7/24/2019 Biology Investigatory Project (on eye diseases)

Vivekananda Kendra

Vidyalaya, Itanagar 
BIOLOGY 
INVESTIGATORY 
PROJECT REPORT

Topic: Eye Disorders in Children

and Adolescents.

Submitted by:
Diya Choudhury
Class: XII-Science
Roll no. : 09

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12
A3ID
E This is to certiy that Diya Choudhury! a
student o class XII "sci.# has successully
CERT
com$leted the research on the $ro%ect titled
“Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents” 
under the &uidance o 'r. (rasanta (u)ari
I3ICA
"Sub%ect Teacher# durin& the year *0+,-+ in
$artial ulllment o $hysics $ractical
e/amination conducted by AISSCE.
 TE

Si&nature o  (rasanta (u)ari S.C Di/it

E/ternal E/aminer "iolo&y Teacher# "(rinci$al#

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 Acknowledgement 
In the accom$lishment o this $ro%ect successully! many
$eo$le ha4e best o5ned u$on me their blessin&s and the
heart $led&ed su$$ort! this time I am utili)in& to than6 all
the $eo$le 5ho ha4e been concerned 5ith $ro%ect.
(rimarily I 5ould than6 &od or bein& able to com$lete
this $ro%ect 5ith success.
 Then I 5ould li6e to than6 my iolo&y teacher 'r.
(rasanta (u)ari! 5hose 4aluable &uidance has been the
ones that hel$ed me $atch this $ro%ect and ma6e it ull
$roo success his su&&estions and his instructions has
ser4ed as the ma%or contributor to5ards the com$letion
o the $ro%ect.
 Then I 5ould li6e to than6 my $arents 5ho ha4e hel$ed
me 5ith their 4aluable su&&estions and &uidance has
been hel$ul in 4arious $hases o the com$letion o the
$ro%ect. 7ast but not the least I 5ould li6e to than6 my
classmates 5ho ha4e hel$ed me a lot.

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S7.  Table o Content

2o. (A8E 2o.
+. Abstract

*. Introduction

. 'ethodolo&y

. Data Collection
,. Data analysis

. Treatment

;. Conclusion

<. iblio&ra$hy

IDE! 

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 A"#T$ACT 

=isual $erce$tion is the ability to inter$ret the

surroundin& en4ironment by $rocessin& inormation that
is contained in 4isible li&ht. The resultin& $erce$tion  is
also 6no5n as eyesi&ht! si&ht! or 4ision.
Eyes are the or&ans  o 4ision. They detect li&ht  and

con4ert it into electro-chemical im$ulses in neurons.

Eyes can be $rone to many diseases and disorders.
 This $ro%ect is ocused on eye disorders: ho5 it is caused!
5hy it is caused! ho5 to $re4ent>treat it are inscribed
here.
In addition! a sur4ey 5as ta6en amon& ,0 students! each
ha4in& an eye disorder. The data and other eatures are
attached to the re$ort as 5ell.

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IT$%D&CTI%
E?E

 The human eye is a spheroid structure that rests in a bony cavity

(socket, or orbit) on the frontal surface of the skull.
 The thick wall of the eyeball contains three covering layers: the
sclera, the choroid, and the retina.
 The sclera is the outermost layer of eye tissue; part of it is visible
as the "white" of the eye. n the center of the visible sclera and
 pro!ecting slightly, in the manner of a crystal raised above the

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surface of a watch, is the cornea, a transparent membrane that acts

as the window of the eye.
 delicate membrane, the con!unctiva, covers the visible portion of 
the sclera.
 #nderneath the sclera is the second layer of tissue, the choroid,
composed of a dense pigment and blood vessels that nourish the
tissues.

  $ear the center of the visible portion of the eye, the choroid layer 
forms the ciliary body, which contains the muscles used to change
the shape of the lens (that is, to focus).

 The ciliary body in turn merges with the iris, a diaphragm that
regulates the si%e of the pupil.

 The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmentation of the
choroid layer, usually brown or blue, is visible because it is not
covered by the sclera.

 The pupil is the round opening in the center of the iris; it is dilated
and contracted by muscular action of the iris, thus regulating the
amount of light that enters the eye.

 &ehind the iris is the lens, a transparent, elastic, but solid ellipsoid
 body that focuses the light on the retina, the third and innermost
layer of tissue.

 The retina is a network of nerve cells, notably the rods and cones,
and nerve fibers that fan out over the choroid from the optic nerve
as it enters the rear of the eyeball from the brain. #nlike the two
outer layers of the eye, the retina does not e'tend to the front of the
eyeball.

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 &etween the cornea and iris and between the iris and lens are small
spaces filled with aueous humor, a thin, watery fluid.

 The large spheroid space in back of the lens (the center of the
eyeball) is filled with vitreous humor, a !ellylike substance.

SOME COMMON EYE DISORDERS 

  Myopia (Nearsightedness)
•

 $earsighted
individuals typically
have problems seeing
well at a distance and
are forced to wear 

glasses or contact
lenses. The
nearsighted eye is
usually longer than a
normal eye, and its
cornea may also be
steeper. Therefore, when light passes through the cornea and lens, it is
focused in front of the retina. This will make distant images appear 
 blurred.

  Hypermetropia (Farsightedness)
•

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3arsi&hted indi4iduals ty$ically

de4elo$ $roblems readin& u$
close. The arsi&hted eye is
usually sli&htly shorter than a
normal eye and may ha4e a
@atter cornea. Thus! the li&ht o 
distant ob%ects ocuses behind
the retina unless the natural lens
can com$ensate ully. 2ear
ob%ects reuire e4en &reater
ocusin& $o5er to be seen clearly and thereore! blur
more easily.

  Conjunti!itis

on!unctivitis is a condition in
which the tissue that lines the
eyelids and covers the cornea
 becomes inflamed. t is
sometimes called "pink eye" or 
"red eye." t can cause redness,
itching, burning, tearing,
discharge, or a feeling of 
something in the eye. on!unctivitis occurs in people of all ages
and can be caused by infection, e'posure to chemicals and irritants,
or allergies.

  "m#$yopia

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mblyopia is the medical term used

when the vision of one eye is reduced
 because it fails to work properly with
the brain. The eye itself looks normal,
 but for various reasons the brain
favors the other eye. This condition is
also sometimes called la%y eye.
mblyopia can occur when one eye is
more nearsighted, more farsighted, or 
has more astigmatism

  "sthenopia

sthenopia or eye strain manifests

itself through nonspecific symptoms
such as fatigue, pain in or around the
eyes, blurred vision, headache and
occasional double vision. *ymptoms
often occur after reading, computer 
work, or other close activities that
involve tedious visual tasks.

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  %hoto&eratitis 
+hotokeretitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition
caused by e'posure of insufficiently protected eyes to the
ultraviolet (#) rays from either natural (e.g. intense sunlight at
high altitudes) or artificial sources. +hotokeratitis is akin to a
sunburn of the cornea and con!unctiva, and is not usually noticed
until several hours after e'posure. *ymptoms include increased
tears and a feeling of pain, likened to having sand in the eyes.

'ethodology 

 The sur4ey 5as ta6en on 3eb! *0+, at Itana&ar! Arunachal

(radesh $articularly at =B= Itana&ar! Chim$u.

 Total students 5ere ,0 each ha4in& an eye disorder. The a&e

ran&e is  to +<.

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uestions that 5ere as6ed:

+# 2ame and a&e o the $erson
*# Inormation on their eye disorder
# A&e 5hen the disorder 5as dia&nosed

2o s$ecic tool 5as used. A riend to assist $ro4ed to be

hel$ul.

DATA C%((ECTI%

-ata is in the order of increasing age.

SL Name Eye disorder Age when Gender

. eye "ma#e
N disorder $%&
o. was 'ema#e
dee!ed $'&(
+. Ta&ru (ame Amblyo$ia 0 3

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*. San&ata 2ath Amblyo$ia 0 3

. inter Amblyo$ia 0 3
. (riyam Sen y$ermetro$ia 0, '
,. Taba 1m$u 'yo$ia 0 3

.
;. Rindo $ertin
(radi$ta 6. 'yo$ia
'yo$ia 0;
0< 3
'
'a)umdar
<. Bushboo asar 'yo$ia 0< 3
9. 'illo tomo con%uncti4itis 0< '
+0  Farmin San&ha 'yo$ia 09 3
.
++ (. anna 'yo$ia 09 3
.

+* Abhishe6 'o& y$ermetro$ia +0 '

.
+ Bhuru c. To6 'yo$ia +0 '
.
+ 'inam 'yo$ia +0 3
.
+, a6in 2aso 'yo$ia +0 '
.
+ Am$i 2abam Amblyo$ia +0 3
.
+; Ra%ni Tha6ur 'yo$ia ++ 3
.
+<  Toyan& Astheno$ia ++ 3
.
+9 Bi$a 'yo$ia ++ 3
.
*0 Rohan Deb 'yo$ia ++ '
.
*+ 'ichi So$hia 'yo$ia ++ 3
.
** San&e 'yo$ia ++ 3
.
* (reti Ta&ru 'yo$ia ++ 3
.
* Alla$an 'yo$ia ++ '

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.
*,  Foel S. Gancsu y$ermetro$ia +* '
.
*  Fiencha 'yo$ia +* 3
.
*; 'itu 'yo$ia +* 3
.
*< a&e Tunya 'yo$ia +* 3
.
*9 Ba%um 'yo$ia +* 3
.
0 8imar 'yo$ia +* 3
.
+ Rim$i 'yo$ia +* 3
.
* Atul Bumar y$ermetro$ia +* '
.
 Bam$oan 'yo$ia +* 3
.  Tan&%an&
 a&e 'inia 'yo$ia +* 3
.
, R. S. A6hil y$ermetro$ia +* '
.
 Ri&bi 'yo$ia + 3
.
;  Fumn&am (hoto 6eratitis + 3
.
< Bam$u 'yo$ia + 3
.
9  ?aya (hoto 6eratitis + 3
.
0 'eyo 'yo$ia + 3
.
+  Fessica Ri%i%u 'yo$ia + 3
.
* Riya Choudhury Amblyo$ia + 3
.

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 Si6ha Sadani 'yo$ia + 3

.
 Chaitanya 4. Astheno$ia + 3
.
, Rhonya 'yo$ia + 3
.
  Ta&e Gelly 'yo$ia + '
.
; Dimini 'yo$ia +, 3
.
< Sa6sham 'yo$ia +, '
.
9 (u%a Solan6i 'yo$ia +, 3
.
,0 Ra&hubir Sin&h 'yo$ia + '
.

DATA AA()#I#
(ie Chart:

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Eye /isorder +
Amblyo$ia Astheno$ia Con%uncti4itis
y$ermetro$ia 'yo$ia (hoto 6eratitis

,+ )*+

,+
-+

)*+

*+

 The $ie chart sho5s relati4e $ercenta&e o $eo$le ha4in&

certain disorders.
• Myopia stands as the most common refractive disorder in
children and teens with a big 70%.
• 7 out of 10 people having a disorder are diagnosed with
Myopia
• 1 out of 10 people have Hypermetropia.
• 1 out of 10 people have Amblyopia
• 1 out of 2 people have Asthenopia.
• 1 out of 2 people have the problem of eye pain.

Column Chart:

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A&e 4s. 3reuency

+*
++

+0
<
<

3reuency 
, ,


 
*
*
+ + +

0
H  ; < 9 +0 ++ +* + + +, +

A&e

 The Chart is used here to com$are the a&e "5hen eye

disorder 5as detected# to number o $eo$le.
• !t highlights that children below or at the age of twelve are
more prone to ac"uire an eye disorder.
• # persons are diagnosed with a disorder at$below the age of 
12 and 1 above the age of 12
• he average age is 11.

T$EAT'ET 

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'yo$ia
I a $erson is nearsi&hted! the rst number "s$here# on the
eye&lasses $rescri$tion  or contact lens $rescri$tion  5ill be
$receded by a minus si&n "J#. The hi&her the number! the
more nearsi&hted one is.

 2earsi&htedness can be corrected 5ith &lasses! contact

lenses or reracti4e sur&ery.

 Reracti4e sur&ery can reduce or e4en eliminate the

need or &lasses or contacts. The most common

$rocedures are $erormed 5ith an e/cimer laser.

+. In (RB   the laser remo4es a layer o corneal tissue!
5hich @attens the cornea and allo5s li&ht rays to
ocus more accurately on the retina.

*. In 7ASIB K the most common reracti4e $rocedure

K a thin @a$ is created on the surace o the
cornea! a laser remo4es some corneal tissue! and
then the @a$ is returned to its ori&inal $osition.

y$ero$ia
I a &lasses or contact lens $rescri$tion be&ins 5ith $lus
numbers! li6e L*.,0! then the $erson is arsi&hted.

 3arsi&htedness can be corrected 5ith &lasses or contact

lenses to chan&e the 5ay li&ht rays bend into the eyes.

 Reracti4e sur&ery! such as 7ASIB   or CB ! is another

o$tion or correctin& hy$ero$ia. Sur&ery may reduce or
eliminate your need to 5ear &lasses or contact lenses.

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Amblyo$ia
  The most common treatment or amblyo$ia is to orce
the brain  to start usin& the bad eye. This is done by
$uttin& a $atch o4er the &ood eye. It can ta6e 5ee6s or
months or an eye $atch to im$ro4e 4ision.

 In cases o mild amblyo$ia! the doctor mi&ht recommend

usin& an eye dro$ called atro$ine in the &ood eye
instead o a $atch. Atro$ine dilates the $u$il and blurs
the 4ision in the &oodM eye! orcin& the bad eye to do
most o the 5or6.

 'ost children 5ith amblyo$ia 5ill also need &lasses to

hel$ ocus.

Amblyo$ia becomes much more diNcult to treat ater about

;-9 years o a&e

Astheno$ia
 (re4entati4e measures! such as ta6in& brea6s rom
acti4ities that cause eye strain are su&&ested.
  The most eOecti4e 5ay to ease the $ain or discomort
that the aPiction causes is to remo4e all li&ht sources
rom a room! and allo5 the eyes to rela/ in dar6ness.
 Cool com$resses also hel$ to some de&ree! thou&h care

should bedama&e
as ice# to ta6en tothe
not usethemsel4es.
eyes anythin& cool enou&h "such

(hoto6eretitis

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 (hoto6eratitis can be $re4ented by usin& sun&lasses  or

eye $rotection that transmits ,J+0Q o 4isible li&ht and
absorbs almost all = rays.

Con%uncti4itis
+. acterial Con%uncti4itis
 Antibiotic eyedro$

*. =iral Con%uncti4itis
 There is no treatment or most cases o 4iral
con%uncti4itis. Instead! the 4irus needs time to run its
course K u$ to t5o or three 5ee6s.
. Aller&ic Con%uncti4itis
 diOerent ty$es o eyedro$s or diOerent aller&ies

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C%C(&#I%
; out o +0 $eo$le 5ere dia&nosed 5ith myo$ia accordin&
to the sur4ey ta6en. Althou&h 'yo$ia is not a 4ery
harmul disorder or the eye and can be treated easily but
the numbers are alertin& and 5e should ta6e $re4enti4e

measures to a4oid it.

A com$lete eye chec6u$ once e4ery one to three years is
4ery benecial. 'any si&ht-threatenin& diseases! i 
detected early! can be cured or treated to $re4ent! or
slo5! the $ro&ression o any 4ision loss.
Eatin& &reen 4e&&ies! carrots! sh! etc. are essential or
our eyes or unctionin& 5ell.

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"I"(I%*$A+) 

Puzari, Prasanta. Biology teacher, VKV ITA

555.&oo&le.co.in
en-wikipedia-org.wiki. 

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