10th Biology Notes

MY SCIENCE CLASSROOM
ENGLISH MEDIUM
www.sciencesangathulu.blogspot.com
K MANJULA, SA(BS)
Z P H SCHOOL, PALASAMUDRAM
ANANTAPUR(D)
PRAPRAED BY K MANJULA, SA(BS), ZPHS, PALASAMUDRAM, ANANTAPUR(D)
NUTRITION
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Why the plants are considered as “Universal food providers”?
• The plants produce food by the process of photosynthesis and it serves as the main food
source for all the living organisms.
• So, the plants are considered as “Universal food providers”.
2. What happens if all the plants are removed from the earth?
• The plants are the main source for food and Oxygen for all the living organisms on the
earth.
• If all the plants are removed from the earth, the living organisms lack the food and oxygen
to live and are all eliminated from the earth.
3. What are the external and internal factors required for photosynthesis?
• External factors: Sunlight, water and CO2.
• Internal factors: Chloroplast.
4. Why the plant has to be kept in dark room before the experiments related to
photosynthesis?
• The plant has to be de-starched to start the experiments related to photosynthesis to get the
perfect results.
• To de-starch the plant it has to be kept in dark room for nearly a week to remove the starch.
5. What is the reason to use only aquatic plants in experiment of Oxygen release in
photosynthesis?
• The aquatic plants can take the CO2 dissolved in water and it is easy to collect the gas
released during the process in the water.
6. How can you say that the carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach?
• Gastric juice secreted in the stomach does not contain the enzymes that digest the
carbohydrates.
7. When do the roots of Dodder plant disappears?
• When the Dodder plant develops haustoria and gain the water and food from host plant.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
• The food is cut and crushed by the teeth in our mouth and mixed with saliva and make the
food slippery.
• The saliva contains Ptyaline enzyme and digests the carbohydrates partially
2. What is the role of HCl(acid) in the process of digestion in stomach?
• The stomach secretes gastric juice containing the acid HCl and digestive enzyme pepsin.
• HCl kills the microorganisms and also activates the enzyme pepsin needed for protein
digestion.
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3. What happens if the ducts of salivary glands are tied?

• The stomach secretes gastric juice containing the acid HCl and digestive enzyme pepsin.
• HCl kills the microorganisms and also activates the enzyme pepsin needed for protein
digestion.
• If the ducts of salivary glands are tied with the thread, it prevents the saliva to mix with the
food.
• This results in improper digestion of carbohydrates and leads to indigestion problems.
4. What are the connecting substances between light reaction and dark reaction?
• ATP and NADPH are the end products of light reaction and utilized in dark reaction.
• So these are considered as connecting substances between light reaction and dark reaction.
5. Name the cell organelle in which photosynthesis takes place and write its role.
• Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast.
• It consists of grana and stroma.
• Light reaction takes place on grana as it contains the light harvesting system to trap the
solar energy.
• Dark reaction takes place in stroma as it contains required enzyme system for formation of
glucose.
6. What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
What are the differences between the organisms that prepare food and depend on others for
food?
Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
1. The mode of nutrition in which the 1. The mode of nutrition in which the organisms
organisms prepare their own food is called depend on other organisms for food is called
autotrophic nutrition. heterotrophic nutrition.
2. It is of two types, phototrophic and 2. It is of many types like holozoic, saprophytic,
chemotrophic. parasitic and symbiotic.
3. Ex: Plants and chemosynthetic bacteria 3. Ex: Animals
4. Involves chloroplast 4. Chloroplast is not required
7. Write the differences between ingestion and digestion.
Ingestion Digestion
1. Taking of the food into the body is 1. Breaking up of complex food substances into simple
called ingestion. substances by specific enzymes is called digestion.
2. Ingestion takes place by mouth. 2. This process occurs throughout the elementary canal.
3. It takes in few minutes. 3. It occurs takes some hours.

4. No enzymes are required to ingest the 4. Enzymes are required to digest the food.
food.

8. Write the differences between chloroplast and chlorophyll/ Write the differences between
the cell organell and the pigment which helps for photosynthesis.
Chloroplast Chlorophyll
1. It is a cell organelle found in plant cells. 1. It is a pigment found in chloroplast.
2. It plays a major role in whole process of 2. It helps in trapping the solar energy in the light
photosynthesis. reaction of photosynthesis.
9. Assimilation of lot of antibiotics leads to vitamin deficiency. Justify your answer.
• Antibiotics kill the bacteria.
• Vitamin B12 is synthesized by certain bacteria in small intestine.
• If we assimilate a lot of antibiotics, they kill the harmful bacteria as well as the vitamin
synthesizing bacteria. So assimilation of antibiotics leads to vitamin deficiency.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions.
a. What is the aim of this experiment?
Ans. The aim of this experiment is to test the presence of starch in the leaves.
b. What are the materials required for this experiment?
Ans. Beaker, test tube, leaf, spirit, water, iodine, Petridish, burner and stand.
c. What change does take place in the leaf after boiling?
Ans. The leaf loses the chlorophyll and turns pale yellow color.
d. What is the chemical used for testing the presence of starch?
Ans. Iodine is used to test the starch in the leaf.
e. How do you interpret the results at the end of the experiment?
Ans. When the leaf is boiled it loses the chlorophyll and turns into pale yellow. When iodine drops
are added it turns into the blue black.
The starch turns blue black when iodine is added. So the presence of starch in the leaf is proved
with this experiment.
Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to prove that the CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.
b. What are the materials required for this experiment?
Ans. A potted plant, wide mouthed bottle, KOH, split cork and iodine.
c. What is the chemical used in the bottle? Why is it used so?
Ans. KOH is used in the bottle. It absorbs CO2 and make it unavailable for leaf.
d. What did you observe at the end of this experiment?
Ans. The part of the leaf inside the bottle did not turn blue black, but the part of the leaf outside
the bottle turned so.
e. What was your inference from the above observation?

Ans. The leaf inside the bottle is prevented from CO2 and it could not perform photosynthesis. So
the leaf could not turn its color. It is proved that CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis.
f. How are the apparatus arranged?
Ans. Along leaf is selected from the potted plant and inserted it into the wide mouthed bottle
through the split cork. KOH is taken in the bottle.
g. After iodine test which part of the leaf turns blue-black? Why?
Ans. The part of the leaf outside the bottle is able to perform photosynthesis as it is provided with
all the factors. So it turns blue-black, whereas the part of the leaf inside the bottle is prevented to
absorb CO2 and could not prepare carbohydrates. So it did not turn blue-black.
h. Why do we need to destarch the plant before conducting the experiment?
Ans. The plant is destarched by keeping it in dark room for a week. So that the starch already
present is removed from the leaf to get better result.
3. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions
Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to prove that O2 is released during photosynthesis.
b. How are the apparatus arranged?
Ans. Placed the Hydrilla plants in a short stemmed funnel and kept in a beaker of water. Inverted
a test tube with full of water on the stem of funnel.
c. Why do we use only aquatic plant to do this experiment?
Ans. Aquatic plants can breath inside the water and it is easy to collect the gas released during the
process in the water. Especially Hydrilla plant is very small and easy to handle.
d. What precautions to be taken during this experiment?
Ans. 1. Water level in the beaker must be above the stem of the funnel.
2. The test tube must be full of water without air bubbles.
e. What is the gas accumulated in the test tube?
Ans. O2 (Oxygen) is accumulated in the test tube.
f. How do you test the accumulated gas and interrupt it?
Ans. A glowing match stick is inserted into the test tube.
It bursts into flames. With this it is proved that O2 is released during photosynthesis.
a. Write the aim of this experiment?
Ans. The aim of this experiment is to prove that the light is the necessary factor for photosynthesis.
b. Why do we close a part of leaf with black paper or light screen?
Ans. To prevent the light to fall on a particular part of leaf and to test the process of photosynthesis
in that part, a part of leaf is closed.
c. How do you interpret the results of this experiment?
Ans. After iodine test the part of the leaf covered with light screen does not turn blue-black,
whereas the part of the leaf exposed to sunlight turns blue-black. So it is proved that the light is
the necessary factor for photosynthesis.

d. How do you test the presence of starch in the leaf?

Ans. The light screen is removed and boiled in spirit. Two or three drops of iodine are placed on
the leaf. The part which is exposed to light turns blue-black and rest of the portion remains same.
The blue-black shows the presence of starch in the leaf exposed to light.
5. Look at the picture and answer the following questions.
a. Name the diagram and label the parts.
Ans. The diagram is chloroplast. The different parts are outer membrane, inner membrane,
thylakoids, grana and stroma. (label the diagram with these parts)
b. Explain the structure of the diagram briefly.
Ans. 1. The chloroplast is covered with membranes, outer and inner membrane.
2. The stakes of thylakoids form the grana which are inter connected with lamellae.
3. The fluid like structure is called stroma that contains all the enzymes required for
photosynthesis.
c. Where are these organelles found?
Ans. The chloroplasts are found in all green plants especially leaves.
d. What is the main function of this organelle?
Ans. The process of photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast by which the carbohydrates are
synthesized.
a. What does this diagram indicate?
Ans. This diagram indicates the nutrition in amoeba.
b. What is the shapeless organism in this diagram?
Ans. It is Amoeba.
c. What is the structure that is used to catch the food?
Ans. Pseudopodia.
d. Explain the intake of food by this organism briefly.
Ans. 1. When amoeba finds its food, it stretches its pseudopodia and surrounds the food.
2. It forms the food vacuole which is engulfed into the cell and digests it.
7. Write slogans on good food habits.
• Fruits & Vegetables are stepping stones for Healthy life
• Vitamin deficiency gives us health deficiency
• Not for junk food but vote for fibre food
• Healthy food – Healthy body – Healthy mind
• A gram of gold may give us beauty but a glass of milk keeps us healthy
• Malnutrition is a barrier but healthy nutrition is a builder
• East or West Vegetables are the best
• Samosa is joy for a moment but salad is joy for a life.
8. What questions do you ask a nutritionist?

• What are the nutrients? And how do they help us?

• What are the consequences if we lack the nutrients?
• What type of food items contain more nutrients?
• Are vitamins also type of nutrients?
• What are the diseases caused by malnutrition?
• What food habits should be adopted to get more nutrients?
• Is our mid-day meals enriched with all nutrients?
9. Write the differences between light reaction and dark reaction.
LIGHT REACTION DARK REACTION
1. It takes place in the presence of light. 1. It takes place even in the absence of light.
2. It takes place on the grana membrane. 2. It occurs in stroma.
3. The end products are O2, ATP and 3. The end product is glucose.
NADPH.
4. Photolysis takes place. 4. It does not involve photolysis.
5. The sunlight is trapped. 5. The sunlight light is not trapped.
10. Look at the table and answer the following questions.
SN VITAMINS DEFICIENCY DISEASE
1 Thiamine ( B1 ) Beriberi
2 Riboflavin ( B2 ) Glossitis
3 Niacin ( B3 ) Pellagra
4 Pyridoxine ( B6 ) & Folic acid Anaemia
5 Cyanocobalamin ( B12 ) Pernicious anaemia
6 Ascorbic acid ( C ) Scurvy
7 Retinal ( A ) Eye diseases
8 Calsiferol ( D ) Rickets
9 Tocoferol ( E ) Sterility
a. What diseases are caused by the deficiency of B complex vitamin?
Ans. Beriberi, Glossitis, Pellagra, Anemia and Pernicious anemia.
b. What disease is caused by deficiency of Vitamin C?
Ans. Scurvy.
c. What is the vitamin useful to keep our eyes healthy?
Ans. Vitamin A.
d. What is the Vitamin useful to keep our bones strong?
Ans. Vitamin D.
e. What happens if we lack the vitamins in our body?
Ans. Vitamins are one of the nutrients required for different metabolic activities in our body.
The individuals suffer with deficiency diseases like rickets, pellagra, etc with the lack of
vitamins.
11. Observe the table and answer the following questions.

Amylase Salivary glands Carbohydrates

Pepsin Gastric glands Proteins
Tripsin Pancrease Proteins
Lypase Pancrease Fats
Sucrase Intestinal glands Sucrose
a. What happens if the salivary glands do not secrete the amylase?
Ans. If salivary glands do not secrete amylase, the carbohydrates are not digested properly.
b. Which enzyme is responsible for the digestion of fats?
Ans. Lypase.
c. Which enzymes are responsible for the digestion of proteins?
And. Pepsin and Tripsin.
d. Sucrose is digested by which enzyme?
Ans. Sucrase.
12. Explain the mechanism of photosysnthesis.
• Photosynthesis is the processes by which green plants in the presence of sunlight prepare
carbohydrates by assimilating CO2 from atmosphere and water from soil.
• It involves three steps.
• Step 1: The solar light is trapped by chlorophyll.
• Step 2: Photolysis occurs by splitting the water molecule to enhance the light trapping.
As a result O2 is released. Light energy is converted into chemical energy such as ATP
and NADPH.
• Step 3: The CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates with the help of ATP an NADPH.
13. Draw the flow chart representing different stages in the process of photosynthesis by green
plants Absorption Formation of
Chlorophyll Photolysis
of photons NADPH + ATP
H2 O H+2 + OH-
LIGHT REACTION
DARK REACTION
RUDP
Formation of
GLUCOSE NADPH + ATP
CO2

2. Draw the flow chart showing the different stages in food digestion in human being?
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. The plants are example for autotrophs. Write an example for heterotrophs.
Ans. Human being.
2. Who was the scientist who revealed that O2 is essential for living organisms by his experiment
with bell jar, candle, rat and mint plant?
Ans. Joseph Priestly.
3. What is the main process involved in this diagram which is the main food
source?
Ans. Photosynthesis.
4. Fill the flowchart given below.
Ingestion Absorption Defacation
Ans. Digestion.
5. Fill the blank in the given sentence.
“All the digestive juices contain enzymes but _________does not contain any enzymes.”
Ans. Bile juice
6. Find out the wrong enzyme and rewrite it.
“Amylase help in carbohydrates digestion whereas lipase helps in protein digestion.”
Ans. PPepsin/ Tripsin.
7. I am a parasitic plant and depend on host plant for food and water. Who amI?
Ans. Cuscuta.
8. Expand ATP.
Ans. Adenosine Tri Phosphate.
9. Find out the mismatched one.
Salivary gland - Carbohydrates.
Liver - Fats
Pancreas - Proteins.

10. Match the following.

i. Riboflavin a. Night blindness.
ii. Retinol b. Seirility.
iii. Tocoferol c. Glossitis
Ans: i.c, ii.a, iii b
11. Amoeba : Pseudopodia : : Paramoecium : ___________
12. Find out the group of which contain all the fat soluble vitamins.
( A, D, E, K ) ( A, B, C, K)

RESPIRATION
1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Why do we get choking some times while eating food?
• Sometimes the food enters into wind pipe and creates disturbance in the passage of air.
• So we get choking to the food out of the wind pipe.
2. After vigorous exercise we feel pain in the muscles. Why?
• During vigorous exercises the muscles cells undergo anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid.
• We feel pain due to accumulation of lactic acid.
3. It is observed that the % of CO2 in exhaled air is more than the inhaled air. Why?
• The excess amount of CO2 is diffused from blood capillaries into alveoli which is sent out through
the exhalation.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What happens if diaphragm is not there in the body?
• The contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm help the lungs to allow the air in and out.
• If the diaphragm is not there we will not be able to breath.
2. Why does a deep sea diver carry oxygen cylinder on her back?
• The availability of oxygen is less at deep sea level.
• So the deep sea diver carry oxygen cylinder on her back.
3. Write the differences between inspiration and expiration.
INSPIRATION EXPIRATION
1. The air is breath in. 1. The air is breath out.
2. The lungs are expanded. 2. The lungs are squeezed.
3. The diaphragm is flattened. 3. The diaphragm assumes dome shape.
4. It is also called inhalation 4. Tt is also called exhalation
4. What are the differences between respiration and combustion? / Write the differences between the
life process of oxidation in a living cell and the oxidation in a non-living organic substance?
RESPIRATION COMBUSTION
1. Oxidation process that occurs in living 1. Oxidation process that occurs in non living
organisms. things.
2. Energy is released in different stages. 2. Energy is released at a time.
3. Energy is not required prior to begin the 3. Energy is required prior to begin the process.
process.
4. many intermediary compounds are formed. 4. No intermediary compounds are formed.
5. Energy is preserved in the form of ATP and 5. All the energy is released in the form of heat.
some amount of energy is released in the form
of heat.

5. What is the role of epiglottis? / How the passage of air through the respiratory system is controlled
in our body?
• Epiglottis is flat like valve that arrest the entry of food into the lungs.
• When we swallow the food, it closes the passage to the lungs.
• It opens the passage when we take breath.
• So, it controls the traffic of air and food.
4 MARKS QUESTION
a. What does this diagram represent?
Ans. This diagram represents the gaseous exchange at the alveoli.
b. Name the parts of the diagram.
Ans. Alveoli, blood capillary, blood cells, etc.
c. Explain the mechanism that takes place in this picture.
• Gaseous exchange takes place in the alveoli
• These tiny sacs are one celled thickness.
• They are surrounded by capillaries that are also one celled thickness.
• Gaseous exchange takes place between alveoli and blood in the blood capillaries.
Ans. The aim of this experiment is to prove the anaerobic respiration.
b. What are the materials required to this experiment?
Ans. A bottle, test tube, L shaped glass tubes, glucose solution, yeast, diazine
green, liquid paraffin wax, lime water, thermometer and rubber corks.
c. Why do we pour liquid paraffin wax on the surface of the yeast and glucose solution?
Ans. To prevent the dissolution of oxygen into the glucose solution.
d. Why do we use diazine green solution in this experiment?
Ans. Diazine green solution is poured on the glucose solution to test the presence of oxygen. This blue dye
turns pink when oxygen is in short supply around it.
e. What change is observed in the temperature?
Ans. The temperature raises up.
f. How do you confirm the release of carbon dioxide?
Ans. The gas released from the glucose and yeast solution enters the test tube and makes the lime water
milky white. With this it is proved that CO2 is released during anaerobic respiration.
3. Look at the diagrama nd answer the following questions.
a. What is the main aim of this experiment?
Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to observe the combustion of sugar.
b. What are the materials for this experiment?
Ans. Test tubes, sugar, lime water, stand, delivery tube and spirit lamp.
c. What changes do you observe in this experiment?
Ans. The sugar turns black and the lime water turns milky white.
d. Write any two differences can you draw between combustion and respiration?
1. Combustion requires a lot of energy, but respiration occurs at body temperature.
2. Energy is released at a time during combustion, but in respiration the energy is released in different stages.
Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to prove that CO2 is released during respiration
in sprouted seeds.
b. Why should we take only sprouted seeds in this experiment?
Ans. The dry seeds cannot respire or respire at minimum rate. But the sprouted sees respire
vigorously and we can get the perfect result. So we have to take sprouted seeds.
c. What is the solution taken in the beaker?
Ans. Lime water is taken in the beaker.
d. Write your observations made during this experiment.
Ans. When we observed after two days, the lime water turned milky white.
e. What inference can you make from this experiment?
Ans. The gas released during respiration in sprouted seeds turn the lime water into milky white. So it is
concluded that CO2 is released during respiration in sprouted seeds.
Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to prove that the heat is released during
respiration in sprouted seeds.
b. Why do we use only sprouted seeds in this experiment?
Ans. The dry seeds cannot respire or respire at minimum rate. But the sprouted sees respire vigorously and
we can get the perfect result. So we have to take sprouted seeds.
c. What do you infer by observing the difference in initial and final reading of the temperature?
Ans. The final reading is more than initial reading. This means the temperature is raised due to respiration
in sprouted seeds. So it is proved that the heat is released during respiration in sprouted seeds.
d. What is the main precaution to be taken in this experiment?
Ans. The thermometer must be dipped in between the sprouted seeds and the cork should be closed tightly.
6. What questions do you ask a Pulmonologist?
• How do the lungs help in gaseous exchange?
• What are the lung diseases?
• What are the reasons for lung diseases?
• How does the smoking effect the lungs?
• What precautions to be taken to prevent the lung diseases?
• What is the role of praanaayaama in proper functioning of lungs.

7. What are the differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
1. It occurs in the presence of Oxygen 1. It occurs in the absence of Oxygen.
2. The end products are CO2 and H2O. 2. The end products are ethanol and CO2.
3. It occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria. 3. It occurs in cytoplasm.
4. It involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and 4. It involves only glycolysis.
electron transport system.
5. More energy is released. 5. Less energy is released.
8. Write the differences between photosynthesis and respiration.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION
1. It takes place in green plants. 1. It takes place in all living organisms.
2. It is an anabolic process. 2. It is a catabolic process.
3. It takes place in chloroplast. 3. It takes place in cytoplasm and mitochondria.
4. CO2 is used and O2 is released. 4. O2 is used and CO2 released.
5. Solar energy is trapped. 5. Energy is released from food.
6. It occurs under sunlight/ light. 6. It occurs in all the time.
7. It involves photolysis of water. 7. It does not involve photolysis.
8. Glucose is synthesized. 8. Glucose is oxidized and energy is released.
9. Draw the flow chart of differnet stages in respiration in human beings.
Gaseous exchange Transportaion of
Inhalation Lungs
at lungs level gases through blood Tissues
Gaseous exchange
Cellular respiration at tissue level
Energy CO2
10. Draw the flow chart of passage of air through the respiratory track in human being.
Nasal
Nostrils Pharynx Larynx Trachea Branchi
cavity
Alveoli Branchiole
రక్తం

1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What are the examples for the trees having aerial roots?
Ans. Mangroove forests
2. A scientist noted that there was a profound difference between the air in which combustion of metal had
been carried out and then one which had served for respiration. Who was the scientist?
Ans. Lavoisier.
3. Fill the blank in the given flow chart.
Cellular
Breathing Gaseous exchange at Gaseous exchange at
respiration
lungs level tissuelevel
Ans. Gas transport by blood
4. Fill the blank in the given sentence.
“When the air passes out of the lungs and over ____________, it causes them to vibrate.”
Ans. Vocal cards.
5. Find out the wrong word in the given sentence and rewrite it.
“ A flap like valve Ulva that protects the tube to the lungs, arresting the entry of food into the
respiratory track.”
Ans. Epiglottis.
6. Expand ATP: Adenosine Try Phosphate.
Aerobic respiration - CO2, water and heat
Anaerobic reapiration - CO2, and more heat
Exhaled air - More CO2
Ans. Anaerobic reapiration - CO2, and more heat
i. Cutaneous respiration a. Lungs
ii. Branchial respiration b. Gills
iii. Pulmonary respiration c. Skin
Ans. i-c, ii-b, iii-a
9. What does this diagram indicate?
Ans. Lenticels on the stem.
10. I am a muscular organ present just below the lungs and help in lung movement. Who am I?
Ans. Diaphragm
11. Monkey : Lungs : : Cockroach :
12. Which group of word are related to aerobic respiration?
(Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, More energy) (Glycolysis, Cytoplasm, Lactic acid)
Ans. (Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, More energy)

TRANSPORTATION
1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is the relation between pulse rate and heart beat?
• Pulse rate is equal to heart beat.
2. What is the function of valves? Or How the valves are helpful in circulation of blood?
• Valves help in the unidirectional transportation of blood in the heart and blood vessels for
proper functioning.
3. How does the root pressure help the plant?
• Root pressure helps the water to push from roots to upper parts of the plant.
4. What will happen if the cell sap of root hair contains high concentration of ions?
• More water will enter into the root by endosmosis.
5. What happens if the valves are absent in the heart?
• If the valves are absent the blood circulation may be improper which lead to the death.
6. What may happen if the valves are absent in veins?
• The blood will not be recirculated to the heart from body parts which may lead to death of
a person.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What are the three main types of blood vessels in the body? What are the vessels that
the blood circulates throughout of the body in human being?
• The three blood vessels are Arteries, Veins and Blood capillaries.
• Arteries carry the blood away from the heart and the veins carry the blood towards the
heart.
• The blood capillaries are the minute blood vessels at the tissue level.
2. What is the largest artery in the body and why it is big?
• The aorta is the largest artery in the body.
• It has to pump the oxygenated blood to all parts of the body, so it is the biggest blood
vessel.
3. Write the differences between systole and diastole.
SYSTOLE DIASTOLE
1. Contracted state of heart. 1. Relaxed state of heart.
2. The blood is pumped into the arteries. 2. The heart chambers are filled with blood.
3. Pressure is high. 3. the pressure is less.
4. It is the active phase of heart beat. 4. It is the resting phase of heart beat.
4. What is the function of valves?
• The valves are the flap like structures present in between the auricles and ventricles, in
the veins and at the beginning of pulmonary artery and aorta.

• They help in the unidirectional transportation of blood in the heart and blood vessels for
proper functioning.
5. Why do we get the swelling in the legs over the long journey?
• Over the long journey we sit in apposition without moving.
• The lymph collected in lymphatic system will not be circulated properly.
• So the lymph remains in the legs itself and causes swelling.
• But when we move here and there the movement of skeletal muscle movement makes the
lymph to circulate properly.
Ans. This diagram represents the single circulation.
b. Give examples for animals showing such system?
Ans. The example for single circulation is fish.
Ans. This diagram represents the double circulation.
b. Give examples for animals showing such system?
Ans. The example for animals showing double circulation is frog, crocodile, crow and monkey.
8. Look at the graph and answer the following questions.
a. What do the two bars indicate?
Ans. They indicate the heart beat and pulse rate.
b. What is the relationship between pulse rate and heart beat?
Ans. Pulse rate is equal to heart beat.
c. Can we say heart beat and pulse rate are always equal?
Ans. Yes. They are always equal.
9. What are the preventive measures for high blood pressure? When the BP is tested for
Ramanamma, it was much more than 120/80. What are the suggestions that you would like to give
her?
Ans. High blood pressure leads to many other diseases. So the following are the suggestions to
prevent it.
• Do the exercises regularly.
• Morning walk is necessarily done.
• Avoid the food rich in bad cholesterol.
• Take balanced diet with all necessary nutrients.
• Control the body weight.
• Right attitude always keeps out blood pressure control and makes us healthy.
• Avoid junk food.
• Follow the breathing exercises regularly.

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write the differences between arteries and veins. Write the differences between the two
blood vessels that carry the blood from heart to body parts and vice versa.
ARTERIES VEINS
1. Carry blood from heart to body parts 1. Carry blood from body parts to heart
2. Carry oxygenated blood 2. Carry deoxygenated blood
3. Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated 3. Pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood
blood
4. More rigid and thick walls 4. Less rigid thin walls
5. Valves are absent 5. Valves are present
6. Blood pressure is high 6. Blood pressure is less
7. Retain as it is when blood is absent 7. Collapse when blood is absent
2. What are the differences between single circulation and double circulation?
SINGLE CIRCULATION DOUBLE CIRCULATION
1. The blood circulates through the heart only 1. The blood circulates through the heart
once twice.
2. There is only one cycle 2 There are two cycles, cardiac cycle and
systemic cycle
3. Ex: Fish 3. Ex: Frog, snake, human being, etc.
3. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions
a. Name the two diagrams.
Ans. The vessel with thick wall is artery and the vessel with thin wall is
vein.
b. Write any two differences between these two vessels?
Ans. The arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to body parts whereas the veins carry
deoxygenated blood from body parts to heart. The arteries are thick walled and the veins are thin
walled.
c. In which of these structures, the valves are found?
Ans. Valves are found in veins. They allow the blood to flow only in one direction.
d. Which of these vessels are deeply seated and which are peripheral?
Ans. The arteries are deeply seated and the veins are peripheral.

This diagram represents the absorption of water by the root hair

from the soil.
b. Label the above the above diagram.
(Label the diagram with the parts xylem vessel, cells of cortex,
cell sap, vacuole, cell wall of root hair, soil water, soil particles,
epidermal cells.
c. Explain the mechanism that takes place in the above diagram.
1. Soil water concentration is more dilute than that of cell sap in
the root hair.
2. So the water passes into the vacuole of the root hair by osmosis.
3. This dilutes the contents of the root hair vacuole so that it becomes more dilute than its
neighboring cell.
4. So water passes into the neighboring cell and the same processes continuous till the water
reaches xylem vessel.
Ans. The main aim of this experiment is to prove the root pressure.
b. What are the materials required to do this experiment?
Ans. Potted plant, tub with water, glass tube and water.
c. Why is the glass tube connected to the stem?
Ans. The glass tube is connected to the stem to collect and observe the water level which is
transported from root.
d. What is your observation in the above experiment?
Ans. The water level rises up in the glass tube.
e. What do you infer from your observation?
Ans. The water is absorbed from the roots and transported to the stem. Due the pressure exerted
in the xylem vessel of the root water is pushed upwards. So, the water level rises upwards. This is
called root pressure.
6. What precautions would you suggest to your elders about edima?
• Do not sit with your feet hanging down for a longer period of time.
• Limit the amount of salt in the diet
• Do the exercises regularly
• Drink plenty of fluids and keep your skin cool in hot environments
• Avoid smoking and tobacco intake
• Avoid repetitive motions
• Take healthy food with required nutrients
• Go for a walk regularly.
7. What questions do you ask a cardiologist?

• How does the heart function properly?

• What blood pressure called?
• What is the normal blood pressure?
• What is called High BP?
• What are the diseases caused to heart?
• What are the causes for high BP?
• What precautions to be taken to prevent heart diseases?
•
•
•
•
•
a. What is the relationship between weight of the body and weight of the heart?
Ans. More the weight of the body more is the weight of the heart.
b. What is the relation between weight of the heart and number of heart beat per minute?
Ans. More the weight of the heart lesser the number of heart beat per minute.
c. Which animal has the highest rate of heart beat?
Ans. Coaltit bird has the highest rate of heart beat.
d. What relation can you draw between the weight of the heart and number of heart beats per
minute?
Ans. More is the weight of the heart lesser is the rete of heart beat.
9. Draw the flow charts of double and single circulation.
LUNGS GILLS
PULMONARY VEIN
PULMONARY ARTERY
RA LA
HEART
RV LA
VANACAVA
AORTA
BODY PARTS
BODY PARTS

DOUBLE CIRCULATION SINGLE CIRCULATION
10. Draw the flow chart of water transportation in plants.

SOIL PROTOPLASM EPIDERMIS VASCULAR
WATER CORTEX
IN ROOT HAIR OF ROOT TISSUE
UPWARD MOVEMENT OF WATER

DUE TO ROOT PRESSURE
1 MARK QUESIOTNS
1. A student has explained closed circulatory system with an example of human being. But to
explain open circulatory system, what may be the example to be explained?
Ans. Cockroach. A
2. What kind of blood is transported in the blood vessel indicated as A in the
given diagram?
Ans: Deoxygenated blood
3. 6. Fill the blank box in the given flow chart.
Soil water Root hairs Epidermis Cortex Upper parts of the plant
Ans. Xylem
4. Identify the wrong word and replace it with right word.
“The scientists have done experiments on aphids to study about the transportation of food
material in xylem.”
Ans. Phloem.
5. Fill in the blanks in the given para.
“Though the protoplasm of any cell including nerve cell in our body shoes ___________
movement and the multicellular animals have to develop more complicated system for
transportation of material.”
Ans. Brownian movement.
6. Identify the scientist with the para given below.
“A British scientist who dissected the hearts of dead people and studied the valves
between each atrium and ventricle and they are allowed the blood to flow from the atrium to
ventricle without hinderance”
Ans. William Harvey
7. Identify the wrongly matched one from the following.
Pulmonary artery – Oxygenated blood

Pulmonary vein – Oxygenated blood
Systemic arch – Oxygenated blood
8. Match the following
i. Thrombokinase - a. Blood pressure
ii. Sphygmomanometer - b. Blood clotting
iii. Thalassemia - c. Hereditary
Ans. i-b, ii-a, iii-c
9. 16. Choose the correct group which is related to the experiment to prove the root pressure.
A - Potted plant, Polyethene cover, thread, colour liquid
B - Potted plant, Rubber tube, Glass tube, Water tub
Ans. B
10. I carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium. Who am I?
Ans. Pulmonary vein.
11. Right auriculoventricular septum : Tricupsid valve : : Left auriculoventricular valve : ?
Ans. Bicupsid valve.

1 MARKS QUESTIONS
EXCRETION
1. What may happen if the waste materials are not sent out of the body?
• If the waste materials are not sent out of the body, they cause harm to the body and disturb the
metabolic cycles and create illness.
2. When is the kidney transplantation preferred?
• When both kidneys are failed to work.
3. What are the metabolites produced in plants?
• Primary metabolites and secondary metabolites.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is the composition of urine? What are the substances excreted as urine?
• Urine contains 96% of water, 2.5% of organic substances like urea, uric acid, creatine, vitamins,
hormone and oxalates, etc.
• Urine also contains 1.5% of inorganic solutes like chlorides, phosphates and sulphates of calcium,
magnesium, etc.
2. Why do some people need to use a dialysis machine? At what circumstances dialysis is
prescribed?
• The people with renal diseases and without the proper functioning of kidneys need to remove the
waste substances artificially.
• The dialysis is the artificial filtration of blood to remove the waste substances. So they need to use
dialysis.
3. Do you think the hormone vasopressin is released all the time?
• No, the vasopressin is not released all the time.
• It is the hormone that helps in the reabsorption of excess of water.
• When there is more intake of water, the vasopressin will be released less or not released.
• If there is less water intake, more vasopressin is released to enhance the reabsorption of water.
4. What may happen if the waste materials are not sent out of the body?
• As a result of metabolic processes, the waste substances are formed which have to be eliminated.
• If they are not sent out of the body, they cause harm to the body and disturb the metabolic cycles and
create illness.
5. Write the differences between primary excretion and secretion metabolites.
EXCRETION SECRETION
1. It is the removal out of waste substances 1. It is the release of a substance and movement of
from the body. it from one part to another.
2. The excretory substances are excess of 2. The secretions may be either enzymes or
water, urea, uric acid, ammonia, etc. hormones.
6. Write the differences between primary metabolites and secondary metabolites.
PRIMARY METABOLITES SECONDARY METABOLITES
1. The products that are basically produces 1. The end products of primary metabolites
during the growth phase. formed after the growth period completes.
2. Help for the growth and development. 2. Help for protection, gaining essential nutrients
3. Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, etc. 3. Ex: Alkaloids, Tannins, Resins, etc.
4. Produces in larger quantities. 4. Produced in smaller quantities.
4. MARKS QUESTIONS
a. name the diagram and label the parts.
Ans. This is LS of Kidney. The main parts are cortex, medulla, renal artery, renal vein,
calyces, pelvis, and ureter. (Label these parts in the diagram)
b. What is the main function of this diagram?
Ans. The main function is to collect the waste substances and excrete them.
c. Why is the outer portion dark and inner portion pale in color?
Ans. The outer cortex contains glomerulus with lot of blood capillaries whereas the
inner medulla zone contains the renal tubules of nephron. So, there exists the color difference in the between
cortex and medulla.
d. How many nephrons exist in each structure?
Ans. Each kidney is made up of approximately 1.3 to 1.8 million microscopic nephrons.
a. Name the diagram and label the parts?
Ans. This is Nephron. Label the parts as Malpighian body, glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, PCT, DCT,
Loop of Henley, Collecting tubule, Afferent artery and Efferent artery).
b. Why is it called structural and functional unit of kidney?
Ans. Kidney is made up of nearly 1.3 to 1.8 million nephrons and the urine formation takes place in nephron.
So, it is called as structural and functional unit of kidney.
c. What is the cup shaped structure in this diagram?
Ans. The cup shaped structure is called Bowman’s capsule in which the glomerulus is formed. Together it
is called Malpighian body.
d. What are the stages of mechanism that takes place in this structure?
Ans. Urine formation takes place in nephron. The four stages are Glomerulus
filtration, tubular absorption, secretion and concentration of urine.
e. What are the functions of different parts of this diagram?
Ans. 1. Bowman’s capsule – filtration
2. PCT – Reabsorption
3. DCT – Secretion
4. Collecting tubes – Concentrating and collecting the urine from DCT
of many nephrons.
Ans. This indicate the process of dialysis.
b. From which blood vessel the blood is taken out?
Ans. The blood is taken out from the main artery.
c. What are the two bottles indicates in this diagram?
Ans. There are two bottles filled with dialyzing fluid. One bottle contains fresh fluid and another bottle is
filled with used dialyzing fluid.
d. What is the main principle involved in this process?
Ans. The principle involved in this process is diffusion of solutes and ultrafiltration of fluid across the
semipermeable membrane.
e. At which condition this process is preferred to the patients?
Ans. When both the kidneys are failed to work, the process of dialysis is preferred to the patients.

a. What are these group of diagrams represent?
Ans. These diagrams represent the excretory organs of our body. They are liver, large
intestine, lungs and skin.
b. Write the excretory substances excreted by them in atable.
SN ORGAN SUBSTANCES EXCRRETED
1 Liver Urochrome, steroid hormones, extra drug vitamins and extra alkaline
2 Large intestine Excess of salts of calcium, magnesium and iron along with feces
3 Lungs Carbon di oxide and water
4 Skin Sweat containing metabolic wastes and also the sebum containing waxes,
sterols, hydrocarbons and fatty acids.
1. Which is the phylum that excretes through the water vascular system?
Ans. Echinodermata.
2. Name the phylum that excretes through the rennet cells.
Ans. Nematoda
3. Where do you find the flame cells?
Ans. Platyhelmenths.
4. What is the excretory system called in Mollusca?
Ans. Metanephridia.
5. How do the protozoans excrete the waste substance?
Ans. Simple diffusion from the body surface into surrounding media.
Quinine Bark Antimalarial drug
Caffeine Seeds CNS stimulant
Nimbin Seeds, bark, leaves Antiseptic
Pyrithroids Flower Insecticide
Nicotin Leaves Insecticide
a. What are the listed substances in the first column?
Ans. Alkaloids
b. Which one is used for treating the malaria?
Ans. Quinine.
c. Which part of the plants are yielding these substances?
Ans. All most all the parts can produce the alkaloids, like roots, leaves, seeds, fruit, bark, etc.
d. What are these substances otherwise called?
Ans. Secondary metabolites.
e. What is the use of these substances to the plants?
Ans. For protection and for gaining the essential nutrients.
7. Write slogans about organ donation.
• Donate organs – donate life
• Give life after your life
• Don’t let your organs towards burial grounds – Let them to give life to others
• Your single eye can help the blind to enjoy the world
• Donate organs – live after death
• Donate organs to other – live for ever
• Organ is a gift of life. Just pass it on
• Share your organ – share your life
8. What habits would you like to suggest for proper functioning of kidneys?
• Drink plenty of water regularly
• Avoid alcohol consumption and smoking
• Take nutrient and vitamin rich food
• Cut down on soda consumption
• Do exercise regularly
• Stop taking too many pain killers
• Avoid too much intake of salt
• Go for regular health check-up of diabetes after 30 years of age.
9. What questions do you ask a nephrologist?
• How does a nephron work?
• How many nephrons may be there in a kidney?
• What is ESRD?
• What are the problems arise to nephrons?
• What may happen if the nephron doesn’t work?
• What must be the food habits to protect the kidneys?
• What are the precautionary measures to be taken for proper functioning of kidneys?

10. Draw the flow chart of different stages of urine formation.
Afferent Glomerulus Tubular

Blood arteriole Glomerulus filtration absorption
Concentration of
urine Secretion
Vasopressin
11.Draw the flow chart to show the process of dialysis.
Artificial
Dialysis
Human body Artery filtraion Purified blood
machine Vein
Unused dialyzed Use dialyzed

fluid fluid Human
body
1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. A teacher has taken star fish as example to teacher about the water vascular system. What example can
he take to explain nephridia?
Ans. Earthwarm
2. Who is the scientist who performed the kidney transplantation to identical twins for the first time in
1954 and achieved the a great mile stone in medical field?
Ans. Dr. Charles Hufnagel
3. Write the abbreviation for ESRD.
Ans. End Stage Renal Disease
4. Fill the empty places in the following flow chart that shows the urine formation stages.
Glomerulus filtration Tubular reabsorption Hypertonic urine formation
Ans. Tubular secretion

5. Fill the blanks by reading the following para.
“The ______ formed by glomerulus filtration is almost equal to blood in chemical composition
except the presence of blood cells. It passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.
Ans. Primary urine.
6. Rewrite a single word which can make the following sentence perfect.
“The materials which do not require for the normal growth and development but for other activities
are called primary metabolites.”

Ans. Secondary metabolites. A-Afferent arteriole

B-Afferent arteriole
7. Which of the part is wrongly written in the given picture and write the correct
word?
Ans. B
8. Find out the group which is related to the alkaloids.
X - (Nimbin, Caffeine, Latex, Resins, Quinine)
Y – (Quinine, Nimbin, Reserpine, Nicotine, Morphine)
Ans. Y – (Quinine, Nimbin, Reserpine, Nicotine, Morphine)
9. 17. Mollusca : Metanefridia : : Nimatoda : ?
Ans. Rennet cells
10. Identify the mismatched one.
Glomerulus filtration – Malpighian body
Tubular reabsorption – PCT
Tubular secretion – PCT
Ans. Tubular secretion – PCT
11. Match the words in the following two sections.
a) Cow i) Green glands
b) Planaria ii) Flame cells
c) Cockroach iii) Kidney
Ans. a-iii, b-ii, c-i
12. “I have large number of sweat glands richly supplied with blood capillaries from which I collect
excess water and salts and excrete.” Who am I?
Ans. Skin

CONTROL & CORDINATION

1 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is synapse?
• A functional region of contact between two neurons where information is transmitted to one neuron
to another.
2. What is reflex arc?
• It is single nerve pathway involved in a reflex action from sense organs to effector organ through
the spinal cord.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write the differences
STIMULUS RESPONSE
1. The change in the surroundings detected 1. The action created by the nervous system to
by sense organs is known as stimulus. stimulus and transferred to effector organs is called
response.
2. Light thrown into the eyes is stimulus. 2. Closing the eyes is the response.
AFFERENT NERVE EFFERENT NERVE

1. The neuron which carries the information from 1. The neuron which carries information from
sense organs to brain or spinal cord. brain or spinal cord to effector organs.
2. It is also called as sensory nerve. 2. It is also called motor nerve.
2. What may happen to the potted plant kept near the window?
• The plant kept near the window turns towards the source of light.
• Such movement is called phototropism.
3. What type of movement do we observe in Mimosa plant? And why?
• When we touch the Mimosa leaves, the water existing in the pulvini moves into the vein cells.
• As a result the pulvini loses its firmness and the leaves become fold.
• This type of movement is known as thigmonasty.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans. This diagram represents the Synapse.
b. Are there any protoplasmic connections between them?
Ans. No, there are no any protoplasmic connections.
c. Where are these structures found?
Ans. These synapses are found on brain, spinal cord and around the spinal cord.
d. What is the main function of synapse?
Ans. The information is transmitted from one neuron to another neuron in the form of chemical or electrical
signals or both.
a. Name the diagram given here.
Ans. This diagram indicates the structure of pancreas.
b. Why is it called a mixed gland?

Ans. It acts as both as exocrine gland and endocrine gland.

c. What is the part of this diagram act as endocrine gland?
Ans. The islets of Langerhans are the glandular cells without ducts and secretes enzymes.
d. What is the relation between this structure and diabetes?
Ans. It secretes an enzyme called Insulin. Insulin converts glucose into glucagon. If it doesn’t work properly
the blood sugar levels increase which lead to diabetes.
a. What type of movement is represented in this diagram?
Ans. This diagram represents the phototrophic movement in plants.
b. What is the reason for bending towards the direction of light?
Ans. The cells on the plant that are away from the light release a hormone called auxin. This causes the
plant to have elongated cells on one side and leads to bend towards the light
c. Who has done the experiment on oat coleoptile to prove the phototropism?
Ans. F. W. Went has done experiment with oat coleoptile to prove phototropism.
d. What is the hormone responsible for this phenomenon?
Ans. The hormone called Auxins is responsible for phototropism.
4. Look at the picture and answer the following questions.
Ans. This is a human brain.
b. What are the three main parts of the brain?
Ans. Fore brain, mid brain and Hind brain.
c. Which part is labelled as A? A
Ans. Pituitary gland.

d. Which part of it is responsible for mental abilities?
Ans. Cerebrum
e. Which part of it maintains posture and equilibrium?
Ans. Cerebellum
f. What is the stalk of the brain called? And what is its main function?
Ans. Medulla oblongata. It maintains cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor actions.
Column A Column B
Thyroxin Auxins
Adrenalin Gibberellin
Estrogen Cytokinins
Testosterone Ethaline
1. What are listed under Column A?
Ans. Hormones that are released in human being.
2. What are listed under Column B?
Ans. Hormones released in Plants. They are also known as phytohormones.
3. What are the main functions of things listed under Column A?
Ans. 1. Thyroxin: Controls growth rate and metabolic activity.
2. Adrenalin: Increase heart-beat, raise in blood sugar, dilation of pupil of the eye, etc.
3. Estrogen: Growth of uterus and secondary sexual characters and controls menstrual cycle.
4. Testosterone: Development of male sex organs and secondary sexual characters.
4. What are the functions of things that are under the column B?
Ans. 1. Auxins: Cell elongation and differentiation of root and shoot.

2. Gibberellin: Germination of seed, stem elongation, stimulation of flower.
3. Cytokinins: Promote cell division, delay aging of leaves, controls opening of stomata.
6. What questions do you ask a neurologist?
• How the brain is protected in our body?
• How can alcohol affect the functioning of the brain?
• What are the different diseases caused to brain?
• How to keep our mental ability stable?
7. What questions do you ask an endocrinologist?
• How do the hormones control the physiology of human body?
• What is the effect of insulin on blood sugar?
• What is diabetes? And what are its symptoms?
• How can we control our blood sugar levels?
• What are the reasons for high blood sugar levels on our body?
• What are the precautions to be taken to control the blood sugar levels?
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Phototropism is seen in many plants but give one example for thigmonasty.
Ans. Mimosa plant
2. Fill the blank in the flow chart.
Sensory organ Sensory nerve Spinal cord Effector organ
3. A physiologist observed that one of his patients having suffered a blow on the neck when falling from
his chariot, complained a loss of feeling in the arm with normal muscular control which made him to
conclude that there are two types of nerves. Who was that physiologist?
Ans. Galen
4. The pancreas consists of two types of cells one of which secrete enzymes and some of them release
hormones. So, this organ is called -----------
Ans. Mixed gland.
5. “Efferent nerve carry massages towards the central nervous system from nerve endings”
In the above sentence rewrite a single word to correct it.
Ans. Afferent nerve.
6. What is the diagram indicate?
Ans. Phototropism

i. Auxins - a. Cell elongation
ii. Gibberllins - b. ripening of fruits
iii. Ethelene - c. Breaking dormancy
Ans. i-a, ii-c, iii-b
Somatotrophin – growth of bones
Leutinizing hormone – glucagan release
Thyrotrophin – Activity of thyroid gland

Ans. Leutinizing hormone – glucagan release
9. Which of the following group of words belong to phytohormones?
(Auxin, Prolactin, Cytokinin, Adrenaline) (Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Ethelene)
Ans. (Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Ethelene)
10. Expand CNS: Central Nervous System
11. I am a nerve which link afferent nerve and efferent nerves together. Who am I?
Ans. Associative nerve.
12. Ovary : Oestrogen : : Testis : __________
Ans. Testosteron

Prepared by K MANJULA, SA(BS), ANANTAPUR(D)
REPRODUCTION
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is the process called to develop seedless fruits like water melon nowadays?
• Parthenocarpy is the process to develop seedless fruits.
2. In which food industry budding is applied?
• In Bakery industry yeast is used for its budding property.
3. What are the tissues involved in the formation of placenta?
• The tissues of chorion of foetus and the adjacent part of the uterine tissue together
form the placenta.
4. Why are the egg cells larger than sperms cells?
• Because after fertilization the egg cell has to facilitate the development of embryo and
so, it contains a lot of nutrients.
5. What happens if reproduction does not take place?
• The population of a particular community will not sustain and it may lead to
extinction of a species and inturn it may results in imbalance in nature.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is the differences between fragmentation and regeneration?
• In fragmentation each cell is individual cell and each fragment consisting cells
develop new cells. Ex: Spirogyra.
• In regeneration anybody piece of an organism develops into whole organism.
Ex: Planaria
2. What is tissue culture and what are its advantages?
• Growing new plants from a part or any tissue of the plant in a culture medium is
called tissue culture.
• In tissue culture we can produce vast number of desired plants in less time.
3. Write the differences between natural and artificial vegetative propagation.
• Growth of new plants from vegetative parts of a plant naturally it is natural vegetative
propagation. Ex: Potato as tuber.
• Developing new plants from the vegetative parts of a plant manually it is called
artificial natural propagation. Ex. Grafting.
4. Name the three types of methods of family planning.
• A – Tubectomy, B – Copper T, C – Vasectomy.

5. Why a greater number of sperms and eggs are released in external fertilization?
• The external fertilization occurs in aquatic animals.
• There may be less chance for fertilization due to water waves.
6. An ANM is advising a mother to feed colostrum to the baby. Why?
• The secretion of mammary glands for the first few days after baby is born is called
colostrum.
• It helps in developing the immune system in the body. So, she advised.
7. What are the differences between layering and grafting?
www.sciencesangathulu.blogspot.com MY SCIENCE CLASSROOM
LAYERING GRAFTING
1. It involves only one organism 1. It involves two organisms.
2. A weak stem in bent towards the soil and 2. The stalk and scion are merged together
buried.
3. It does not give variants but helps to get 3. It helps to get desired characters in one
the identical to parent plant plant from two different plants.
4. Ex: Chrysanthemum 4. Ex: Rose
8. What precautions do you take to prevent the sexually transmitted diseases?
• Lead a healthy life with moral values.
• Avoid multiple partners.
• Be loyal to life partner
• Take precautions by using condoms if necessary.
4 MARKS QUESTION
1. Explain the different modes of asexual reproduction with examples.
• Fission: Splitting of an organism into two or more cells is called fission. Ex: Amoeba
• Budding: A growth on the body as a bud and developing into adult one is called
budding. Ex: Yeast
• Fragmentation: Growing cells from a piece of parent organism is called fragmentation.
Ex: Spirogyra
• Regeneration: Developing whole body structure from a part of the body is called
regeneration. Ex: Planaria.
2. Explain the different natural vegetative propagation methods with example.
• Developing new plants from the vegetative parts is called as vegetative propagation.
• Leaves: New plants grow from leaf edges. Ex: Bryophyllum
• Stem: The stem may give rise to new plants in the form of stolens, bulbs, corns, tubers
and rhizomes. Ex: jasmine, onion, potato, ginger
• Root: Some of the plants develop from roots. Ex: Carrot.
3. Fill the table with examples. One is given as example for you.
Leaves Bryophyllum
Stolen
Tuber
Rhyzome
Corn
• Jasmin, Strawberry
• Potato
• Ginger
• Colacasia
• What does this diagram indicate?
Binary fission in Paramecium.
• Name the organism that is present in this picture.
Paramecium.
• In which type of organisms is this process found?
The binary fission is found in unicellular organisms.

• Give example for other organisms which show this process.

• Amoeba, Euglena, etc.
5. Observe the diagram and answer the following questions.
Grafting method of vegetative propagation.
• How many plants are involved in this method of propagation?
Two plants are involved.
• How the two plants are differentiated?
The plant which is in the soil is called stock and the graft is called scion.
• What is the advantage of this method?
It helps us to develop the desirable varieties of plants.
This diagram indicates the asexual propagation through spore formation.
• Name the organism seen in this diagram.
Ans. The organism seen in this diagram is Rhizopus.
• What is the black ball like structures called?
The black ball like structures are called Sporangia.
• How do these organisms spread?
When the sporangium bursts the spores spread and land on the food or soil. Under
favorable conditions they germinate and produce new individuals.
• Name the diagram and label the parts.
This is human male reproductive system. The parts are as follows.A –
Seminal ducts, B – Seminal Vesicles, C – Prostate gland, D – Penis, E
– Urethra, F – Epididymis, G – Testis.
• What are the two glands seen in this picture and functions?
Cowper gland and Prostate gland.
• What is the hormone secreted by the part G? And what is its importance?
Testosterone which helps in production of sperms and secondary sexual
characters.
• Which part of this picture produces sperms?
The testes produce sperms.
• Name this diagram.
This is the human female reproductive system.
• Name the parts of it.
A – Fallopian tube, B – Funnel, C – Ovary, D – Uterus, E – Cervix,
F – Vagina.
• Where does the process of ovulation occur?
The formation of ovule or ovulation occurs from the graffian follicles in the ovaries.
• What are the hormones released in this system?
Estrogen and Progesterone are the hormones released in this system.
9. How the sperm cell is structured to perform its function efficiently?
• The human sperm cell constitutes head, middle part and tail.
• The head is equipped with acrosome which helps in penetrating into the ovum.
• The middle part contains number of mitochondria to provide energy for its movement.
• The long tail helps in vigorous movement.

10. Observe the diagram and answer.
This diagram indicates the Cell cycle.
• Explain briefly different phases of it.
1. G1 Phase: Linking period between completion of mitosis and DNA
replication.
2. S Phase: Period of DNA synthesis leading to Chromosomal
replication.
3. G2 Phase: Period between end of DNA replication and beginnig of mitosis.
4. M Phase: Mitotic cell division phase.
This diagram indicates the structure of ovary.
• Label the parts.
A – Stigma, B – Style, C – Ovary, D – Ovule, E – Gametophytic cells, E –
Embryo sac.
• How many ovules are there in this diagram?
There is only one ovule in the ovary.
• How many cells and nuclei are present in the embryo sac?
There are 7 cells and 8 nuclei.
12. Write the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction. / There are two
modes of reproduction in the view of formation of gametes. What are they? And what
are the differences?
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. Gametes are formed 2. Spores are formed.
2. There is fusion of gametes 2. There is no fusion of gametes
3. The fusion results in zygote 3. No zygote formation
4. There is scope for variations. 4. There is no scope for variations.
5. Male and female organisms/ male and 5. No male and female concerns. Single
female reproductive systems are involved. organism is involved.
6. It majorly occurs in higher order organisms 6. It occurs majorly in lower order
organisms.
13. Write the differences between mitosis and meiosis. / The cell division varies in somatic
cells and germ cells. How?
MITOSIS MEIOSIS
1. It occurs in somatic cells. 1. It occurs in germ cells
2. It results in 2 daughter cells. 2. It results in 4 daughter cells.
3. The number of chromosomes does not 3. The number of chromosomes is reduced to
change in daughter cells. half.
4. It occurs in 4 steps. 4. It occurs in 2 stages involving 4 steps in
each.
5. Genetic information is not exchanged. 5. Genetic information is exchanged.
6. Helps for growth and repairing the 6. It helps for the formation of gametes.
damaged parts.
14. Observe the table and answer the following questions. (Table of mitotic division
from text book)
1. What process does the above table describe?

• Mitosis
2. Which stage shows the splitting of centromere?
• Prophase
3. In which stage the chromosomes are started to be seen prominently?
• Prophase
4. Which stage shows the pulling of chromosomes towards the poles?
• Anaphase
5. What is the stage in which the spindle equator is found?
• Metaphase
6. Which stage shows splitting of chromosomes lengthwise?
• Prophase
7. In which stage nuclear membrane disappears?
• Prophase
8. What is the use of this process?
• It helps for growth of an organisms and for repairing the damaged parts.
9. What happens if this process does not occur?
• It this does not occur the organism may not grow and leads to loss of the tissues and
finally it dies.
10. How many cells are formed at the end of this processed?
• 2 cells
11. How are the chromosomes shared equally between the daughter cells?
• Due to the duplication of chromosomes.
Ans. This diagram indicates the process of budding in Yeast.
b. What is the organism found in this picture?
Ans. The organism found in this picture is Yeast.
c. Give any other example of organism showing this process.
Ans. Hydra is the organism that shows the budding.
d. What is the commercial use of this organism?
Ans. Yeast is used in bakeries.
16. Observe the diagram and answer the following
a. What is the organism present in this diagram?
Ans. The organism present in this diagram is Spirogyra.
b. What is the mode of reproduction found in this diagram?
Ans. The mode of reproduction in this diagram is fragmentation.
c. Explain the process seen in this diagram.
Ans. The organism breaks up into pieces. Each separate piece grows into a new organism. It’s
a common mode of reproduction in algae, fungi and many land plants.
d. Give some more examples for this process?
Ans. Moulds, Lichens, Flatworms, etc.
Ans. This diagram indicates regeneration in Planaria.
b. What is the organism found in this diagram?

Ans. The organism found in this picture is Planaria.

c. Could it be known as type of fragmentation? Why?
Ans. No, regeneration differs from fragmentation. In fragmentation each piece can grow into
new organism. But in regeneration only some particular parts can develop into new organism.
18. Observe the diagram and answer the following.
a. What type of vegetative propagation is seen in this diagram?
Ans. One of the methods of artificial propagation which is known as cutting is seen in this
picture.
b. Give some examples for the plants that are propagated in this process.
Ans. Rose, Hibiscus, etc can be propagated through cutting.
c. Explain the process briefly.
Ans. Some plants grow individually when a piece of plant having bud is cut from the existing
plant. The lower part of this cutting is buried in moist soil. After a few days the cut parts having
buds grow as an individual plant after developing roots.
Ans. This diagram indicates the layering method of vegetative propagation.
b. Name some plants which are propagated in this method.
Ans. Nerium, Chrysanthemum, Jasmine, etc.
c. What kind of plants are chosen for this method?
Ans. The plants with the weak branches near the ground are chosen for this method.
d. Explain this method briefly.
Ans. A branch of the plant with atleast one node is bent towards the ground and a part of it is
covered with moist soil. The tip of the branch is exposed above the ground. After a few days
new roots develop from the bent branch. It is then cut off from the parent plant and grown as
a new plant.
20. Observe the diagram and answer the following.
Ans. This diagram indicates the process of Tissue Culture.
b. What are all the plant parts that can be used for this purpose?
Ans. A few plant cells or plant tissues of any part such as root, stem, leaf, bud, pollen grain or
even ovum can be used in tissue culture for producing plants.
c. Shall we produce the plants with parthenocarpic fruits? How?
Ans. Yes, we can. By using either pollen grain or ovum with gametes we can
produce the plants with parthenocarpic fruits.
d. Explain the process briefly.
Ans. In tissue culture, few plant cells or plant tissue are placed in a growth medium with plant
hormones in it and it grows into new plant.
e. What is the main advantage of this process?
Ans. In tissue culture, thousands of plants can be grown in very short interval of time.
a. Write the stage of the foetus in this diagram.
Ans. The stage of the foetus in this diagram is shortly before the birth.
b. Label the parts and different layers around the foetus.
Ans. A – Placenta, B – Amnion, C – Umbelical cord, D – Fluid, E – Baby, F – Cervix.
c. What is the fluid present around the foetus and what is its function?
Ans. The fluid around the foetus is amniotic fluid. It protects the foetus from minor mechanical
injury.

d. Name the organ that helps in providing nutrients to the foetus from mother in this picture.
Ans. The placenta helps in exchange of oxygen, carbon di oxide, nutrients and waste material.
Ans. This diagram indicates the LS of flower showing all the parts of a flower.
b. Lable this diagram.
Ans. A – Stigma, B – Anther, C – Petals, D – Stamen, E – Style, F – Sepals, G – Ovary.
c. What are the essential and non-essential parts of this diagram?
Ans. The androecium and gynoecium are the essential parts. Sepals and petals are non-essential
parts of the flower.
d. What is the use of non-essential parts of this?
Ans. The sepals protect the internal parts and petals help in attracting the insects and birds that
help in cross pollination.
e. What are the different parts of gynoecium?
Ans. The ovary, style and stigma are the three different parts of gynoecium.
f. Where are the pollen grains are produced?
Ans. Pollen grains are produced in anther.
e. What happens if such structures do not exist?
Ans. If flowers don not exist, many plants may not reproduce to give new plants.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Onion is the example for bulb, but what is the example for tuber?
Ans. Potato
2. Who was the scientist confirmed the scheme of mitotic division?
Ans. Theodor Boveri
3. Fill the blank box of the flow chart of passage of spermatozoa.
Seminiferous Vas efferentia Vas efferentia Vas deferentia
tubules
Ans. Epididymis
4. Fill the blank in the following sentence.
“Unlike mitosis __________ division occurs only during formation of gametes in sex organs.”
Ans. Meiosis
5. Identify the wrong word and rewrite it.
“The cut ends of fallopian tubes are sealed in vasectomy to prevent pregnancy.”
Ans. Tubectomy.
Amoeba - Binary fission
Paramoecium - Multiple fission
Planaria - Regeneration
i. Leaf - a. Colacasia
ii. Stolen - b. Bryophyllum
iii. Corn - c. Jasmine
Ans. i-b, ii-c, iii-a
8. Expand ASHA.: Accredited Social Health Activist
9. Find out the proper group of words related to embryo development.

(Chorion, Amnion, Allantoise, Yolk sac) (Chorion, Amnion, Acrosome, Colostrum)

Ans. (Chorion, Amnion, Allantoise, Yolk sac)
10. Identify the A in the given picture.
Ans. Pollen tube A
11. I am a part of the seed developed from secondary nucleus and provide nutrients for
germinatio. Who am I?
Ans. Endosperm.
12. Mitosis : 2 cells : : Meiosis : _________
Ans. 4 cells.

1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. We can’t identify the taste of the food when it is hot. Why?
• The hot food inactivates the receptor cells and so can’t identify the taste.
2. If glucose levels fall down in the blood, we feel hungry. Why?
• When the glucose levels fall down it stimulates the release of Ghrelin hormone which
promotes hunger pangs.
3. What are the systems involved in swallowing the food?
• Digestive system, muscular system, respiratory system and nervous system.
• All these systems are coordinated and allow the swallowing of food.
4. What are the two hormones related to hunger in our digestive system?
• Ghrelin and Leptin.
5. What may happen if the leptin is not at all released?
• If leptin is not at all released in our body, we may always feel like and eat more than
required.
• This may result in high calories and overweight and obesity.
6. What may happen if Ghrelin is not at all released?
• If Ghrelin is not released, we never feel like to eat the food.
• It may lead to malnutrition.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write the differences between bolus and chyme.
BOLUS CHYME
1. The food which is crushed and mixed 1. The food which is mixed with gastric
with the saliva is bolus. juice and ground is chyme.
2. Only the carbohydrates digestion takes 2. Only the protein digestion takes place
place partially. partially.
3. It is formed in the mouth. 3. It is formed in the stomach.
4. The whole bolus is sent to oesophagus. 4. The chyme is sent to duodenum in small
lots.
2. What is the relation of taste and smell?
• The food that smells good stimulates hunger pangs and feel like to eat.
• If the food smells foul, we avoid or do not get proper taste.
• It is clearly experienced when we are caught with cold.
• During cold we cannot smell the food and cannot identify the taste of the food.
3. What happens if salivary ducts are closed?
• Salivary glands secrete saliva that helps for slippery nature of the food.
• And also, digestion of carbohydrates takes place due to presence of enzyme amylase.
• If the salivary ducts are closed the food may not flow through the oesophagus easily.
• It may also affect the carbohydrate’s digestion.
4. Why the small intestine coiled highly?
• The small intestine is the final part of the elementary canal to undertake the process of
digestion and absorption.

• Since it is highly coiled the food remains for a longer duration.

• This facilitates maximum digestion and absorption of food.
• Hence it is highly coiled.
5. If we press tongue against the palate we can recognize taste easily. Why?
• By pressing the tongue against the palate, the food enters the taste buds immediately.
• This stimulates the receptor cells and identify the taste very easily and fast.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Observe the diagram and answer the following questions
1. What does this diagram indicate?
• The types and arrangement of teeth.
2. Label the different types of teeth in this diagram.
• A – Inscisors, B – Canines, C – Premolars, D – Molars.
3. What is the function of A and B type of teeth?
• A - the incisors help in cutting the food and B - the canines help in tearing the food.
4. What is the function of C and D type of teeth?
• C - the premolars help in chewing the food whereas D - the molars help in grinding the
food.
5. What is the formula for this (half jaw)?
• The dental formula is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3.
1. What does this diagram indicate? Where is it located?
• This diagram indicates the villi in small intestine.
2. What are the systems working together in this structure?
• Digestive system and Circulatory system are involved in this diagram.
3. What is the main function of this structure?
• The main function of villi is to absorb the digested nutrients into the blood.
4. What is the reason behind these foldings?
• To increase the inner surface area and to facilitate to maximum absorption of digested
food.
3. Suggest habitual actions to your friend while eating food.
• Take healthy and nutrient food
• Avoid talking while eating
• Take the food leisurely instead of eating in hurry
• Eat small quantity of food at regular intervals
• Drink sufficient water while eating
• While eating masticate the food in the mouth for proper digestion
• Take care to maintain fibre food in regular diet
• Avoid taking too much antibiotics
• This diagram indicates the location of papillae and tast buds on
the tongue.
b. What are different senses identified with this organ?
• Theses taste buds identify basically four types tastes. They are sweet, salt, sour and
bitter.
c. What is the role of palate in functioning of this organ?

• When the food is put on the tongue and pressed with palate, it can easily enter the
papillae of the tongue. Then the taste buds can easily and soon identify the taste.
1. MARK QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following hormone group is associated with the process of digestion?
Identify the group and write.
(Thyroxin, Progesterone, Oestrogen) (Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin)
Ans. (Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin)
2. Classification chart and answer the blank ‘B’. Sensation of hunger
Stimulates hunger Suppresses hunger
Ghrelin B
Ans. Leptin
3. Cockroach is an example of Nocturnal Organism. Give an example for a Diurnal
Organism.
Ans. Cow
4. 7. Read the following sentence, find the error and rewrite it.
“The walls of the food pipe secrete a slippery substance called Bolus”
Ans. Mucous
5. Expand ENS
Ans. Enteric Nervous System
6. 10. Observe the diagram and identify the part ‘X’.
Ans. Bolus
7. I am an enzyme present in the saliva. I act on carbohydrates in the saliva. In my absence
carbohydrates do not convert into sugars. Who am I?
Ans. Amylase
8. 14. Answer the question with the help of the paragraph.
________ is secreted by some cells present in the walls of the stomach. This counter the
action of acid. Ans. Mucus
9. 16. Name the scientist with the help of this paragraph.
“He was a famous Russian Physiologist. He conducted his experiments on a dog. He
discovered that we produced extra saliva when we think about food.”
Ans. Ivon Pavlove
10. 18. Identify the mismatched one.
Incisors - 8
Canines – 4
Premolars – 14
Ans. Premolars – 14
11. 20. Mouth : _____ : : Stomach : Chyme
Ans. Bolus
12. Insciessors : Biting : : Canines : ______
Ans. Tearing

1 MARK QUESTONS
1. What dose Law of dominance say?
• In a pair of factors for a character only one expresses whatever is dominant. Ex: among
factors for tall and short, the tall factor is dominant.
2. What is Law of segregation?
• Among the pair of alleles for any particular trait, each parent passes a randomly selected
copy of only one of these to an offspring.
3. Fill the punnet square.
M/F Y y Ans: M/F Y y
Y Y YY Yy
Y y Yy yy
4. What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratio in F2 generation of monohybridization
of tall and short pea plant?
• Phenotype: 1:3
• Genotype: 1:2:1
5. What is law of independent assortment?
• The alleles of two different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one
another. / The allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele
received for another gene.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write the phenotype and genotypic ratio of F2 generation in monohybrid cross
between tall and short plants with tall as dominant.
• Phenotype: 3 : 1
• Genotype: 1 : 2 : 1
2. What are the reasons for selection of pea plants for his experiments by Mendal?
• Well defined characters.
• Contains bisexual flowers.
• Exhibits predominantly self-fertilization.
• These are annual plants with early hybridization.
3. How do the variations help for the evolution?
• The differences among the same species are called variations.
• The variations which are advantageous are sustained and carried over to the next
generations.
• More accumulated variations lead to form a new species.
• This leads to evolution.
4. Write the differences between analogous and homologous organs with example.
ANALOGOUS ORGANS HOMOLOGOUS ORGANS
1. structurally different and functionally 1. Anatomical similar and functionally
similar organs. different organs.
Ex: Wings of the birds and bats. Ex: Forelimb of whale, wing of a bat and
leg of a cheetah.
5. Mendal has chosen the pea plant for his experiments as they exhibit well defined
characters. What are the characters that he has selected particularly?
Ans. Mendal had chosen 7 pairs of contrasting characters for his study. They are as follows:
• Colour of the flower. • Position of the flower.

• Colour of the seed. • Colour of the pod.

• Shape of the seed. • Length of the stem.
• Shape of the pod.
6. When Neha observed the calculation of monohybridization chart between the pea
plants of tall and short, she has raised many doubts. What may be those doubts?
• Why are all the plants in F1 generation tall?
• Why the % of tall and short plants is 3:1 in F2 generation?
• What may be the reason for the short plants not appearing in the F1 generation?
• What are the phenotype and genotype?
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write the flow chart of monohybridization between pure tall and short plant and
mention the phenotype and genotypic ratio in F2 generation.
Tall Pure varieties Short
TT tt
Cross fertilization
F1 generation
Tt
(Tall plants)
Self fertilization
F2 generation
M/F T t
T
Phenotype is 3 : 1
TT Tt
Genotype is 1 : 2 : 1
t Tt tt
2. Observe the flow chart and answer the following questions.

• What does this flow chart indicate?
This flow chart indicates the sex determination in human being
• Which of the Mendal laws are involved in this flow chart?
Law of Dominance and Law of Segregation are involved in this flow
chart.
• Which factor is the dominant factor as per this flow chart?
Y is the dominant factor.
• How is the sex of the baby determined in this flow chart?
If X and X are fused, it results in girl child. If X and Y are fused, it results in boy child.
• Who is responsible for by child? Mother or Father?
Father is responsible for boy child.
3. Read the para and answer the following.
“During the course of evolution some organs remain in the organisms, but they do not
have any role in life processes. But in other organisms they have a particular role. For example
appendix in human being has no role but in rabbit it enhances the digestion process. Such
organs are known as vestigial organs.”
• What are the vestigial organs?

The organs which remain in our body without any specific function.
• What is the vestigial organ in our digestive system?
Appendix.
• What can we infer from this story of vestigial organ?
The evolutionary process
• Are there any other vestigial organs in our body? If so give some examples.
Yes, Ear pinna, hair on the skin, mammary glands in males, etc.
4. Male is responsible for sex determination of baby-do you agree with this? If so explain with
the help of a flow chart. / Rana has said that female is responsible for sex determination. Do
you agree with this? If not, how do you condemn him?
• From the flow chart it is explained that Y is

responsible for boy baby.
• Y is present in male.
• So, it is proved that male is responsible for
boy baby.
5. Explain the Law of independent assortment with an example.

• Law of independent assortment states that the alleles are assorted to gametes
independently or the allele of one gamete does not influence the other gene.
• Example: The pure lines of plants with colour and shape of the seeds is considered
and followed the below procedure.

1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Appendix is an example for vestigial organs. Give another example for the same.
Ans. Ear pinna
2. “By removing the tails of rats proved that the bodily changes are not inherited by
observing their offspring.” Who was this scientist?
Ans. August Weisemann
3. Fill the blank in the flow chart.
Homo erectus Homo neanderthalensis Modern man
Ans. Homo sapiens

4. By observing the Finch birds Charles Darwin proposed the theory of _____________
which means that nature only selects or perish the organisms.
5. Find out the wrong word and rewrite it. “When the sperm cell with Y chromosome fuse to
form a zygote, it develops into girl child.”
Ans. Boy child
i. Darwin - a. Rats
ii. Lamark - b. Finch birds
iii. Weismann - c. Giraffee
Ans. i-b, ii-c, iii-a
Law of dominance - John Gregor Mendal
Natural selection - Weisemann
Inheritance of acquired characters - Lamark
Ans. Natural selection - Weisemann
8. Which group of word are related to analogous organs?
(Forelimb of whale, bat, cheetah) (Wings of birds and bats)
9. I am a rare and magnificient fossil belonging to lower Jurassic age, collected from
Yamanapalli in Adilabad district. Who am I?
Ans. Dinosaur
10. Expand DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid.
11. Among these two traits which one is dominant?
Ans. Tall
12. Geometric progression : (1,2,4, 8…..) : : Arithmatic progression : ________
Ans. (1, 2, 3, ……)

OUR ENVIRONMENT
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What do pyramids and food chain indicate in an ecosystem?
• Food chain shows the transfer of energy from one organism to next one whereas the pyramid explains
the energy transfer from one trophic level to next trophic level.
2. What if the producers are completely removed from the food web?
• Producers are the energy providers through the food. All other consumers will die if the producers are
removed from the food web.
3. Observe the following given below. Draw the pyramid of numbers.
Grass → Goat → Man
Ans:
4. What is the trophic level? /What does it represent in an ecological pyramid?

Ans. It is a hierarchical level in an ecosystem with organisms sharing the same function in the food chain
and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy.
5. What happens if primary consumers are removed from the ecosystem?
• The secondary consumers do not get food and they are led towards extinction. It leads to disturbance
in ecological balance.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What are ecological pyramids? How many types of pyramids do we define?
• Graphic representation of the feeding level or trophic level of an ecosystem by taking the shape of
pyramid is called ‘Ecological pyramid’.
• In an ecological pyramid the producers are represented at the base and other successive trophic levels
are represented one above the other with the top carnivores at the tip.
• There are three types of pyramids: Pyramid of number, Pyramid of energy and Pyramid of biomass.
• All these pyramids represent the number of organisms at each trophic level, energy flow from one
trophic level to next and the interrelation between different organisms.
2. What if the decomposers are removed from the environment?
• Decomposers are the organisms to degrade the organics matter and recycle into the environment. If
they are removed the organics matter will be remained in the environment in the form of dead matter
and of no use. Thus, it leads to exploitation of minerals from the environment and creates imbalance.
3. Draw the pyramid of number for the following organisms and what can you conclude from this?
i. Tree ii. Insects, iii. Woodpecker
• Sometimes, depending upon the number of organisms in a particular food
chain, the pyramid may not be in regular shape.
• But always the producers have to be located at the bottom of the pyramid
as they are the primary food source.
4. What is biomass? Draw the biomass pyramids for the following two groups of organisms?

(Grass, Rabbit, Wolf) (Algae, Fish, Shark)

• Any type of plant or animal material that can be converted into energy is
called biomass.
• Biomass pyramids:
5. Why we should not use pesticides and what are the alternatives for them to control pests?
• As most of the pesticides contain non degradable pollutants, they cause harm to the ecological balance
by entering into the food web and causing diseases.
• The alternative for pesticides is adopting the biological controlling methods such as introducing the
predators, disease causing microorganisms to pests, using pheromones to cast the insects, rendering
sterile male species, etc.
6. Prepare slogans to create awareness about eco-friendly activities.
• Plant a tree at your every birth day, vision greenery every day
• Let’s not make our earth a bin of dust with waste
• Your way towards pollution is the way towards the hell
• Let’s switch on to convert trash into cash
• 4R principle is the basic principle of life
• Pollution of natural resources leads to accumulations of pollutants
• Save green – Go green
• Adopt organic farming – Produce healthy food
7. Suggest programmes for prevention of soil pollution in the view of avoiding pesticides.
• Follow the biological controlling methods to control the insects and pests
• Avoid using chemical pesticides to control diseases
• Better to use disease resistant varieties
• Adopt the methods of crop rotation so that the diseases can be controlled easily
• Sterilizing the insects, Genetically transmitted strains, environmental ethics are some of the natural
and eco-friendly methods to control the pests and insects.
• Everyone should step forward to protect the environment by avoiding the chemical pesticides.
5. Radha said that niche indicates the trophic level. How do you condemn this statement?
• All the animals fit in a special position in a food web which is defined as its Niche.
• It describes the occupation of an animal and its mode of life.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What happens to the amount of energy transferred from one step to another in a food chain?
• Energy enters the producers in an ecosystem by the process of photosynthesis.
• From the producers the energy passes to the consumers from one trophic level to another through the
food.
• At each trophic level organisms use most of the food energy into their bodies to fulfil the metabolic
requirements such as work, growth, reproduction, etc.
• Due to inefficient transformation of biological energy, a substantial proportion of metabolized food
energy is lost as unused heat.
• Only small fraction goes to the eater at next trophic level.

2. What do you know about pyramid of number? / Write a short note on number pyramid? (A
diagram of number pyramid may be given and asked to describe it)
• The number of organisms in a food chain can be represented
graphically in a pyramid called pyramid of numbers.
• Each bar represents the number of individuals at each trophic
level in a food chain.
• At each trophic level from first order consumers to large
carnivores there is normally an increase in size but decrease in number
• Ex: The number pyramid in a forest is as follows.
3. Raj said that pyramid of biomass is upright but Keerthi said that it is inverted. How do you clarify
this confusion in them? / Write a note on pyramid of biomass. / Explain how the pyramid of biomass
differs in between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?
• The pyramid of biomass represents the relationship that exists
between the quantity of living matter at different trophic level.
• In terrestrial ecosystem, the pyramid of biomass decreases from
producers to carnivores.
• But in an aquatic ecosystem, the biomass of producers is less than
primary consumers and in turn the biomass of primary consumers is
less than secondary consumers and so on.
• This makes the pyramid of biomass inverted.
4. A farmer is using toxic pesticides. Explain how does it affect ecosystem by considering
bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
• The pesticides which contain mercury, arsenic or lead are non-degradable and poisonous.
• These are potentially dangerous as they accumulate in the bodies of animals through the food web.
• When it is further concentrated at each step until the top of the pyramid, it harms considerably.
• The process of entry of pollutants into a food chain is known as bioaccumulation whereas tendency
of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next is known as
biomagnification.
ONE WORD ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. Change the underlined word to make meaningful or correct statement.
“Food chains are interconnected and when we try to observe these connections among number of food
chains then it becomes a biomass.”
Ans. Food web
2. Who introduced the term ‘Ecological Pyramid’?
Ans: Charles Eltion
3. Fill the flow chart.
Ans. Primary consumers.

4. I am an Herbivore; I obtain food from producers. Who am I?

Ans: Primary Consumer.
5. Expand BOD.
Ans: Biological Oxygen Demand.
6. Answer the following questions with the help of paragraph.
“In November 1999, the Government of Andhra Pradesh had declared the lake as ____ (A) _____.
This lake is hosting 193 ____ (B) _____ and a variety of flora and fauna including medicinal plants.
Ans: A) Bird Sanctuary
B) Species of birds
6. Identify the correct sequence which indicates the food chain.
Zooplankton – Phytoplankton – Man – Fish
Ans: Phytoplankton – Zooplankton – Fish – Man
7. Banyan Tree is an example for producer. One example for primary consumer is ____.
Ans: Insects
8. Identify the mismatched one from the list of biomass weights.
a. Man - 10 kg
b. Fish - 100 kg
c. Zooplankton - 1 kg
d. Phytoplankton - 1000 kg
Ans: i
9. Pyramid of Biomass in an aquatic Ecosystem is given below.
Name the producer?
Ans: Phytoplankton
10. Find the error and rewrite the whole sentence.
“The process of entry of pollutants into a food chain is known as Biomagnification.”
Ans: The process of entry of pollutants into a food chain is known as Bioaccumulation.
11. Identify the mismatched one.
Producer – Grass
Primary Consumer – Lion
Secondary Consumer – Snake
Tertiary Consumer – Hawk
Ans: Primary Consumer –Lion.
12. Identify the correct paths of energy flow in an Ecosystem.
1. Producer → Carnivore → Herbivore → Decomposer
2. Producer → Herbivore → Carnivore → Decomposer
3. Herbivore → Carnivore → Producer → Decomposer
4. Herbivore → Producer → Carnivore → Decomposer
Ans: Producer → Herbivore → Carnivore → Decomposer
13. I am a disease caused by mercury poisoning near Minamata city, Japan. Who am I?

Ans: Minamata
14. “Ecological pyramid was introduced by a British ecologist in 1927. Who is he?
Ans. Charles Elton
15. I am a graphical representation of the feeding level of an ecosystem by taking the shape of a pyramid.
Who am I?
Ans. Ecological pyramid.
16. We use the term to denote the animal’s position in the food web and its mode of life. What is it?
Ans. Niche
17. What type of pyramid is represented in the given picture.
Ans. Pyramid of number

NATURAL RESOURCES
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. What are the 4 aspects of 4R principle?
• Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover.
2. What happens if lot of bore wells are dug in a small village to meet the needs of farming?
• The underground water will be depleted soon and there will be no more water resources for future
use.
3. Suggest any 2 micro irrigation techniques in farming.
• Drip irrigation and sprinkle irrigation.
4. Suggest any 2 methods by which ground water can be utilized?
• Percolation tanks and check dams.
5. What may be consequences if the fossil fuels are used indiscriminately?
• Fossil fuels will be no longer available for future generation and entire world will be go back to ages.
6. Raghu said there are alternative to petrol & diesel which is a renewable resource. What are they?
• Solar energy, biodiesel, etc.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Write some approaches to conserve the forests to train the volunteers.
• Create awareness about the adverse effects of deforestation.
• Regulate the rules for proper utilization of forest products.
• Dry lands have to be converted into social forests.
• Laws should be formulated against cutting of trees and hunting wild life.
• Modern technology is facilitating the transplantation of trees without cutting them. We have to
create awareness about them.
• Educate the nomadic people about not going for jhum farming and it is against law.
2. Suggest some ways to bring down petroleum consumption.
• Always prefer public transport system like buses and trains
• Avoid using 2 or 4 wheeler for walk able distances
• Be wise while cooking with LPG like cooking on sim, using the fire as per the bowl, Lighting the
stove after keeping all requirements ready, etc
• Before heating milk or anything taken out from fridge, keep it out side for some time, so that less
fuel is used to heat it
• Switch on to the non renewable sources like solar energy, wind energy, etc
• Put off the bulbs, computers, etc when they are not in use
• If possible all the members of the family should be at one room and work, so that the electricity
consumption can be reduced.
3. Write the slogans to bring awareness among farmers about crop selection and cultivation should
be based on water availability.
• Cultivate dry land crops to avoid water loss.
• Be wise to select the crops based on water source

• Let’s not fly without wings – let’s not prefer paddy without water
• Prefer pulses and preserve water source
• Need lot of water for sugarcane and paddy crops, so switch on to pulses
• Modern technology in agriculture results in wise and efficient culture
4. Write slogans on conservation of natural resources
• Let’s go green to get our globe clean
• Usage of solar energy drop down the bill of electricity
• Lend your hand to save natural resources
• Concentrate on soil conservation to ensure food security
• 4 Rs make the world better to live
• If you can’t clean your surroundings, don’t make it dirty
• Catch each drop of water, conserve the nature
• Water is life, so don’t hit your life.
5. Write slogans to create awareness on wild life conservation.
• Save wild life, conserve bio diversity
• Raise your support to wild life which cannot speak out.
• Shoot wild life wit cameras but not with guns
• Wild life is going to be extinct one by one until none
• The Earth is as big as to share the life with wild
• Prevent extinct, if not you are going to be extinct one day
• Lend our hands to save endangered
• Live in this world and let live the world
6. Create awareness about conservation of forest with some slogans.
• Preserve forests that make dry lands fertile
• Green revolution is a solution for pollution
• Save the forest – Save the wild life – Save the earth
• If you are wise enough, you will never perish the green off
• Heal the earth with tree, feel the fresh air free
• We are for ourselves but forests are for all homeless
• Forests keep dry lands working
• Forests are source of many things. Destroying forests destroys our needs
4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. What is sustainable development? How is it useful for natural resource management?
• Utilizing environment for development ensuring the availability of natural resources for future
generation is called sustainable development. It refers the development without damaging the
nature.

• Our lives depend upon natural resources. At the same time the need to conserve the resources often
conflicts with other needs.
• If the conservation of natural resources is neglected the future generations may go back to ages for
their needs.
• So, awareness about the sustainable development help us to manage the natural resources as well as
develop ensuring the availability of natural resources for future usage.
2. Observe the following pie chart sources of irrigation water in Andhra Pradesh and answer the
given questions.
a. What is the main water resource on which the farmers are depending on?
Ans. Ground water.
b. How much % of area depends on other source?
Ans. Only 5%
c. What happens if the ground water is continuously used in this %?
Ans. Ground water resource will be degraded and it will not be further available for future use.
d. What is the other source of water majorly used other than ground water?
Ans. Canlas.
e. Write your brief conclusion from this chart?
• Ground water is being the major resource for agriculture which is not recycled in that range.
• If this continuous, it leads to complete depletion of ground water and farming may go in crisis.
• It is suggested to utilize the water from other sources too and take further steps to increase ground
water level.
ONE WORD ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Expand IUCN.
Ans: International Union for the Conservation of Nature
2. Expand MTR
Ans. Mountain Top Removal
3. Expand ICRISAT.
Ans: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi – Arid Crops.
4. One farmer from a village used broad bed furrow landform and contour planting in his field. Which
type of intervention is it?
Ans: Farmer based intervention.
5. There is village where tall the formers gathered and build masonry dams. What kind of intervention is
this?
Ans. Community based interventions.
6. Construction of check dams is one of the community-based interventions. Give another example for
such activity?
Ans. Social forestry in dry lands.
7. What does the given logo indicate? / There was a seminar going on in an auditorium
and the given logo is highlighted in the banner. What may be the theme of this
seminar?
Ans: Sustainable Development.

8. Radhika was asked to put the polythene bags in a tin labelled with the given logo. What
does it indicate?
Ans. The waste in this tin is carried over for Recycling./ Recycle
9. Observe the following and find the missing word.
Ans. Reuse
10. What do we get by rendering the males of a pest species sterile?
Ans: Sterility
11. Solar energy, wind power are the examples of Renewable resources. Give an example for non –
renewable resources.
Ans: Coal or Petroleum.
12. Latha always uses cloth bags to purchase things from the market. This practice is an example for
which 4R’s.
Ans: Reuse
13. The following placards are prepared in your school for conducting a rally. Can you find the occasion
to use them?
Save fuel Conserve fuel for future Practice carpooling
Ans: Energy Conservation Day

14. Crops grown in Rainy season → Kharif crops
Crops that are grown in winter season are _________.
Ans: Rabi crops

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MY SCIENCE CLASSROOM

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3. What happens if the ducts of salivary glands are tied?

3. It takes in few minutes. 3. It occurs takes some hours.

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d. How do you test the presence of starch in the leaf?

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• What are the nutrients? And how do they help us?

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Amylase Salivary glands Carbohydrates

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10. Match the following.

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This diagram represents the absorption of water by the root hair

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• How does the heart function properly?

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10. Draw the flow chart of water transportation in plants.

UPWARD MOVEMENT OF WATER

Pulmonary artery – Oxygenated blood

A - Potted plant, Polyethene cover, thread, colour liquid

B - Potted plant, Rubber tube, Glass tube, Water tub

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4. Look at the diagram and answer the following questions.

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10. Draw the flow chart of different stages of urine formation.

Afferent Glomerulus Tubular

Unused dialyzed Use dialyzed

Ans. Tubular secretion

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Ans. Secondary metabolites. A-Afferent arteriole

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CONTROL & CORDINATION

AFFERENT NERVE EFFERENT NERVE

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Ans. It acts as both as exocrine gland and endocrine gland.

Ans. Pituitary gland.

Ans. 1. Auxins: Cell elongation and differentiation of root and shoot.

7. Match the following.

Thyrotrophin – Activity of thyroid gland

4 www.sciencesangathulu.blogspot.com MY SCIENCE CLASSROOM

• A – Tubectomy, B – Copper T, C – Vasectomy.

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• Give example for other organisms which show this process.

• The long tail helps in vigorous movement.

1. What process does the above table describe?

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Ans. The organism found in this picture is Planaria.

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(Chorion, Amnion, Allantoise, Yolk sac) (Chorion, Amnion, Acrosome, Colostrum)

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