 2: π × 0.1252 = 0.049
– Correct answer: 4 × 0.049 = 0.20 m2
b) One mark for calculation: 2.45/5
One mark for correct response: 0.49 = 49p
10
Level Marks Description
3 5–6 Comprehensive understanding
of wind power, with relevant and
appropriately applied detail.
Strong, balanced evaluation of
advantages and disadvantages of
wind power.
2 3–4 Good knowledge of wind power,
which is described articulately.
Detail is largely correct and
usually applied appropriately.
Evaluation of wind power is
included but may be unbalanced.
1 1–2 Limited knowledge of wind power.
Understanding and evaluation is
limited.
0 Nothing of relevance or no
response.
Possible responses:
Wind power harnesses the power of the wind
to turn propeller blades on wind turbines,
which are attached to a gearbox that rotates
a generator.
Once wind turbines are in place electricity can
be produced at very low cost.
They are a renewable source of energy – wind
is a sustainable resource that can be used
again and again without running out.
Unlike fossil fuels, wind turbines do not
produce polluting by-products such as carbon
dioxide or sulphur dioxide, which means they
do not contribute to atmospheric pollution
and global warming.
 They only produce energy when there is wind
– storing the energy when there is no wind
can be expensive, and other sources of energy
may need to be used.
Large turbines are needed to produce larger
amounts of electricity, which can take up
space on land.
Wind turbines are expensive to build.
Some people think turbines and wind farms
are unattractive and noisy, although wind
turbines can be based off shore or out at sea.
2 Engineering
manufacturing
processes
2.1 Additive manufacturing
1 Building up a part by adding material where it is
required
2 Sintering pressure and temperature
3 A 3D CAD drawing is created – this is broken down
into a series of layers by software. A laser draws
the shape of the first polymer layer on the base,
which is positioned just under the surface in a tank
containing polymer resin. The base then lowers by
the thickness of one layer and the laser draws the
shape of the next layer of polymer, building on the
first layer. This process of depositing a layer and
lowering the base continues until the full thickness
of the product has been deposited. The part can
then be removed from the base and surplus resin
drained away
4 For example, ABS, PLA, polyamides and nylon
2.2 Material removal: cutting
and drilling
1 Hacksaw, junior hacksaw, mechanical hacksaw,
jigsaw
2 A CAD drawing is produced and the laser
vaporises the material along the cut line.
3 Portable/cordless, pillar drill
2.3 Material removal: turning,
milling and etching
1 The workpiece is held by the lathe and rotated at
high speed. The cutting tool is pressed into the
workpiece to remove the material.
2 In turning the work rotates, in milling the cutter
Now test yourself answers
rotates.
3 Milling, chemical etching
2.4 Shaping and forming
1 Accuracy of bending, consistency between parts,
speed of carrying out the operation
2 High-carbon steel – it is very hard, so it is resistant
to wear and can be used many times.
3 In punching, the material pushed out is scrap
whereas in stamping, the shape pushed out of the
sheet is the desired part.
2.5 Casting and moulding
1 It is normally much more cost-effective to make
a complicated 3D shape by casting rather than
machining due to the labour time required for
machining and the amount of waste produced by
removing material from a larger block.
2 The pattern is a reusable, typically wooden, version
of the product that is to be cast. It is normally split
into two parts, which are used separately to form
the top and bottom of the mould.
3 Polymer granules from a feed hopper feed
material into the barrel of the injection moulding
machine. A rotating screw thread pushes the
polymer along and it is melted by heaters. At the
end of the barrel the liquid polymer is compressed
and forced into the mould. The mould is cooled
and the component is ejected.
2.6 Joining and assembly
1 Screws, nuts and bolts, rivets
2 Screwdriver, spanner
3 A hole is drilled in through the (overlapping)
sheets of material. The rivet is inserted through the
and the ends are hammered over, so pressing the
two sheets together.
4 The legs of the electrical components are placed
through the holes in the PCB. A soldering iron then
heats the area where the component leg sticks out
from the copper track. Solder wire is pushed into
the joint, melts and flows into the space between
the metal parts.
5 Brazing is carried out at a much lower temperature
than welding. The metal parts being joined do
not melt and the joint is formed by a filler metal
which flows into the space between them. In
a welded joint, the edges of the parts being
joined are melted and form the joint. This may
AQA GCSE (9–1) Engineering 3
 include additional filler wire, but not necessarily,
Now test yourself answers
depending upon the welding process used.
2.7 Heat and chemical treatment
1 The steel is heated just above its upper critical
point, then allowed to cool naturally in air.
2 Steel, aluminium alloys, copper and brass
3 Cooling a metal rapidly by immersing it in oil or
brine
2.8 Surface finishing
1 Brush, spraying
2 The metal part is cleaned thoroughly then heated
in an oven. When hot enough, it is dipped in
a fluidised bed of polymer particles, until the
required thickness is achieved. The part is then
removed from the tank and reheated briefly into
ensure that all the attached polymer powder has
melted. It is then allowed to cool.
3 Nickel, zinc, copper and tin
4 For example, dustbins, buckets, car body panels
5 Increases the shine/visual appeal and smooths the
surface, reducing friction
Exam practice questions
1 C
2 D
3 A
4 One mark for each correct response:
Fused deposition modelling is a rapid prototyping
process. It is used to make products from
polymers. Fused deposition modelling is used in
3D printers. The polymer is melted, and a layer
is deposited by the printing head on a base; this
then cools and sets. The printing head then rises to
deposit the next layer and builds the product layer
by layer until the full thickness of the product is
achieved.
5 One mark for explanation with limited
understanding; second mark for explanation with
detailed understanding.
Possible answers:
Annealing is a heat treatment.
Heating allows the grains in the metal to
increase in size, which makes the metal softer
and easier to work.
It is used to make metals easier to bend into
complicated shapes.
4 www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes
6
Order Description
1 Polish the mould.
2 B
3 Brush on a gel-coat resin.
4 D
5 Soak in/brush on lay-up
resin.
6 C
7 Cure the part.
8 A
7 One mark for correct formula: force = pressure/area
One mark for substitution into formula: 24500/65
One mark for correct response: 376.92Nmm-2
8
Level Marks Description
3 5–6 Detailed explanation of all key
stages in the process.
2 3–4 Some stages described in basic
detail or most stages covered but
lacking in the detail that would be
needed to carry out the process
correctly.
1 1–2 One or more basic stages listed.
0 Nothing of relevance or no
response.
Using notes and/or sketches marks can be
awarded based on covering the key stages:
Polymer granules loaded into a feed hopper,
which feeds granules into a heating chamber
Rotating screw thread pushes polymer along
the chamber
Polymer is melted by the heaters
Liquid polymer is forced into the mould by a
ram
Mould is cooled with water to set the polymer
The component is removed from the mould
9 One mark for identifying an advantage/
disadvantage. Second mark for explanation with
limited understanding; third mark for explanation
with detailed understanding.
Possible answers:
Advantages
– Available in a wide range of materials (e.g.
steel, brass, thermoplastic)
 – Can join most materials, including joining two
3 Systems

Now test yourself answers

different materials within a single product (e.g.
joining metals to polymers)
– Can be attached by hand or using powered 3.1 Describing systems
tools depending on the quantities to be used;
using power tools can be faster and easier and 1 Input, process, output
reduces effort in assembly 2 Clear, based on agreed standards, reduce
– Can be removed at a later date (temporary) confusion
to allow a product to be taken apart for 3 Shows where a choice must be made or question
maintenance, repair or recycling. answered
Disadvantages
Can become loose when in service causing 3.2 Mechanical systems
equipment to malfunction or joins to come apart. 100
1 =2
10 50
Level Marks Description 150
2 = 3 : 1
3 5–6 Detailed explanation of all key 50
stages in the process. 3 Cam and follower/crank and slider
2 3–4 Some stages described in basic
detail or most stages covered but 3.3 Electrical systems
lacking in the detail that would be
needed to carry out the process 1 Direct current flows in one direction only, whereas
correctly. alternating current changes direction periodically.
1 1–2 One or more basic stages listed. 2 Buzzer, bell
0 Nothing of relevance or no 3 When current flows through it the filament heats
response. up, producing light.

Using notes and/or sketches marks can be

awarded based on covering the key stages:
A wooden pattern of the part to be cast is
made.
One half of a split pattern is placed on to the
moulding board and the drag is placed upside
down over the pattern.
The pattern is sprinkled with parting powder,
sand is added to the drag and rammed around
the pattern using a ramming dolly.
The top is levelled off and then turned over.
The cope (the top of the moulding box) is
placed on top of the drag and the top half of
the pattern is fitted to the bottom half, before
sprue pins are added.
Further parting powder is added, and sand is
rammed around the pattern.
The pins are removed, the top of the mould is
taken off and the patterns are removed.
Channels are cut.
The mould is reassembled.
Molten metal is poured into the mould through
a sprue and allowed to solidify.
3.4 Electronic systems 1:
systems and processes
1 Able to carry more information and maintain their
quality better
2 Light dependent resistor (LDR)
3 555 monostable
3.5 Electronic systems 2:
programmable devices and
drivers
1 A programmable device that can be used to
replace discrete components for functions such as
timing, counting and comparing signals.
2 When the voltage between the base and the
emitter is approximately 0.6 V, a small current
flowing into the base will cause a larger current to
flow from the collector to the emitter.
3 Pick-and-place machine

AQA GCSE (9–1) Engineering 5

 3.6 Electronic systems 3: output
Now test yourself answers
and passive components
1 Allows current to flow in one direction only
2 Fixed, variable
3 LED
3.7 Structural systems
1 Weight of a structure
2 Stress caused by pulling or stretching
3 Few potential weak points
3.8 Pneumatic systems
1 A pneumatic system uses a compressible gas to
function whereas a hydraulic system uses a liquid.
2 By using a unidirectional-flow control valve and a
reservoir connected in series
3 Force = Pressure × Area
4 It consists of two valves connected in parallel. The
cylinder operates if any of the two buttons on
each valve are pressed.
Exam practice questions
1 A current
2 D MA = Load / Effort
3 B Input
4 D Process
5 Up to 3 marks for explaining the difference. For
example:
Both are fluid power systems that transmit power
(1). Hydraulic systems use a liquid such as water (1)
whereas pneumatic systems use a compressible
gas such as air (1).
6 1 mark for function and 1 mark for example. For
example:
Allows current to flow in one direction only (1),
such as to protect a transistor from back emf (1).
7 1 mark for working and 1 mark for answer.
Gear ratio = 15 / 60 (1)
Gear ratio = 1:4 (1)
8 1 mark for suitable method and 1 mark for each
descriptive point up to maximum of 3 marks. For
example:
555 monostable (1). A switch starts the time delay
(1). The length of the time delay is controlled by
changing the resistor (1) and capacitor values (1).
6 www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes
9 1 mark for suitable advantage and 1 mark for
explanation. 1 mark for suitable disadvantage and
1 mark for explanation. For example:
Advantage – The external shell supports the load
(1), resulting in few potential weak points (1).
Disadvantage – Can buckle under compressive
stress (1) which limits how it can be used (1).
10 1 mark for each suitable example of each motion
type. For example
Linear motion – a train moving across a straight
track (1)
Rotary motion - a wheel turning (1)
Oscillating motion - a pendulum in a clock (1)
4 Testing and
investigations
4.1 Using calculations
1 Density = 1224/510 = 2.4 g cm-3
2 Area = 113 mm2
Stress = 450 × 103/113 = 3.98 kN mm-2
3 Young’s Modulus = 100 × 106/8 × 10-4
= 1.25 × 1011 Pa (= 125 GPa)
4 Factor of safety = 135/45 = 3
4.2 Modelling and calculating
load 400
1 Mechanical advantage = = = 1.6
effort 250
2 Gear ratio = 27 : 72 = 3 : 8
3 Total resistance = 330 + 470 + 240 = 1040 ohms
4.3 Testing
1 Ultimate tensile strength
2 Easy/quick to make changes to the design, can
see how the circuit design works without needing
physical components
3 Destructive testing results in damage to, or the
destruction of the object being tested, whereas
non-destructive testing does not.
4.4 Aerodynamics
1 An aerodynamic force that causes something to
move upwards
2 Forward motion of an object through the air
3 A jet/propeller engine on an aircraft
Exam practice questions 5.2 Impact of engineering

Now test yourself answers

1 D stress / strain industries
2 B mass / volume 1 Increased employment, growth in exported products
3 A ultimate tensile strength 2 Changes in how people communicate, increased
4 1 mark for correct working and 1 mark for correct job opportunities
answer and units.
Rtot = 2 KΩ + 1.5 KΩ (1) Exam practice questions
Rtot = 3.5 KΩ (1)
5 1 mark for correct working and 1 mark for correct 1 A Automated robot
answer and units. 2 1 mark for suitable example of a new or emerging
I = 9 / 3000 technology, up to 3 marks for explanation. For
example:
I = 0.003 A or 3 mA
Fuel cells (1) can be used to power vehicles and/or
6 1 mark for showing/explaining each relevant point.
buildings (1). Their only by-product is water (1) so
For example:
they help to reduce carbon emissions (1).
All three are aerodynamic forces (1). Lift is the force
3 Answer:
that causes an object to move upwards (1), thrust
is a force that causes something to move forwards Level Marks Description
through the air (1) and drag is the force that 3 7–9 Detailed and balanced discussion.
opposes thrust (1). Several relevant points given and
7 1 mark for each suitable response. For example: all fully explained.
Using breadboard/prototyping board (1) 2 4–6 Mainly balanced discussion.
Some relevant points made with
Using stripboard (1)
some supporting explanation.
8 1 mark for each valid reason and 1 mark for
1 1–3 Mainly descriptive response
explanation of each reason. For example:
that lacks balance. Little or
No physical components are required (1), which no supporting explanation or
reduces costs (1). discussion.
Errors in the design can be found early (1), which 0 Nothing of relevance or no response.
reduces the time needed for fault finding (1).
9 Minimum: 25.3 mm Indicative content:
Maximum: 25.7 mm Millions of people employed in engineering
companies – all paying tax etc. Engineering industries
10 Allows the product’s point of failure to be found (1).
contribute hundreds of billions to UK economy. One
Helps to find weaknesses that might not be of the largest contributing sectors. A growing sector
obvious during the product’s normal day to day that is vital to the future prosperity of the country.
use (1).
Infrastructure projects that improve connectivity,

5 The impact of modern

technologies
5.1 The use of new and emerging
technologies
1 ‘Green’ vehicle engines leading to reduced carbon
emissions, greater control over how energy is
used/saved in the home through use of internet
of things
2 Employment opportunities could be reduced,
due to the increased amount of automation in
production
increase employment etc and contribute to public
finances. Potential negative effects of these on
local communities and their economies, such as
destruction of existing businesses that need to be
moved/demolished.
6 Practical engineering
skills
6.1 Problem solving
1 To show the order of operations in a process and
any decisions that need to be made
2 Analyse how it works, suggest improvements to it

AQA GCSE (9–1) Engineering 7

 6.2 Engineering drawings and 2 The maximum pulling/stretching force a material
Now test yourself answers

can withstand before failure

schematics 3 The point at which the material stretches without
resistance
1 Hidden detail
4 For example, concrete, ceramics
2 Any three from: drawing title/name, drawing
number, name/signature of the person who drew 5 A testing machine forces a pointed indenter under
it, drawing date/issue number, scale, projection load into a material. The depth of the indentation
made is measured against a scale to identify how
3 Orthographic third angle projection
hard the material is.
4 Any three from: 3D representation of a product,
drawing is to scale/measurements are actual size,
all vertical lines on the object are vertical in the 6.5 Production plans
drawing, all horizontal lines are at 30°
1 A production plan is a detailed set of instructions
5 Cross hatching on how to produce a product.
2 Processes or tasks involved in producing the
6.3 CAD CAM and CNC product, the order/sequence of tasks, materials
needed, tools and/or equipment needed, staffing
1 Two axes: x and z requirements, timings and/or how long each
2 Numerical data (machine code) that controls a process or task will take to complete, quality-
machine in computer-aided manufacture control points health and safety points
3 A 3D printer uses additive manufacturing (fused
filament fabrication) to produce a 3D component. 6.6 Predict performance using
Plastic wire is fed through a heating element and
extrudes molten plastic, which is then deposited calculations and modelling
to form a layer of hardened plastic. As each layer is
completed, the bed of the machine moves down 1 A = πr 2 = π × 152 = 706.5
(z axis) so a heating element (which moves in the F 25000
σ= = = 35.39 Nmm-2
x–y plane) can pass over again and deposit more A 706.5
material until the component is produced. δl (4.5-4.25) 0.25
2 ε = = = = 0.06
4 CAD software can be used to generate a printed l 4.25 4.25
circuit board (PCB) layout. To manufacture the δl (405-400) 5
copper patterning it prints a protective layer over 3 ε = = = = 0.0125
l 400 400
a copper track, which is then etched to reveal the
σ 850
track design. CNC drilling is used to drill holes for E= = = 68 000 Nmm-2 = 68 kNmm-2
electronic components. ε 0.0125
Fb
5 Advantages: easier and quicker to create new 4 MA =
drawings because features can be copied, easier Fa
and quicker to make changes, reduces labour costs, Fb
drawings are accurate and high quality, CAD designs 650
Fa = = = 81.25 N
can be circulated easily using email, CAD can be MA 8
sent directly to CNC machines for use in CAM, 5 A = πr2 = π × 252 = 1963 mm2
designs can be modelled and tested to ensure they F 12600
work before manufacture (saving costs and time) Pressure = = = 6.42 Nmm-2
A 1963
Disadvantages: software can be expensive,
designers need specialist training to use it, 6.7 Select and use materials,
computer viruses or file problems are possible, parts, components, tools and
unemployment as fewer designers are needed
equipment
6.4 Testing materials 1 For example: working properties, availability,
cost, lifespan of the product, wear and corrosion
1 Any two from: visual testing, ultrasonic testing,
resistance, scale of production, suitability for
x-ray testing, electrical conductivity testing,
manufacturing processes used
thermal conductivity testing
2 Engineer’s rule, calliper/vernier calliper; feeler gauge

8 www.hoddereducation.co.uk/myrevisionnotes
3 Can be expensive to produce Exam practice questions

Now test yourself answers

4 Good resistance to corrosion, low density, good
conductor of heat, can be polished to give a 1 One mark for each correct response:
reflective finish Materials testing is used to check that a material
5 Rivet is suitable for use in a chosen component before
manufacture. Materials testing can be non-
6.8 Select and use appropriate destructive or destructive. Destructive testing
means the material or component cannot be
processes used again after testing. Tensile tests, compressive
strength tests and hardness testing are all
1 Feeler gauge examples of destructive testing.
2 For example: facing off, cylindrical turning, taper A tensile test is used to find the strength of a
turning, screw cutting, drilling, boring, knurling material under tension. The tensile strength of
3 Sand casting, pressure die casting a material is the maximum pulling/stretching
4 Brazing, soldering force it can withstand before failure. This test is
carried out by clamping material samples, applying
5 A metal part to be plated is placed in a chemical
a load to the unclamped end and seeing how
bath and attached to the negative side of an
the material deflects under the load. The less
electricity supply (the cathode). A piece of metal
deflection, the more tensile strength a material
used for the coating is attached to the positive side
has.
of the electricity supply (the anode). The current
is passed through it and the anode dissolves and 2 Cross sectional area = π × 22.52
deposits a coating on the metal part. = 1589.63mm2
1200
Stress = = 0.75Nmm-2
6.9 Apply quality-control 1590
3 One mark for each correct response.
methods and techniques
Order Operation Tools/equipment
1 It is out of the set limit or acceptable tolerance and 1 Polish the mould and (4)
may need to be rejected or reworked. coat with release
2 Out of tolerance agent; cover in gel
coat resin
3 Thread gauge
2 Layers of Glass fibre
4 For example: vernier calliper, micrometer, height
reinforcement
gauge material placed in the
5 The depth of bores mould and pushed into
any corners
6.10 Design tests to assess 3 (1) Resin

fitness for purpose and Stippling brush

4 More layers of (2)
performance reinforcement are
added and soaked in
1 To make sure a product fit for purpose – if a product resin until the desired
does not perform as expected, or faults are found, thickness is achieved
modifications or improvements can be made.
5 The part is cured (3)
2 For example: How easy is it to use? Is it the correct
weight for its application? Is it the correct size for force
4 Pressure =
its intended location? Does it function correctly? area
Does it do the job it was designed to do? 5 Micrometer.
3 It avoids pollution caused by transportation of the 6 Dip coating provides a thick, wear-resistant finish
materials over long distances for manufacture. (1 mark) that keeps water and air from the surface
of the metal and prevents corrosion (1 mark). It is
4 To ensure unbiased feedback is given
more durable than spray painting, which can chip
5 To identify and reduce hazards, to ensure compliance or scratch easily and is not as long lasting (1 mark).
with British and European safety standards

AQA GCSE (9–1) Engineering 9