ABSTRACT

Organic light emitting diodes (OLED) are promising candidates for general
illumination, since they offer the possibility to realize large area light sources
which can even be transparent and flexible. The energy-saving potential of
OLEDs is similar to that of LEDs, but the two technologies differ in a number of
ways. The present report introduces the basics of the OLED technologies and its
latest developments. It also describe the emerging markets, industry landscape
and standardisation requirements. It is a solid state device composed of thin
films of organic molecules that create light with the application of electricity.
OLED can provide brighter , crisper displays on electronic devices and use less
power than conventional light emitting diodes (LEDs) used today. Like an LED, an
OLED is a solid state semiconductor device that is 100 to 500 nanometers thick
or about 200 times smaller than a human hair. OLEDs can have either two layers
or three layers of organic material.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE No.

BONAFIDE ii
ABSTRACT iii
TABLE OF CONTENT iv
LIST OF FIGURES Vii
LIST OF ABBRIEVATIONS viii

1 INTRODUCTION TO OLED TECHNOLOGY 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 HISTORY 2
1.3 WHAT IS OLED 4
1.4 BASICS OF THE OLED 5
TECHNOLOGY
2 OLED COMPONENTS 6
2.1 OLED COMPONENTS 6
2.2 OPERATION 7
2.3 STRUCTURE FOR WHITE OLED’S 8
2.3.1 DoE’s luminous efficiency target 9

for OLED panel

2.3.2 UDC luminous efficacy record at 9
‘pixel’ and ‘panel’ levels against
DoE objectives
2.4 CHALLENGES FACING 10
2.4.1 Efficiency and light Output 10
2.4.2 Lifespan 10
2.4.3 Cost and Manufacturing 11
2.4.4 Tests and Standards 11
2.5 EVOLUTION OF THE OLED
TECHNOLOGY AND TARGET 11
 3 CONSTRUCTION OF OLED 14

3.1 MAKING OLED 14

3.1.1 Vacuum deposition or vacuum 14
Thermal evaporation(VTE)
3.1.2 Organic vapour phase 14
Deposition
3.1.3 Inkjet printing 15

4 OLED TYPES 16

4.1 TYPES OF OLED 16

4.1.1 Passive - matrix OLED 16
4.1.2 Active – matrix OLED 17
4.1.3 Transport OLED 18
4.1.4 Foldable OLED 19
4.1.5 Top – Emitting OLED 19
4.1.6 White OLED 20
4.2 STRUCTURE OF OLED 21
4.3 COMPARISON OF OLED/LED/LCD 22

5 PROBLEMS WITH OLED 23

5.1 PROBLEMS WITH OLED 23

5.2 CURRENT AND FUTURE OLED 23
APPLICATION
5.3 OLED MARKET

6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 25

25
6.1 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
6.1.1 Weight and Subtrates 25
6.1.2 Cost 25
6.1.3 Viewing angles and Brightness 25
6.1.4 Power efficiency and thickness 25
6.1.5 Response time
6.2 OLED PRICES AND POTENTIAL 25
DOWNSIZING