LOGIC

MODULE #1
WEEK 1
ARGUMENTS AND TYPES OF EVIDENCE

PREPARATION

 Introduce yourself and stating your favorite thing to do. Call the next person,
encouraging them to do the same.
 Students they will be introducing themselves to their classmates by saying their
name and stating their favorite thing to do.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, students are expected to:

1. will be able to draw a visual representation of each other.

2. distinguish the types of appeals used in texts and
3. write arguments using the different types of appeals.

READING NO. 1

“Computers Cannot Teach Children Basic Skills” by David Gelernter.

SKILL FOCUS ( Student )

Good speakers and writers use language effectively to be able to persuade an audience for
specific purpose. This ability is called rhetoric. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, one of the biggest
proponents of the concept of rhetoric. He suggested the three modes of persuasion: ethos, logos,
and pathos, also known as the rhetorical appeals. What follows is Aristotle’s rhetorical triangle
which shows how the three elements must work together to come up with an effective persuasive
speech or piece of writing.
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Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle (“Rhetorical Appeals” 2010)

The table that follows shows some examples for each mode of persuasion.

Rhetorical Appeals Examples

"As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course
of treatment will likely generate the best results."
Ethos can be shown in your
speech or writing by "My three decades of experience in public service, my
sounding fair and tireless commitment to the people of this community, and my
demonstrating your expertise willingness to reach across the aisle and cooperate with the
or pedigree. opposition, make me the ideal candidate for your mayor."
"If my years as a Marine taught me anything, it's that
caution is the best policy in this sort of situation."
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"The data is perfectly clear: this investment has

consistently turned a profit year-over-year, even in spite of
Logos means reasoning with market declines in other areas."
your audience, providing
them with facts and statistics, "Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: we have not only
or making historical and the fingerprints, the lack of an alibi, a clear motive, and an
literal analogies. expressed desire to commit the robbery… We also have video
of the suspect breaking in. The case could not be more open
and shut."
"It's a matter of common sense that people deserve to
be treated equally. The Constitution calls it 'self-evident.'
Why, then, should I have been denied a seat because of my
disability?"

"If we don't move soon, we're all going to die! Can't you see
how dangerous it would be to stay?"
Pathos can be seen in "I'm not just invested in this community - I love every
language that draws out building, every business, every hard-working member of this
feelings such as pity or anger town."
in an audience. "There's no price that can be placed on peace of mind. Our
advanced security systems will protect the well-being of your
family so that you can sleep soundly at night."

Source: Your Examples. (n.d.). Examples of ethos, logos, and pathos. Your Dictionary.com.
https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-ethos-logos-and-pathos.html

GRADED FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT NO. 1 (45 points)

1. The following sentences are taken from “Computers Cannot Teach Children Basic
Skills.” Identify which mode persuasion is used in each: ethos, logos, or pathos.

a. Over the last decade an estimated $2 billion has been spent on more than 2 million
computers for America’s classrooms. ____________________________

b. An intercity principal bragged to a teacher friend of mine recently that his school “has
a computer in every classroom . . . despite being in a bad neighborhood!”
____________________________

c. The idea of multimedia is to combine text, sound, and pictures in a single package that
you browse on-screen. You don’t just read Shakespeare; you watch actors performing,
listen to songs, view Elizabethan buildings. ____________________________
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d. What’s wrong with that? By offering children candy-coated books, multimedia is

guaranteed to sour them on unsweetened reading. It makes the printed page look even
more boring than it used to look. Sure, books will be available in the classroom, too —
but they’ll have all the appeal of a dusty piano to a teen who has a Walkman handy.
____________________________

e. Disembodied paragraphs are linked by theme; after reading one about the First World
War, for example, you might be able to choose another about the technology of
battleships, or the life of Woodrow Wilson, or hemlines in the ’$0s.
____________________________

f. Teaching children to understand the orderly unfolding of a plot or a logical argument

is a crucial part of education. Authors don’t merely agglomerate paragraphs; they work
hard to make the narrative read a certain way, prove a particular point.
____________________________

g. In Kentucky, as the Wall Street Journal reported, students in grades K–3 are mixed
together regardless of age bn a relaxed environment. It works great, the Journal says.
____________________________

h. Yes, scores on computation tests have dropped 10 percent at one school, but not to
worry: “Drilling addition and subtraction in an age of calculators bs a waste of time,”
the principal reassures us. ____________________________

i. Meanwhile, a Japanese educator informs University of Wisconsin mathematician

Richard Akey that in his country, “calculators are not used bn elementary or junior
high school because the primary emphasis is on helping students develop their mental
abilities.” No wonder Japanese kids blow the pants of American kids in math.
____________________________

j. Second, computers should be used only during recess or relaxation periods. Treat them
as fillips, not as surrogate teachers. When I was in school in the ’60s, we all loved
educational films. When we saw a movie in class, everybody won: teachers didn’t
have to teach, and pupils didn’t have to learn. ____________________________

Homework

Watch the documentary film, “Give Up Tomorrow” Choose five arguments and state your
position, make sure to provide pieces of evidence.