Lubrication & Bearings

Unit IV (12ME62) Lubrication & Bearings
• Basic modes of lubrication, viscosity, properties of

lubricant
• Journal or sleeve bearings, Petroff’s equation, Bearing
materials, Sommerfeld number, Bearing modulus,
Coefficient of friction, Minimum oil film thickness, Heat
generated & heat dissipated.
• Antifriction bearings: Materials, Types, Ball & roller
bearings, Static & dynamic capacity, Equivalent load,
Selection based on rated life & application
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore
Lubrication & Bearings
• The object of lubrication is to reduce friction, wear &
heating of machine parts that move relative to each
other.
• A lubricant is a substance that when inserted between
the moving surfaces, accomplishes these purposes.
• The important functions of lubricant in bearings are;
a) To reduce friction between the sliding surfaces by
separating them with a thin film of oil.
b) To reduce wear & thereby increase the life of bearing.
c) To remove the frictional heat from the bearing.
d) To provide protection against corrosion.
Lubrication & Bearings
• In a sleeve bearing, a shaft or journal rotates or oscillates the
sleeve or bushing, & the relative motion is sliding.
• In antifriction bearings, the relative motion is rolling.
• If the lubricant is a fluid and there is enough of it between the

surfaces to separate them completely, it is known as ‘fluid
film lubrication’.
• If the layer of the lubricant is so thin that there is partial

metal to metal contact, it said to under boundary lubrication’.

Types of lubricants
Lubricants are classified into following three groups:
(i) Liquid (ii) Semi-liquid (iii) Solid
• The liquid lubricants usually used in bearings are mineral oils
or animal & vegetable oils. Mineral oils are most commonly
used because of they are cheap and stable.
• Grease is a semi liquid lubricant having higher viscosity than
oils. Greases are employed where slow speed and heavy
pressure exist.
• Solid lubricants are useful in reducing friction where oil films
can not be maintained because of pressure & temperatures.
They should be stronger than the materials being lubricated.
• Graphite is most common solid lubricant. Other solid
lubricants are soap stone, talc, wax, mica, French chalk, etc.
Liquid Lubricants

Greases

Solid Lubricants
Graphite Soap Stone
French Chalk
Dr P RTalc
Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore
Mica
Properties of Lubricants
The following are the important properties of a lubricant.
Viscosity:
• It is the property of a fluid by virtue of which it offers
resistance to shear (flow).
• If the viscosity is too low, a liquid film can not be
maintained between the moving surfaces.
• On the other hand, a high viscosity oil will offer greater
resistance to moving parts.
• The viscosity decreases with increase in operating
temperature.
• A good lubricant, the change of viscosity with
temperature must be a minimum.
Types of viscosity
Viscosity of a lubricant may be defined by
(i) Absolute (or Dynamic) Viscosity (m)
• It is the force required to move a surface of unit area at
unit velocity when separated by an oil film of unit
thickness.
• In SI system, unit of absolute viscosity is N-sec/m2
(Pascal-sec)
(ii) Kinematic Viscosity (n)
• It is the ratio of absolute viscosity to mass density of the
fluid. Its SI unit is m2/sec.
m
i.e.n   
  Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore
Dr P R Venkatesh,
Flash Point:
• Flash point is the minimum temperature at which an oil
gives off sufficient vapour to ignite momentarily on
introduction of flame.
• A good lubricant must have its flash point above the
operating temperature.
Fire Point:
• Fire point is the lowest temperature at which an oil
gives off sufficient vapour to burn continuously when
bought in contact with a flame.
• A good lubricant must have a high fire point.

Oiliness:
• It is the ability of an oil to maintain an unbroken
lubricating oil film between the rubbing surfaces.
• A good lubricant must have enough oiliness to adhere
to surfaces even at high pressures.
Volatility:
• It is the tendency of the oil to vaporize at high
temperatures leaving behind a thick residual oil.
• A good lubricant must have low volatility.

Pour Point & Cloud Point:
• Pour point is the lowest temperature at which an oil
ceases to flow when cooled.
• Cloud point is the lowest temperature at which wax and
other substances crystallize and separate out when
cooled.
• A good lubricant must have a low pour & cloud points.
Carbon residue:
• Lubricating oils contain higher percentage of carbon in
the combined form. At high temperatures, they
decompose resulting in carbon deposits on bearing
surfaces which is undesirable.
• A good lubricant should not decompose even at high
temperatures.
Bearings
• A bearing is machine part, which support a
moving element and confines its motion.
• The supporting member is usually designated as
bearing and the supported member may be
journal (shaft)
• Since there is a relative motion between the
bearing and the moving element, a certain
amount of power must be absorbed in
overcoming friction, and if the surface actually
touches, there will be a rapid wear.

Classification of Bearings
Bearings are classified as follows;
Depending upon the direction of the load to be
supported:
 Radial bearing and
 Thrust bearing.
Depending upon the nature of contact between the
working surfaces:-
 Sliding contact bearings
Ex: Journal bearings, thrust bearings.
 Rolling contact bearings.
Ex: Ball bearings, Roller bearings.

Sliding contact Bearings
Journal bearing:
• It is one, which forms the sleeve around the
shaft and supports a bearing at right angles to
the axis of the bearing.
• The portion of the shaft resting on the sleeve is
called the journal. Examples of journal bearings
are:
Solid bearing
Bushed bearing, and
Pedestal bearing.
Solid Bearing
• A cylindrical hole formed in a
cast iron machine member to
receive the shaft which makes
a running fit is the simplest
type of solid journal bearing.
• Its rectangular base plate has
two holes drilled in it for
bolting down the bearing in its
position as shown in the
figure.
• An oil hole is provided at the
top to lubricate the bearing.
There is no means of
adjustment for wear and the
shaft must be introduced into
the bearing endwise.
• It is therefore used for shafts,
which carry light loads and
rotate at moderate speeds.
Bushed Bearing • It consists of mainly two
parts, the cast iron block
and bush; the bush is made
of soft material such as
brass, bronze or gunmetal.
• The bush is pressed inside
the bore in the cast iron
block and is prevented
from rotating or sliding by
means of grub- screw as
shown if the figure.
• When the bush gets worn
out it can be easily
replaced. Elongated holes
in the base are provided
for lateral adjustment.
Pedestal Bearing • It is also called Plummer block.
Figure shows half sectional front
view of the Plummer block.
• It consists of cast iron pedestal,
phosphor bronze bushes or
steps made in two halves and
cast iron cap.
• A cap by means of two square
headed bolts holds the halves of
the steps together.
• The steps are provided with
collars on either side in order to
prevent its axial movement.
• The snug in the bottom step,
which fits into the
corresponding hole in the body,
prevents the rotation of the
steps along with the shaft. This
type of bearing can be placed
any where along the shaft
length.
Thrust Bearings
• They are used to guide or support the shaft,
which is subjected to a load along the axis of the
shaft.
• Since a thrust bearing operates without a
clearance between the conjugate parts, an
adequate supply of oil to the rubbing surfaces is
extremely important.
• Bearings designed to carry heavy thrust loads
may be broadly classified in to two groups
Foot step bearing, and
Collar bearing
Footstep Bearing • Footstep bearings are used
to support the lower end of
the vertical shafts.
• A simple form of such
bearing is shown in fig. It
consists of cast iron block
into which a gunmetal bush
is fitted.
• The bush is prevented from
rotating by the snug
provided at its neck. The
shaft rests on a concave
hardened steel disc.
• This disc is prevented from
rotating along with the shaft
by means of pin provided at
the bottom.
Collar Bearing • The simple type of thrust
bearing for horizontal shafts
consists of one or more
collars cut integral with the
shaft as shown in fig.
• These collars engage with
corresponding bearing
surfaces in the thrust block.
• This type of bearing is used
if the load would be too
great for a step bearing, or if
a thrust must be taken at
some distance from the end
of the shaft.
• Such bearings may be oiled
by reservoirs at the top of
the bearings.
Advantages of sliding contact bearings:
• They can be operated at high speeds.
• They can carry heavy radial loads.
• They have the ability to withstand shock and
vibration loads.
• Noiseless operation.
Disadvantages of sliding contact bearings:
• High friction losses during starting.
• More length of the bearing.
• Excessive consumption of the lubricant and high
maintenance.
Basic modes of lubrication
(i) Hydrostatic lubrication:
• In this type, the fluid film
pressure is obtained by supplying
the lubricant at high pressure
through a set of holes in the
bearing shell.
• The oil holes are so positioned
that the force exerted by the
pressurized lubricant supports
the loaded journal at all times.
Basic modes of lubrication....
(ii) Hydrodynamic lubrication:

• In this type, the fluid film pressure is generated by the rotation of the journal
itself, such that a continuous film of lubricant separates the surfaces of journal
& bearing while supporting the radial load.
• It does not require external equipment to supply high pressure lubricant, as
pressure is developed when journal rotates at high speed.
• Hydrodynamic lubrication was first researched by Osborne Reynolds (1842-
1912).
Mechanism of pressure development in hydrodynamic lubrication
• The operation of hydrodynamic lubrication in journal bearings is illustrated

above.
• Before the rotation commences the shaft rests on the bearing surface. When the
rotation commences the shaft moves up the bore until an equilibrium condition
is reached when the shaft is supported on a wedge of lubricant.
• The moving surfaces are then held apart by the pressure generated within the
fluid film.
• Journal bearings are designed such that at normal operating conditions the
continuously generated fluid pressure supports the load with no contact between
the bearing surfaces.
• This operating condition is known as thick film lubrication and results in a very
low operating friction and Drextremely lowDept,
P R Venkatesh, Mech bearing load.
RVCE, B'lore
Bearing Materials
A good bearing material must have the following requirements ;
• The material should have good anti weld & anti scoring
properties.
• High thermal conductivity
• High fatigue strength
• Good machinability
• Corrosion resistance
• Low cost
• Soft enough to absorb foreign particles
Some of the commonly used bearing materials are;
White metal alloy, Copper - lead alloys, Cadmium based alloys,
Aluminum alloys, bronzes, Cast iron.
Terminology of Journal bearings
D W  Radial load
Load W
l  Length of bearing
e
d/2
D  Diameter of bearing
d  Diameter of journal
ho
o
p  Bearing pressure
o" c
o' o = Center of bearing

Oil film o'  Center of journal at rest
pressure
o"  Center of journal when rotating
oo '  c  Radial clearance
oo"  Eccentricity
Fig 15.10 Page 357
Operating conditions of a loaded journal h o  Minimum film thickness
  Attitude angle
Terminology of Journal bearings
l
(i) ratio : It is the ratio of length of the bearing to diameter of the journal.
d
l l
If  1, it is called a short bearing, If  1, it is called a square bearing
d d
l
If  1, it is called a long bearing.
d
(ii) Radial clearance (c) : It is the difference between the radius of the bearing
 D-d 
and the radius of the journal.  c =  
 2 
(iii) Line of centers : It is the line joining the center of bearing & the center of
journal while in operation. Along this line, the film thickness is minimum on one
side & is denoted by ho

Terminology of Journal bearings......
(iv) Eccentricity ( e) : It is the distance between the center of bearing &
center of journal when running under operational condition.
(v) Attitude or Eccentricity ratio  : It is the ratio of eccentricity 'e' to

e  ho 
the radial clearance 'c'       1    15.7 (b) Page 357
c c 
where h0 is the minimum oil film thickness.
(vi) Bearing pressure ( p ) : It is the ratio of load on the journal to the

 W 
projected area of the bearing.  p   
 l  d 

Petroff's equation for Coefficient of friction  Fig 15.2(a) page 350
Petroff's equation gives the coefficient of friction in journal bearings.
The following assumptions are made in deriving Peetroff's equation;
i) Bearing carries small loads
ii) Clearance is completely filled with oil of high viscosity
iii) The end leakage is negligible
iv) The journal revolves at high speed concentrically with bearing.
Let W  Radial load

l  Length of bearing
r  Radius of journal
p  Bearing pressure
c  Radial clearance
Z  Viscosity of oil in Pa-sec
n  rev per second (rps) of journal
From Newton's law of viscosity, Shear force in the oil film
V
F  Viscosity  Area  Velocity gradient = Z  A 
c
Here, Surafce area A (in m 2 )   dl  2 rl
Velocity (m / sec)   dn  2 rn
Z  2 rl  2 rn Z  4 2 r 2ln
F  
c c
Z  4 2 r 3ln
 Frictional torque T  F  r  (i )
c
Also torque T = fWr where f = coefficient of viscous friction
W W
As p =   W  p  l  2r T  2 flpr 2 (ii )
ld l  2r
Z  4 2 r 3ln'
Equating (i) & (ii),  2 flpr 2
c
 Petroff's equation for coefficient of friction for a lightly loaded
2  Zn  r
journal bearing , f = 2π  × , when p is in pascals
 p  c
-6  Zn  r
 f = 2π × 10 
2
× Eqn 15.4(a), Page 353
 p  c
when p is in Mega pascal (Mpa or N / mm 2 )
 Zn 
Note : The term   is a dimensionless number called as
 p 
Bearing characteristic number whose minimum value is
known as 'Bearing modulus'  Fig 15.5(a), Page 353 

Bearing Modulus (C) • A plot of coefficient of friction vs.
bearing characteristic number
obtained by Mc Kee is shown in fig.
• For small values of (Zn/p),
coefficient of friction is high and
partial or thin film lubrication exists
, leading to metal to metal contact.
• At B, the coefficient of friction is
minimum & the corresponding
value of Zn/p is known as bearing
Fig 15.5 (a) Page 353 modulus.
• Beyond point B, fluid film of thick
Refer Table 15.6 Page 365 film lubrication prevails.
for values of bearing
modulus for different
• For stable operation, the bearing
combinations of journal & characteristic number must be at
bearing materials least three times the bearing
modulus.
Sommerfeld number (S)
• Sommerfeld number is another dimensionless number
which is used carry out lubrication analysis as it
contains all the variables.
• Geometrically similar bearings operating at the same
value of Sommerfeld number will run at the same
eccentricity whatever be the values of speed, load,
clearance or viscosity.
 r   ZN 
2
-6
S=    × 10 Eqn 15.6 (a), Page 354
c  p 
where N is rpm of the journal. = 60  n
( n = rev / sec = rps of the journal)

Problem 1
Determine the dynamic viscosity of SAE 40 oil at 700C in Pa-
secs.
SAE 40 oil is designated by the letter G (Table 15.1, Page 363, DDHB)
whose density at 150 C is 0.9275.
From fig 15.5, page 352, for type G oil at 700C ,
kinematic viscosity Zk  34 centistokes  34 10 6 m 2 / sec
 Dynamic viscosity Z    Z k 103 [** In DDHB, 103 is missing]
where  is the density at operating tempr of 700C given by
  15  0.00063(to  15) Eqn 15.1(e), Page350
   0.9275  0.00063(70  15)  0.893
Z    Z k 103  0.893  34 106 103  30.36 × 10 -3 Pa - sec

Problem 2
A lightly loaded journal bearing of 70 mm diameter
and 70 mm long is acted upon by 1.5 KN radial load.
The radial clearance is 0.07 mm and the journal is
rotating at 25000 rpm. The viscosity of the oil is
3.45 CP. Determine the frictional power loss using
Petroff’s equation.

Data : d = 70 mm, l = 70 mm,W = 1500 N, c = 0.07 mm, N = 25000 rpm
N
 n = = 416.67 rps, Z = 3.45 Cp = 3.45  10 3 Pa - sec, Power lost P = ?
60
W 1500
Solution : Bearing pressure p    0.3061 MPa
l  d 70  70
 Zn  r
2 -6
Coefficient of friction by Petroff's eqn ; f = 2π ×10  ×
 p  c
 3.45  10 3  416.67  35
 f  2π ×10 
2 -6
×  0.04635
 0.3061  0.07
Power lost in friction P = Heat generated = fWV where;
 dn 0.04635 1500  91.63

V=  91.63 m / sec  P   6.37KW
1000 1000

Problem 3
Find the frictional power loss for a Petroff bearing
80 mm in diameter and 120 mm long. The radial
clearance is 0.05 mm and the speed of the journal
is 900 rpm. The oil used is SAE 10 & its operating
temperature is 800C.

r 40
Data : d = 80 mm, l = 120 mm, c = 0.05 mm,    800
c 0.05
900
N = 900 rpm  n = = 15 rps
60
SAE 10 oil  From table 15.1, Page 363,it is type B (turbine oil)
for which specific gravity at 150C, 15 = 0.8894
to = 80 0 C , Power loss P  ?
Solution :
Viscosity of oil : From fig 15.3, page 352, for type B oil at 800 C,
kinematic Viscosity of oil Zk = 9.5 centistokes  9.5  10 6 m 2 / sec
  15  0.00063(t0  15)  0.8894  0.00063(80  15)  0.8484
Dynamic Viscosity Z   Z k 103 [** In DDHB, 103 is missing]
 Z  0.8484  9.5  10 6 103  0.0081Pa - sec
 Zn  r 2 -6
Coefficient of friction by Petroff's eqn ; f = 2π ×10  ×
 p  c
where p be the bearing pressure (unknown)
 0.0081  15  40 1.942  10 3
f  2π 2 ×10 -6  × 
 p  0.05 p
Power lost in friction : = Heat generated = fWV = f ( pLd ) V
 dn   80  15
where; V =   3.77 m / sec
1000 1000
Substituting for f in terms of p,
 1.942 103 
Hg     ( p  120  80 )  3.77  70.28 KW
 p 

Problem 4
A shaft running at 600 rpm is supported in a square
bearing of dimensions 60 mm. Viscosity of oil is 14
Centipoise and the temperature of the oil is 1100C.
The diametral clearance ratio is 0.001.
Determine the permissible load and the power lost

in the bearing if the bearing is well ventilated. The
temperature of still air in the room is 200C.
Use McKee's equation for coefficient of friction &

Pederson's equation for heat dissipation.
Data :
Square bearing  l  d = 60 mm, Diametral clearance ratio  0.001
diametral clearance 2  radial clearance c r
i.e.    0.001   1000
diameter 2  radius r c
600
N = 600 rpm  n = = 10 rps, Z  14Cp  14 103 Pa-sec, to = 110 0 C
60
ta = 20 0 C , Well ventilated bearing (or self contained)  H g  H d
Load W  ? Power loss P  ?
Solution : From McKee's equation, coefficient of friction is given by
 Zn   r 
f  K a     1010  f 15.4 (b), page 353
 p  c 
where K a  0.195 106 for full journal bearing, f  0.002
 14 103 10  10
 f  0.195  10  6
 1000  10  0.002
 p 
 2.73 103 
i.e. f     0.002 (i )
 p  Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore
Heat generated : H g  fWV Eqn 15.6 (j) page 356, DDHB
 2.73 103 
Substituting f     0.002, W  p  l  d  p  60  60  3600 p
 p 
 dn   60 10
and Surface velocity of journal V    1.885 m / sec
1000 1000
 2.73 103  
H g     0.002   3600 p 1.885  18.526  13.57 p (ii)
 p  
Heat dissipated :
From Pederson's equation, H D  K p ld 106 15.11 (c), page 360
(T  18) 2
where K p  & k p  0.273 for well ventilated bearing
kp
=0.484 for bearing in still air
1
From Page 361 DDHB, tb  ta  ( to  ta ) where tb  bearing surface temperature
2
1
 ( tb  20 )  (110  20 )  tb  650 C and ( tb  ta )  T  450 C
2 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore
k p  0.273 for well ventilated bearing,
(T  18) 2 (45  18) 2
HD  ld 106   60  60  106  52.34 W
kp 0.273
For well ventilated bearing, no artifical cooling is necessary.
i.e H g  H d  18.526  13.57 p  52.34  p = 2.492 MPa
 Load on the journal W  pLd  2.492  60  60  8970.55 N
 2.73 103 
Coefficient of friction f =    0.002  0.0031
 2.492 

Note :
Alternatively, one can use Eqn 15.11 (b), page 360 for heat dissipation.
H D = K h A'(t B - t A ) where K h film coefficient and is equal to;
K h  11.4 or 15.3 or 33.5 J/sec-m 2depending upon;
Still air condition / average design / moving air condition.
A '  exposed area of bearing housing = 20  d  l  10 6 m 2
Here, taking average design practice , K h  15.3 J/sec-m 2 ,
H D  15.3  20  60  60  10 6  (45)  49.6 W
For well ventilated bearing, no artifical cooling is necessary.
i.e H g  H d  18.526  13.57 p  49.6  p = 2.29 MPa
 Load on the journal W  pLd  2.29  60  60  8244 N
 2.73 103 
Coefficient of friction f =    0.002  0.0032
 2.29 
Problem 5
A turbine shaft 60 mm in diameter rotates at a
speed of 1000 rpm. The load on each bearing is
estimated to be 2 KN and the length of the bearing
is 80 mm. Taking radial clearance as 0.05 mm and
SAE 20 oil for lubrication, determine the coefficient
of friction, power loss, minimum oil film thickness
and the oil flow rate necessary to dissipate the
heat. The temperature of the bearing is not to
exceed 600C and ambient temperature may be
assumed to be 250C.

r 30
Data : d = 60 mm, l  80 mm, radial clearance = 0.05 mm    600
c 0.05
1000
N = 10000 rpm  n = = 16.667 rps, Oil used SAE 20, tb = 50 0 C
60
ta = 25 0 C , f  ? Power loss P  ? hmin  ? Q  ?
1
Solution : From Page 361 DDHB, ( tb  ta )  ( to  ta )
2
1
 ( 50  25 )  ( to  25 )  to  750 C
2
SAE 20 oil is designated by the letter C (Table 15.1, Page 363, DDHB)
whose density at 150 C is 0.9036.
From fig 15.5, page 352, for type C oil at 750C ,
kinematic viscosity Zk  15 centistokes  15 10 6 m 2 / sec
 Dynamic viscosity Z    Z k 103 where  is the density at operating
tempr of 750C given by   15  0.00063(to  15) Eqn 15.1(e), Page350
   0.9036  0.00063(75  15)  0.8658
Z    Z k  103  0.8658Dr15 106 Mech
P R Venkatesh,  13
103Dept, RVCE, 10 -3 Pa - sec
×B'lore
Coefficient of friction : From McKee's equation,
 Zn   r 
f  K a      1010  f 15.4 (b), page 353
 p  c 
where K a  0.195 106 for full journal bearing, f  0.002
W 2000
p   0.4167 MPa
l  d 80  60
 13  10 3
16.667  10
 f  0.195  10 
6
 600  10  0.002  0.0081
 0.4167 
Power lost or Heat generated :
H g  fWV Eqn 15.6 (j) page 356, DDHB where;
 dn   60 16.667
Surface velocity of journal V    31.42 m / sec
1000 1000
 H g  0.0081 2000  31.42  50.8 Watt
Heat dissipated :
(T  18) 2 6 (25  18) 2
HD  ld 10   80  60  106  18.34 Watt
kp 0.484
[Taking k p  0.484 for bearing of light/medium constuction in still air]
As H g  H d , artifical cooling is necessary.
Or
Alternatively, one can use Eqn 15.11 (b), page 360 for heat dissipation.
H D = K h A'(t B - t A )
Here, taking still air condition, K h  11.4 J/sec-m 2
H D  11.4  20  60  80  10 6  (25)  27.36 Watt < H g
 Artifical cooling is necessary.

Minimum oil film thickness :
 r   ZN 
2
-6
Sommerfeld number S =     × 10 Eqn 15.6 (a), Page 354
c  p 
where N is rpm of the journal = 1000 rpm
 13×10 -3 ×1000 
S = ( 600 )   11.23
2 -6
 ×10
 0.4167 
From fig 15.9. Page 356 , for S = 11.23 and  = 3600 (full journal bearing)
h
min film thickness variable 0  0.84
c
 Minimum film thickness h 0  0.84  0.05  0.042 mm
Oil flow through the bearing : From fig 15.13. Page 358,
Q
for S = 11.23 and  = 3600 (full journal bearing) Flow variable  3.1
rcNl
 Q  3.1 30  0.05  1000  80  372000 mm3 / min  0.372 × 10 -3 m 3 / min
When application of journal bearings is given
(such as steam turbine, centrifugal pump, etc.)
• In some problems the application of the bearing will be given.
The viscosity, bearing dimensions, clearance, etc. will not be
given.
• In such cases, refer Table 15.7, page 366 for the recommended
values of bearing pressure, viscosity, bearing modulus,
clearance ratio & l/d ratio.
When materials of journal & bearing are given
(such as hardened steel journal & babbit bearing, etc.)
• If the material of the journal & bearing are given, refer Table
15.6, Page 365 for minimum bearing modulus (C)
• For safe operation, the bearing modulus must be three times
the minimum value.

Problem 6 (Application is given)
Design a journal bearing for a centrifugal pump
running at 1200 rpm. The load on the bearing is 15
KN. Bearing temperature is 500C and the ambient
temperature is 300C.
Note** Design includes;

(i) Dimensions of bearing, coefficient of friction &
selection of oil viscosity
(ii) Heat generated & dissipated
(iii) Min film thickness & Oil flow rate
 1200 
Data : N  1200 rpm  n     20rps, W  15 KN  15000 N
 60 
tb  50o C , ta  30o C
Bearing Dimensions : From data book, Table 15.7, page 366, Sl No 17
the recommended values for centrifugal pump bearing are;
c L
Clearance ratio  0.0013,  1 to 2, take 1.5, Viscosity Z  0.025 Pas
r d
 ZN  6 6
Min   =29.01  10 [**In DDHB 10 is missing, to be considered]
 p 
Permissible bearing pressure 0.7 to 1.4 (Take 1 MPa)
0.025 1200 6 6
Check for selection :  30  10 > 29.01  10
1106
Hence selected values are satisfactory.
W 15000
Also p  1  d = 100 mm, & l = 150 mm
ld  PdR Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore
1.5d Dr
 Zn   r 
Heat generated : H g = fWV where f =K a     1010  f
 p  c 
r 1
K a  0.195 10 for full journal bearing, f  0.002, 
6
c 0.0013
 0.025  20  1  10
 f =0.195 10  
6
   10  0.002  0.0095
 1  0.0013 
  100  20 
Also V     6.284m / sec
 1000 
 H g  0.0095  15000  6.284  896 J/s or Watt
Heat dissipated : H D = K h A'(t B - t A ) Here, (tb  ta )  (50  30)  200 C
Here, average design practice, K h  15.3 J/sec-m 2
H D  15.3  20  100  150  10 6  (20)  91.8 Watt < H g
Hence artificial cooling is necessary
Minimum oil film thickness :
 r   ZN 
2
-6
Sommerfeld number S =     × 10 Eqn 15.6 (a), Page 354
c  p 
where N is rpm of the journal = 1200 rpm
2
 1   0.025×1200 
S=    ×10 -6
 17.75
 0.0013   1 
From fig 15.9. Page 356 , for S = 17.75 and  = 3600 (full journal bearing)
h
min film thickness variable 0  0.84 where c  0.0013  50  0.065 mm
c
 Minimum film thickness h 0  0.84  0.065  0.055 mm
Oil flow through the bearing : From fig 15.13. Page 358,
Q
for S = 17.75 and  = 3600 (full journal bearing) Flow variable  3.1
rcNl
 Q  3.1 50  0.065 1200 150  1813500 mm3 / min  1.8135 × 10 -3 m 3 / min

Problem 7 (Material of journal & bearing given)
Design a full journal bearing subjected to 6000 N at
1000 rpm of the journal. The journal is of hardened
steel & the bearing is of babbit metal. The bearing
is operating with SAE 40 oil at 700C and the
ambient temperature is 300C. Also determine the
amount of artificial cooling required.

Data : Journal- hardened steel, Bearing- Babbit
 1000 
N  1000 rpm  n     16.667 rps, W  6000 N
 60 
to  70o C , ta  30o C , oil used SAE 40  type G (15  0.9275)
Bearing Dimensions :
From fig 15.5, page 352, for type G oil at 700C , kinematic viscosity
Zk  34 centistokes  34 106 m 2 / sec
 Dynamic viscosity Z    Z k 103 [** In DDHB, 103 is missing]
where  is the density at operating tempr of 700C given by
  15  0.00063(to  15) Eqn 15.1(e), Page350
   0.9275  0.00063(70  15)  0.893
Z    Z k 103  0.893  34 106 103  30.36 × 10 -3 Pa - sec
From data book, Table 15.6, page 365, Sl No 1
the value C for hardened steel vs babbit bearing is  2.902 106
[**In DDHB 106 is missing, to be considered]
 ZN 
For fluid film lubrication,    3C
 p 
 ZN  6
   3  2.902  8.706  10 Substituting for Z & N,
 p 
 30.36 103 1000  6 W
   8.706 10  p  3.49 MPa 
 p  ld
6000
Assuming L/d ratio as 1.5,  3.49 
1.5d  d
d = 35 mm, & l = 52.5 mm
 Zn   r 
Heat generated : H g = fWV where f =K a     1010  f
 p  c 
r
K a  0.195 10 for full journal bearing, f  0.002, Assume  1000
6
c
 30.36  10 3
16.667  10
 f =0.195 106     1000  10  0.002  0.012
 3.49 
  100  20 
Also V     6.284m / sec
 1000 
 H g  0.0095  15000  6.284  896 J/s or Watt
Heat dissipated : H D = K h A'(t B - t A ) Here, (tb  ta )  (50  30)  200 C
Here, average design practice, K h  15.3 J/sec-m 2
H D  15.3  20  100  150  10 6  (20)  91.8 Watt < H g
Hence artificial cooling is necessary
Rolling Contact Bearings
• The bearings in which the rolling elements are
included are referred to as rolling contact
bearings.
• Since the rolling friction is very less compare to
the sliding friction, such friction is known as anti
friction bearings.

Ball Bearings Ball bearing:
• It consists of an inner ring which is
mounted on the shaft and an outer
ring which is carried by the housing.
• The inner ring is grooved on the
outer surface called inner race and
the outer ring is grooved on its
inner surface called outer race.
• In between the inner and outer race

there are number of steel balls.
• A cage pressed steel completes the

assembly and provides the means
of equally spacing and holding the
balls in place as shown in the figure.
• Radial ball bearings are used to

carry mainly radial loads, but they
can also carry axial loads.
Roller Bearings Cylindrical roller bearing:
• The simplest form of a cylindrical
roller bearing is shown in fig (a). It
consists of an inner race, an outer
race, and set of rollers with a
retainer.
• Due to the line contact between the
roller and the raceways, the roller
bearing can carry heavy radial loads.
Tapered roller bearings:
• In tapered roller bearings shown in
the fig (b). the rollers and the races
are all truncated cones having a
common apex on the shaft center
to assure true rolling contact.
• The tapered roller bearing can carry
heavy radial and axial loads.
• Such bearings are mounted in pairs
so that the two bearings are
opposing each others thrust.
Fig (a) Fig (b)
Advantages of Rolling contact bearings:
• Low starting and low running friction.
• It can carry both radial as well as thrust loads.
• Momentary over loads can be carried without
failure.
• Shaft alignment is more accurate than in the
sliding bearings.
• Disadvantages of Rolling contact bearings:
• More noisy at high speeds.
• Low resistance to shock loads.
• High initial cost.
• Finite life due to eventual failure by fatigue.
Bearing failures
• As the rolling elements revolve within the
raceways, they are subjected to repeated
contact stress.
• The rolling element bearings have a life limited
by the number of stress repetitions which leads
to fatigue failure.
• Even when tested under controlled conditions,
identical bearings show different lives, making it
difficult to predict the life of individual bearings.
• Hence statistical & probability approaches are
used to estimate the life of a group of identical
bearings.
Definitions of terms
Rating life:
• It is the number of revolutions that 90% of a group of
identical ball or roller bearings will complete or exceed
before the first evidence of fatigue appears.
• In other words, the life at which 10% of the bearings
will have failed. It is designated by L10.
Median life or average life:
• The median life of a group of identical rolling element
bearings is defined as the number of revolutions that
50% of the bearings will complete or exceed before the
first evidence of fatigue appears.
• Median life =5 x rating life = 5 Ln

Equivalent load:
• Equivalent load is a constant radial load which, if applied
to a bearing with rotating inner ring & stationary outer
ring, would give the same life as that the bearing would
give under actual conditions of load & rotation.
Equivalent load P = XVFr + Fa where; Fr  Radial load, Fa  Axial load,
V = Rotation factor, X = Radial load factor, Y = Axial load factor
Static load capacity:

• The basic static load capacity Co is defined as the radial
load which corresponds to a total permanent
deformation of rolling element and raceway of 0.0001 of
the diameter of the rolling element at the most heavily
stressed contact.
Dynamic load capacity (or Specific capacity):
• The basic dynamic load capacity C is defined as the
radial load that 90% of a group of identical bearings can
carry for one million revolutions of the inner ring before
the first evidence of fatigue appears.
Note**
• Most commonly used bearings are single row deep
groove ball bearings (light & medium series)
• For values of static & dynamic capacity refer Tables
16.9 (a) & (b) Page 387, DDHB
• For values of factors X & Y refer Table 16.3, Page 381
DDHB (Mahadevan)

Standard designation of bearings:
A bearing designated as SKF 6212 indicates the following;
• SKF indicates the company name.
• The first number indicates type of bearing i.e. 6 stands for
Single row deep groove ball bearing
• The second number indicates the series. (i.e. 2 stands
for light series, 3 stands for medium series)
• The last two digits when multiplied by 5 gives the bore
diameter in millimetres. (i.e. 12 x 5 =60 mm)
Another way of designating as per AFBMA (Anti Friction Bearing

Manufacturers Association) for the above bearing is 60BC02.
• The number 60 indicates the bore diameter in millimetres
• BC indicates the type, single row deep groove ball bearing.
• 02 indicates the series (light series)
Problem 1
A 45BC03 (SKF 6309) single row deep groove ball bearing
which is to operate at 1500 rpm, is acted upon by 8.4 KN
radial load & 5.56 KN thrust load. The loads are steady.
Determine the rating life and median life of the bearing in
hours.
Given : Bearing is 45BC03, Radial load Fr  8.4 KN

Axial load Fa = 5 .56 KN , N  1500 rpm
Rating life L n  ? Median life  ?
Solution : For 45BC03 bearing , from Table 16.9 (b), Page 388, Sl No 7 & 8
Static capcity C o  29225 N & Dynamic capcity C  40700 N
Fa 5560 Fa 5560
   0.19, &   0.662
Co 29225 VFr 1 8400
 In Table 16.3, page 381, for radial contact grooved ball bearings, (first row) 
 F 
look for a in column (4), V in column (6), X in column (8), Y in column (9) 
 Co 
Rotation factor V  1 [column (6), Table 16.3, page 381] for inner ring
rotating & V  1.2 for stationary inner ring [column (7)]
F
From Table 16.3, Page 381, first row, comparing a with a reference
VFr
Fa
value 'e' in the last column, 0.662 > 0.34 (corresponding to  0.17)
Co
Fa F
& > 0.38 (corresponding to  0.28)  a > e
Co VFr
 Fa Fa 
 In column 8, it is printed as  e correction required is  e 
VFr VFr
 
 Fa 
 For  e, X  1.0, & Y  0 see page 383, D DHB 
 VF r 
 Fa 
 From column 8, X = 0.56 & column 11, Y lies between 1.31  for  0.17 
 Co 
 Fa  F
& 1.15  for  0.28  which requires interpolation for a  0.19
 Co  Co
Fa Co Y
Fa
For the actual value of  0.19, by interpolation,
0.17 1.31 Co
0.28 1.15
 1.31  1.15 
Y  1.31     ( 0.19  0.17 )  1.281
 0.28  0.17 
Equivalent load : P  XVFr  YFa Eqn 16.6, Page 372
 ( 0.56 1 8400 )  (1.281 5560)  11826 N
Rating life in millions of revolutions (MoR) :
For ball bearings, life in millions of revolutions
3 3
C   40700 
Ln    Eqn 16.4(a), Page 372  Ln     40.76
P  11826 
60 NLh
Rating life in hours : Also L n  6
Eqn 16.11(a), Page 375
10
where; N  rpm of shaft, L h  Life in hours of operation
106  Ln 106  40.76
 Lh    452.89 hours
60 N 60 1500
Median life : Median or average life = 5  rating life
 Median or average life  5  40.76  203.8 MoR
Dror 5  452.89
P R Venkatesh,  2264.45
Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore hours
Problem 2 (Expected life is given)
Select a suitable ball bearing for a shaft of diameter 50
mm to sustain a radial load of 3 KN & a thrust load of 2 KN.
The operating speed is 800 rpm and the bearing is
expected to operate 8 hrs/day for 5 years.
Given :
Bearing dia d= 50 mm, Radial load Fr =3000 N
Axial load Fa =2000 N, N=800 rpm
Life Expectancy of bearing = 8hrs/day for 5 yrs @ 800 rpm
Solution :
Expected Rating life in millions of revolutions (MoR) :
8 ( hrs/day )  365 (days/yr)  5 yrs  60 (min/hr)  800 (rev/min)
Ln 
106
 Expected life in millions of revolutions is  700.8 MoR
Select 50BC03 bearing (medium series) & check its rating life with the
expected life.
From Table 16.9 (b), Page 388, Sl No 7 & 8
Static capcity C o = 34720 N & Dynamic capcity C = 47070 N
Fa 2000 F 2000
   0.058, & a   0.667  Rotation factor V  1
Co 34720 VFr 1 3000
Fa
From Table 16.3, Page 381, first row, comparing with value 'e'
VFr
Fa Fa
0.667 > 0.26 (corresponding to  0.056)  >e
Co VFr
 Fa Fa 
 In column 8, it is printed as  e correction required is  e 
VFr VFr
 
 Fa 
 For  e, X  1.0, & Y  0 see page 383, DD HB 
 VF r 
 Fa 
 From column 8, X = 0.56 & column 11, Y lies between 1.71 for  0.056 
 Co 
 Fa  F
 Co  Co
Fa Co Y
Fa
0.056 1.71 Co
0.084 1.55
 1.71  1.55 
Y  1.71     ( 0.058  0.056 )  1.7
 0.084  0.056 
 ( 0.56 1 3000 )  (1.7  2000)  5080 N
Rating life in millions of revolutions (MoR) :
3
C 
Ln    Eqn 16.4(a), Page 372
P
3
 47070 
 Ln     795.5 > 700.8 (required life)
 5080 
Hence the selected bearing is satisfactory.

Problem 3 (Size of bearing not given)
Select a single row deep groove ball bearing to carry a
radial load of 4 KN & a thrust load of 5 KN operating at a
speed of 1200 rpm, for an average life of 15 years at 10 hrs
/day. Assume there are 250 working days per year. The
loads are steady and the inner ring rotates.
Given :
Radial load Fr  4000 N, Axial load Fa  5000 N
N=1200 rpm, Average life of bearing = 15 yrs
10 hrs/day @ 250 working days/year
 15 
Solution : Average life =15 years  Rating life     5 years
5
10 ( hrs/day )  250 (days/yr)  5 yrs  60 (min/hr) 1200 (rev/min)
Ln 
106
 Expected life in millions of revolutions is  540 MoR
Fa
Since the size of the bearing is unknown, assume, = 0.084 tentatively.
Co
Fa 5000
Also   1.25  Rotation factor V  1
VFr 1 4000
Fa
VFr
Fa F
0.667 > 0.28 (corresponding to  0.084)  a > e
Co VFr
From column 8, Table 16.3, Page 381, first row, X = 0.56 &
from column (11), Y = 1.55
 ( 0.56 1 4000 )  (1.55  5000)  9990 N
3 3
C   C 
Ln    Eqn 16.4(a), Page 372  540   
P  9990 
 Dynamic capacity of the bearing C  81351 N
From Table 16.9 (b) , page 388, select 75BC03 whose
dynamic capacity C  89280  81351 N
Also static capacity Co  71100 N
Check for suitability :
Fa 5000 Fa 5000
Now, the value of  = 0.07, Also   1.25
Co 71100 VFr 1 4000
 Fa 
 From column 8, X = 0.56 & column 11, Y lies between 1.71 for  0.056 
 Co 
 Fa  F
 Co  Co
Fa Co Y
Fa
0.056 1.71 Co
0.084 1.55
 1.71  1.55 
Y  1.71     ( 0.07  0.056 )  1.63
 0.084  0.056 
Equivalent load : P  XVFr  YFa
 ( 0.56 1 4000 )  (1.63  5000)  10390 N
3 3
 C   89280 
Ln        634 MoR > 540 (Expected)
 P   10390 
 Selected bearing 75BC03 is suitable.

Problem 4 (Loads on bearing to be calculated)
A shaft supported between bearings is shown in fig. The
belt tensions is in the horizontal direction 2000 N on tight
side & 500 N on the slack side. The weight of the pulley is
600 N and the shaft rotates at 600 rpm. The expected
bearing life is 6000 hours. Diameter of the shaft is 25 mm
and the consider light shock loads on the bearings.
200 250
T1 = 2000 N
A B
T2 = 1500 N
W=600 N

200 250
T1 = 2000 N
Given:
Lh=6000 Hrs,
A B N=600 rpm
d =25 mm
T2 = 1500 N
W=600 N
From the fig,

The horizontal load on the shaft =T1  T2  2000  1500  3500 N
The vertical load on the shaft =W p  600 N
 Resultant load on the shaft at pulley  35002  6002  3551 N
Let the bearing reactions at A & B be RA & RB
Taking moments about A, ( RB  450 )  ( 3551 200 )  0
 RB  1578.25 N & RA  1972.75 N Take the maximum reaction as
Fr = 1972.75 N & as there
Dr P Ris no axial
Venkatesh, load,
Mech Dept, Fa  0
RVCE, B'lore
Equivalent load : P  ( XVFr  YFa )  K s
where K s  1 for steady loads & 1.2 for light shocks.
Fa
As Fa = 0, = 0 (< e), hence X = 1 & Y = 0, Also V=1
VFr
 P  Fr  K s  1972.75  1.2  2367 N
Here, the life L h is given in hours =6000 hrs
60 NLh 60  600  6000
Life in millions of revolutions L n  6
 6
 216
10 10
3 3
C   C 
Ln    Eqn 16.4(a), Page 372  216   
P  2367 
As the shaft dia is to be  25 mm, from Table 16.9 (b) , page 388,
select 25BC03 whose dynamic capacity C  15985 N  14202 N
Problem 6: Select a single row
deep groove ball bearing for the 1.2 KN
heavily loaded bearing in the
A
shaft shown in fig. Base the
selection of bearing for a life of 200
5000 hrs. The shaft rotates at T1 + T2 = 4 KN
400 rpm. Take service factor as
1.25 for minor shock loads.
30 
Given : 300
Axial load Fa  1200 N

N=400 rpm, L h = 5000 hrs B
d=30 mm, K s  1.25

From the fig, 1.2 KN
The horizontal load on the
shaft =T1  T2  4000 N A
Let the bearing reactions at

200
A & B be RA & RB T1 + T2 = 4 KN
Taking moments about A,
( RB  500 )  ( 4000  200 )  0
 RB  1600 N & 30 
300
RA  (4000  1600)  2400 N
Take the maximum reaction as
Fr = 2400 N & Fa = 1200 N B

Expected rating life in MoR :
Here, the expected life L h is given in hours =5000 hrs
60 NLh 60  400  5000
Life in millions of revolutions L n  6
 6
 120
10 10
Selection of bearing :
As the shaft dia is  30 mm, from Table 16.9 (b) , page 388,
select 30BC03 whose static capacity is Co  14220 N &
dynamic capacity C  20990 N
Fa 1200 Fa 1200
   0.084 , &   0.5  Rotation factor V  1
Co 14220 VFr 1 2400
Fa
VFr
Fa Fa
0.5 > 0.28 (corresponding to  0.084)  >e
Co VFr
From column 8, Table 16.3, Page 381, first row, X = 0.56 &
 Fa 
from column (11), Y = 1.55 (corresponding to   0.084 
 Co 
Equivalent load : P  ( XVFr  YFa )  K s Here, K s  1.2
 ( 0.56 1 2400 )  (1.55 1200)  1.25  4005 N
3 3
 C   20990 
Ln        144 > 120 (required life)
 P   4005 
 Selected bearing is suitable for the application.

CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS
For cylindrical roller bearings,
10
C  3
Ln    16.4 (b) Page 372
P
For values of X & Y refer Table 16.5, Page 384
 Fa 
X=1 & Y=0  For  e
 VFr 
Refer Table 16.13 (a) Page 394 for NU 22 series
& Table 16.13 (b) P 395 for NU 23 series.

Problem 1
Select a roller bearing of medium series for a shaft rotating
at 300 rpm. The radial load on shaft is 18 KN. The bearing
is to be used for 16 hrs/day for 2 years.
Given :
Medium series  NU 23
Radial load Fr  18000 N, Axial load Fa  0
N=300 rpm, Expected life 16 hrs/day for 2 years

16 ( hrs/day )  365 (days/yr)  3 yrs  60 (min/hr)  300 (rev/min)
Ln 
106
 Expected life in millions of revolutions is  210.24 MoR
Equivalent load : P  ( XVFr  YFa )  K s
where K s  1 for steady loads X=1, Y=0, V=1
 P  Fr  18000 N
10 10
C  3  C  3
Ln    Eqn 16.4(b), , Page 372  210.4   
 
P  18000 
From Table 16.13 (b) , sl no 9, page 395, select NU 2310
(d  50 mm) whose dynamic capacity C = 90960 (> 89575)

Lubrication &amp; Bearings

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Lubrication &amp; Bearings

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Unit IV (12ME62) Lubrication & Bearings

• Basic modes of lubrication, viscosity, properties of

• In antifriction bearings, the relative motion is rolling.

• If the lubricant is a fluid and there is enough of it between the

• If the layer of the lubricant is so thin that there is partial

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Graphite Soap Stone

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

(ii) Hydrodynamic lubrication:

• The operation of hydrodynamic lubrication in journal bearings is illustrated

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

(v) Attitude or Eccentricity ratio  : It is the ratio of eccentricity 'e' to

(vi) Bearing pressure ( p ) : It is the ratio of load on the journal to the

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Let W  Radial load

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

 dn 0.04635 1500  91.63

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Determine the permissible load and the power lost

Use McKee's equation for coefficient of friction &

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Note** Design includes;

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

• In between the inner and outer race

• A cage pressed steel completes the

• Radial ball bearings are used to

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Static load capacity:

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Another way of designating as per AFBMA (Anti Friction Bearing

Given : Bearing is 45BC03, Radial load Fr  8.4 KN

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

From the fig,

Axial load Fa  1200 N

d=30 mm, K s  1.25

Let the bearing reactions at

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

For cylindrical roller bearings,

For values of X & Y refer Table 16.5, Page 384

Refer Table 16.13 (a) Page 394 for NU 22 series

& Table 16.13 (b) P 395 for NU 23 series.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

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