SP Concare Pvt. Ltd.

AN ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED COMPANY

REPAIR & RETROFITTING

 Applicability of FRP strengthening systems.

Glass Fibre Carbon Fibre Carbon Fibre

Element Application sheet (GFS) sheet (CFS) laminate ( CRL)
Fibre Uni- Uni-
Direction directional directional Uni- directional
Fibre
arrangement Woven Straight Straight

Confinement ☼☼ ☼☼ NA

Flexure ☼ ☼ ☼☼☼
Columns
Axial Load ☼☼ ☼ ☼☼☼

Ductility ☼☼ NA NA

Durability ☼☼ ☼ NA

Flexure NA ☼ ☼☼
Beams
Shear NA ☼☼ NA

Shear &
Walls flexure ☼☼ ☼ ☼

Slabs Flexure NA ☼ ☼☼

Durability Spalling ☼☼ ☼ NA

☼ Possible use

☼☼ Preferred use

☼☼☼ Special application

NA Not Applicable
 Concept

 FRP strengthening involves wrapping of RC columns by high strength-

low weight fiber wraps to provide passive confinement, which increases
both strength and ductility.

 FRP sheets are wrapped around the columns, with fibers oriented
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of column and are fixed to the
column using epoxy resin.

 The wrap not only provides passive confinement and increases the
concrete strength, but also provides significant strength against shear.

Difference between conventional strengthening techniques and FRP

system

Conventional Systems of strengthening FRP Strengthening system

 Bulky setup
 Labor and time intensive
 Fairly destructive as it requires
drilling, bolting etc. which will
cause further distress.
 It may forms offset from original
alignment.
 May not be aesthetically
acceptable.
 It requires heavy equipments and
skilled workmanship.
 It requires easy access to work
areas
 High Strength-to-Weight Ratio
 Low labor and less downtime
 Easy to install and non-destructive
 No off-setting from original
alignment
 Durable, non-corrosive and able
to resist corrosion, No
maintenance
 Does not require heavy and
special equipment
 Flexible and able to adapt to
various shapes
 Why FRP?

 It provides a highly effective confinement to columns.

 The original size, shape and weight of the members is unaltered (unlike
any other jacketing), thus not attracting higher seismic forces.
 Due to the fact that original shape and size of members is practically
unaltered, the method is especially useful for strengthening historic and
artistic masonry structures.
 Due to the orthotropy built in by fiber orientation, the wraps essentially
provide only confinement without interfering with the axial load as
against steel jacketing, where the jacket takes most of the axial load and
becomes susceptible to buckling.
 No drilling of holes is required as against concrete and steel jacketing.
 The FRPs have extremely good corrosion resistance, which makes them
highly suitable for marine and coastal environments.
 FRP wraps prevent further deterioration of concrete and inside
reinforcement.
 As the wraps are available in long rolls, construction joints can be easily
avoided.
 Ease of installation, which is similar to putting up wallpapers, makes the
use of FRP sheets a very cost-effective and efficient alternative in the
strengthening of existing buildings.
 Provides minimal disturbance to existing structure and generally the
strengthening work can be performed with normal functioning of
structure.
 Concept of Confinement

As concrete is uniaxially compressed, Poisson’s

effect induces transverse strains that result in
radial expansion of the concrete.
 This increase in transverse strain results
in volumetric expansion.
 By confining the concrete using a
continuous FRP jacket, the fibres resist
the transverse expansion of the
concrete.
 The effect of confining pressure
provided by wrap is to induce a triaxial
state of stress in the concrete which thus exhibits superior behaviour in
both strength and ductility than concrete under uniaxial compression.
 Since, FRP jacket acts to contain damaged sections of concrete; the
maximum usable strain level in the concrete is limited only by the
ultimate strain obtainable in the FRP jacket and not by concrete
crushing.
 To increase the effectiveness of wrap, the sharp edges of the rectangular
sections must be rounded.
 FRP Strengthening for axial load.

 FRP, as opposed to steel that

applies a constant confining
pressure after yield, has an elastic
behaviour up to failure and
therefore exerts its (passive)
confining action on concrete
specimens under axial load in a
different way with respect to steel.
 At a certain value of the normalized
axial concrete strain, the steel
reaches yielding and then, from that
point on, it exerts a constant lateral
(confining) pressure, while FRP
exerts a continuously increasing
confining action. The amount of this
action depends on the lateral
dilation of concrete, which in turn is
affected by the confining pressure.
Thus, FRP-confined concrete models
should account for the interaction

between the laterally expanding concrete and the confining device.

 FRP Strengthening for flexure

Reinforced concrete elements, such as beams and columns, may be

strengthened in flexure through the use of FRP composites epoxy-bonded to
their tension zones, with the direction of fibers parallel to that of high tensile
stresses (member axis). The analysis for the ultimate limit state in flexure for
such elements may follow well-established procedures for reinforced concrete
structures, provided that:
(a) the contribution of external FRP reinforcement is taken into account
properly
(b) special consideration is given to the issue of bond between the concrete and
the FRP.

Specifications of RIPSTAR Laminate

Laminates CFK 200/2000:

Modulus of elasticity >210 GPa

Tensile strength at break 2550 N/mm2
Width/thickness mm/mm Tensile force at elongation of 0.6/0.8 %
50/1.4 84/112 x 103 N
100/1.4 168/224 x 103 N
Note :- FRP laminates will be made available as per customised sizes
 FRP for Shear Strengthening

Shear strengthening can be provided by: -

 factory made CFRP strips,

 continuous sheets.

The externally bonded shear reinforcement generally covers four or three

sides of the element but in some cases only two sides.
 Shear Strengthening Configurations

Strip Application

Continuous Application

Inclined Stripes
 Specification of RIPSTAR fibre

RIPSTAR G FIBRE 900 GSM & RIPSTAR G FIBRE 750 GSM

Technical data of fibre 900 gsm 750 gsm

Modulus of elasticity 70 kN/mm² 70 kN/mm²
Tensile strength 3500 N/mm² 3500 N/mm²
Total weight of sheet in main direction 900 g/m² 900 g/m²
Density 2.7 g/cm³ 2.7 g/cm³
ε Ultimate % 4.5 4.5
Thickness for static design weight /
density 0.348 mm 0.348 mm
Safety factor for static design (manual
lamination / woven product) 1.4 (recommended) 1.4 (recommended)

RIPSTAR C FIBRE 200 GSM & RIPSTAR C FIBRE 400 GSM

Technical data of fibre 200 gsm 400 gsm

Modulus of elasticity 285 kN/mm² 285 kN/mm²
Tensile strength 3850 N/mm² 3850 N/mm²
Total weight of sheet in main direction 205 g/m² 410 g/m²
Density 1.65 g/cm³ 1.65 g/cm³
ε Ultimate % 1.55 1.55
Thickness for static design weight /
density 0.118 mm 0.236 mm
Safety factor for static design (manual
lamination / woven product) 1.2 (recommended) 1.2 (recommended)
 FRP for Torsion

Strengthening for increased torsional capacity may be required in conventional

beams and columns, as well as in bridge box girders. The principles applied to
strengthening in shear are also valid in the case of torsion, with a few minor
differences. Torsional cracks are formed due to the same mechanism that is
responsible for the formation of shear cracks. The main difference between
shear cracking and torsional cracking lies in the crack pattern. Torsional cracks
are inclined, just like shear cracks, but they have different directions on
opposite sides, following a spiral-like pattern.

a) Torsional cracking

b) Shear cracking

An externally bonded FRP jacket will provide contribution to torsional capacity

only if full wrapping around the element’s cross section is applied, so that the
tensile forces carried by the FRP on each side of the cross section may form a
continuous loop.
 FRP Strengthening for Ductility enhancement

Ductility is a desirable structural property because it allows stress

redistribution and provides warning of impending failure. Steel-reinforced
concrete beams are under-reinforced by design, so that failure is initiated by
yielding of the steel reinforcement, followed, after considerable deformation
at no substantial loss of load carrying capacity, by concrete crushing and
ultimate failure. This mode of failure is ductile and is guaranteed by designing
the tensile reinforcement ratio to be substantially below the balanced ratio,
which is the ratio at which steel yielding and concrete crushing occur
simultaneously. The reinforcement ratio thus provides a metric for ductility,
and the ductility corresponding to the maximum allowable steel
reinforcement ratio provides a measure of the minimum acceptable ductility.
The design of FRP external reinforcement for flexure is rational and
straightforward. It is based on Bernoulli’s hypothesis of strain compatibility
that plane sections remain plane, which requires perfect bonding between FRP
and concrete, and the ability of the concrete to transfer stresses to the FRP
laminate by shear. In a beam reinforced internally with steel and externally
with FRP, there is usually substantial reserve capacity at steel yielding. After
the steel reinforcement yields, the beam can still carry increasing loads, albeit
at a lower rate (with respect to deflections) than prior to steel yielding, and
the FRP maintains elastic behaviour until failure occurs suddenly.
 FRP Strengthening for durability

Although FRP composites have been successfully used in the industrial,

automotive, marine, and aerospace sectors, there are critical differences in
loading, environment and even the types of materials and processes used in
these applications as compared to the materials-process-load combinations
likely to be used in civil infrastructure. These materials have also a successful
record of use in pipelines, underground storage tanks, building facades, and
architectural components. Anecdotal evidence provides substantial reason to
believe that if appropriately designed and fabricated, these systems can
provide longer lifetimes and lower maintenance costs than equivalent
structures fabricated from conventional materials. The long-term durability of
fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is often stated as being the main
reason for the use of these materials.

FRP Strengthening for seismic resistance.

Many existing reinforced concrete structures were constructed with

substandard characteristics. Low quality concrete, poor transverse
reinforcement details and insufficient flexural strength are among the most
common deficiencies. While substandard structures are in need of retrofitting,
particularly in seismic areas, problems such as high costs and disturbance to
occupants are major obstacles for retrofit interventions. Fibre reinforced
polymers can provide feasible retrofit solutions with minimum disturbance to
occupants. A significant enhancement was obtained in lateral flexural strength
through the proposed retrofitting method. Furthermore, it was observed that
the cyclic lateral drift capacities of the retrofitted columns were as high as 3%,
which can be deemed as quite satisfactory against seismic actions.

Many substandard reinforced concrete (RC) structures should be seismically

retrofitted to reduce their vulnerabilities against seismic actions as they offer
feasible and innovative solutions for seismic retrofitting due to their
lightweight, high tensile strength and noncorrosive character.

Repairing

Repairing Products: -

DUROCON 49: -
Uses: -
 Used where the repaired areas need to
become serviceable within 2-3 hrs.
 Concrete Roads, Bitumen Roads.
 Airport runways and aprons.
 Bridge decks.
 Factory or warehouse floors.
 Piers and walls in splash zone
 RIPSTAR 155: -

Uses :-
 Stabilised cracks in structural
elements.
 Cold joints between subsequent
pours of concrete.
 Gap behind the steel plate &
concrete for plate Bonding.
 Unfilled voids behind tiles, stone
facades.

RIPSTAR 122: -

Uses: -

 For surface repairs of fine cracks and spalls.

 For gap filling, grouting, bedding fixtures etc.
 For repairs without the use of form work.
 Fixing of surface ports for crack injection.
 Bedding bridge beams or steel bridge bearings.
 Repairing surface defects on concrete in horizontal, vertical or
overhead situations.
 Securing bolts into walls and Dowel bars anchoring.
 Bedding tiles.
 As a gap filling adhesive.