META AND NON-METALS 3/47

NCERT TEXTBOOK ACTIVITIES

wITH
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
ACTIVITY 3.1. d du h l it
(To check that metals have lustre, i.e., shining surface)
a

Take samples of iron, copper, aluminium and magnesium. Note the appearance of each sample.
Clean the surface of each sample by rubbing them with sand paper and note their appearance again.
Discussion. The surface of the metals is dull because they are covered with a layer of oxide, hydroxide, carbon-
ate etc. due to attack of gases of the air on their surface. On rubbing the surface with sand paper, this layer 1s
removed and a shining surface appears.
Conclusion. Metals in the pure state (or freshly prepared or cut) have a shining surface. zood

ACTIVITY 3.2,
(To test that metals are hard and hardness varies from metal to metal)
.Take small pieces of iron, copper, aluminium and magnesium. Try to cut these metals with a sharp knife.
Hold a piece of sodium metal with a pair of tongs.
CAUTION. Always handle sodium metal with care. Dry it by pressing between the folds of a filter paper.
Put it on a watch glass and try to cut it with a knife.
Discussion and Conclusion. All the four metals (Fe, Cu, Al and Mg) are found to be cut with difficulty. This
shows that metals are hard. The ease of cutting is found to be in the order Mg> Al> Cu> Fe. This shows that
hardness varies from metal to metal. Sodium is cut very easily. Hence, sodium is
soft, i.e., it is an exception.
ACTIMITY 3.3.
(To test that metals are malleable, i.e., can be hammered into sheets)
Take pieces of iron, zinc, lead and copper.
Place any one metal on the block
of iron and strike it four or five times with a hammer.
Repeat with other metals. od t
Record the change in shape
of these metals.
Discussion and Conclusion. lde bae idut 3et ovoda sdt ol e omoe bba
It is observed that metals
can be beaten into thin
sheets, i.e., they are malleable.

(To justify that metals

ACTIVITY 3.4
are ductile, ie., can be drawn into wire)
Consider some metals such as
iron, copper, aluminium, lead etc. g sl
Check which of these
metals are available in the form
sot anolinps stw aog na)
of wire.
Discussion and Conclusion. sadedo hoitoloe sifT
t lopb obooo
a wires of iron, copper and aluminium
i.e., they are ductile.
are easily available, this shows that metals can be drawn into wires,

do test that
metals
ACTIVTY 3.5.
are good conductors of heat and have high
aluminium or
copper wire. Clamp the wire on a melting points)
a to pin the free end stand as shown in Fig. 3.1, Page 3/4.
leat the wire with a of the wire using wax.
spir lamp, candle or a burner
spirit
near the place where it is clamped.
3/48
Pradeep's sCIENCE: CHEMISTR
Now Answer
time?
What do you observe after some
Does the metal wire melt ?
Discussion and Conciusion
We observe that on heating the wire near the clamp, after some time the pin falls down, This shows t
flows through the wire and melts the wax. Further, the wire does not melt even after heating for. at heat
This shows that metals have high melting points.

ACTIVITY 3.6.
To test that metals are good conductor of electricity)
Set up an electric circuit as shown in Fig. 3.2, Page 3/5.
a
Place the metal to be tested in the circuit between terminals A and B as shown in the Fig.
Now Ansvwer
Does the bulb glow ? What does this indicate ?
Discussion. The bulb glows. This shows that electric current flows through the metal.
Conclusion. Metals are good conductor of electricity.

ACTIVITY 3.7
To study the physical properties of non-metals)
lo eoalg linn a l
bo lo soslq s blol
Collect samples of carbon (coal or graphite), sulphur and 10dine.

Carry out the Activities 3.1 to 3.6 with these non-metals.

dne MOTUAD
Discussion and Conclusion.
( Non-metals have no lustre (except iodine which has a lustre). (ii) Non-metals are soft and brittle.
i ) They are neither malleable nor ductile. (iv) They are not good conductor of electricity (except graphite)

ACTIVITY 3.8.
(To show that metal oxides are basic while non-metal oxides are acidic)
Take a magnesium ribbon and some sulphur powder.
Burn the magnesium ribbon. Collect the ashes formed and dissolve them in water, (Fig 3.4a, Page3/7)
Test the resultant solution with both red and blue litmus paper
Now burn sulphur powder. Place a test tube over the burning sulphur (Fig. 3.4b, Page 3/7).
shake.
Add some water to the above test tube and
Test this solution wth blue and red litmus paper. pg bovsdio
Now Answer
acidic or basic ?
Is the product formed on burning magnesium
burning sulphur acidic
or basie ? r a or
Is the product formed on
reactions ?
for these
Can you write equations
obtained on dissolving asnes arter burning magnesium turns red litmus blue whereas
Discussion. The solution
Trom ougpnurare acidic. litmus red. This shows that magnesium
urns blue
solutíon obtained on díssolving gases The reactions are:
oxide (Mg0) is basic
while oKides or supnur
tod2 S0)
2 MgO ()MgO ()+ HO () Mg(OH), (ag)
2 Mg () + O, (g)
Magnesium Magnesium
Magnesium Oxide
hydroxide
SO (8) SO, (g)+ H,O () HSO, (ag)
S ()+ O 8) Sulphur sulphurous acid
Sulphur dioxide

oxides are basic while non-metal oxides are acidic. k e ai slw dls e
Conchusdon. Metal
METALS AND NON-METALS
3/49

ACTIVITY 3.9.
(To study the burning of metals in air to form oxides)
in the presence of teacher and wear eye protection.)
CAUTION. This activity may performed
be
aluminium.
potassium, magnesium, copper and
Take samples of sodium,
and try to burn it over the flame. Repeat
with other metal samples.
dHold sample
with a pair
of tongs olgoe l
.Collect the product ifformed.
cool down.
and the metal surface
Let the products
Now Answer

burn easily ?
.Whichmetals ?
observe when the metal burnt blb booo dulde d
What flame colour did you e7 or
after burning?
metal surface appear lo ad
How does the towards oxygen.
metals in the decreasing
order
oftheir reactivity
Arrange the
in water ?
Are products soluble
the burn easily. Copper and
aluminium do not burn
but on heating
Sodium and Magnesium
Discussion. Potassium, aluminium oxide (Al,0,) respectively.
(1) oxide and white
air form black copper
in CuO ()
2 Cu () O (8)
Copper () oxide (Black)
Copper 2 Al,0, ()
4 Al (s) 30,(8) Aluminium oxide (White)
dissolve in
oxides (Na,0, K,O)
insoluble in water.However, alkali metal
are found to
be
These metal oxides with oxygen is:
alkalies. The order ofreactivity
ndwater to produce K> Na> Mg> Al > Cu
covered
lead etc. are
magnesium, aluminium, zinc and
metals such as
the surfaces of
oxidation.
metal from further
At ordinary temperature, of the oxide prevents the
the oxide. The protective
layer
with a thin layer of to form metal
oxides.
metals combine with oxygen
Conclusion. Almost all
Metal Oxide
Metal +Oxygen
l
ACTIVITY 3.10.
with water) urond ateli
e i beg (To study the reactivity of metals
u
assistance.
activity needs teacher's
CAUTION. This aluminium, zine and
copper.
of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
Collect the samples with cold water.
separately in beakers half-filled
Put small pieces of the samples water.
half-filled with hot
react with cold water in beakers 3/11
Put the metals that did not
as shown
in Fig. 3.5, Page
not react with hot water, arrange the apparatus
did
For the metals that steam. i eeh beT
and observe their reaction with
Now Answer with cold
them in increasing
order of their reactivity
which metals reacted with cold water ? Arrange
water
Did any metal produce fire on water '?

Does any metal startfloating after some time? 0ada

Which metals did not react even with steam? ioaug

water. Ca and Mg start
Ca reacted with cold water. K and Na produced fire on
after
a n d
time. Al, Fe and Zn reacted with steam. Cu did not react even with
some
stean
Al > Zn > Fe >
Conclusion.
Order of reactivity ofthe given metals with water is: K> Na> Ca> Mg>
 Pradeep s sCIENCE
3/50
:
CHEMISTRY
STRY
ACTIVITY 3.11with
acids)
(To study the reaction of metals
sodium and potassium. If the samples tarnished.
are rl
Collect all the metal samples except rubtthem elean
with sand paper.
as they react vigorously even with cold water
CAUTION. Do not take sodium and potassium er
dilute hydrochloric acid.
P u t the samples separately in test tubes containing
tubes so that their bulbs are dipped in the acid.
Suspend thermometers in the test
Observe the rate of formation of bubbles carefully.
Now Answer
acid?
d daom bdr
Which metals reacted vigorously with dilute hydrochloric
W i t h which metal did you record the highest temperature ?
ob wol
the metals in the decreasing order of reactivity with dilute acids.
Arrange
Discussion. Mg reacts most vigorously followed by AlI, Zn and then Fe. Copper did not react at al. Tempera
ture was found to rise in case of all the metals that reacted with dilute acid showing that reaction is exothem
ermic.
The rise of temperature is maximum in case of magnesium.
Conclusion. The order of reactivity with dilute HCl is: Mg> Al > Zn> Fe > Cu ld o l ni

ACTIVITY 3.12
(To study the reaction of metals with solutions of other metal salts)
Take a clean wire of copper and an iron nail.
Put the copper wire in a solution of iron sulphate and the iron wire in a solution of copper sulphate taken
in test tubes (Fig. 3.7, Page 3/15).
Record your observations after 20 minutes.
Now Answer
In which test tube did you find that a reaction has occurred ?
On what basis
can you say that a reaction has
actually taken place?
Can you correlate your observations for the Activities 3.9, 3.10 and 3.11 ?
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction that has taken place.
Name the type of reaction.
Discussion. Reaction is found to occur in the tube containing iron wire
dipped in copper sulphate solution.
This is because in this tube, blue colour of copper sulphate solution fades and
tion of iron () sulphate
light green colour due to forma-
appears. Moreover, a brown deposit of copper takes place on iron nail. Thus, the
following reaction takes place:
Fe (s) t CuSO (aq) FeSO4 (aq) eli oig Cu (s) u
Iron Copper sulphate Iron ()
(Blue)
sulphatends aluCopper
Conclusion. Iron is more reactive than copper and displaces Green)
hib led) ata(Brown)
copper from copper sulphate solution. In genera,
a more reactive metal less reactive metal from its salt in the
displaces a
solution.
ACTIVITY 3.13
(To study the properties of ionic compounds)
Take samples of sodium chloride, potassium 10dlde, Darium chloride or
any other salt from the science
laboratory.
Take a small amount of a sample on a metal spatula and heat
Repeat with other samples. directly on the flame (Fig, 3.10, Page 3/29).
Try to dissolve the compounds in water and kerosene. o s r eS be
Make a circuit as shown in 3.11, Page
Fig. usert the
a electrodes into
the other salt samples too in this manner. a
solution of one salt. Test
METALS AND NON-METALS 3/51

Now Answer
What is the physical state of the salt taken ?
Did the samples impart any colour to the flame on heating ? C 3
Did the compounds melt on heating ?
Are the compounds soluble in water or kerosene ?
Did the electric bulb glow on passing electric current ?
What is your inference about the nature of these compounds?
Discussion. All the salts taken are solids. Each salt imparted a particular colour to the flame. The compounds
did not melt on heating. The compounds were soluble in water but not in kerosene. The electric bulb glows on
passing electric current. All these properties show that the compounds are ionic in nature.d mso (
Conclusions. () lonic compounds are generally solids. e sobbped o a
(i) They impart a characteristic colour to the flame. lbooo enoog sdt al (vi
(i) They are soluble in a polar solvent like water and insoluble in non-polar solvents like kerosene, petrol, etc.
(iv) Their melts or aqueous solution conduct electricity.
CTMCITI