[IoT Based Smart Refueling System]

[Mid-Point Report]

[30th October, 2020]

[Nadeeshan Fernando]
[CB007777]
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 Contents
[IoT Based Smart Refueling System] .................................................................................................. 0
Table of figures...................................................................................................................................... 5
1) Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1) The Context ........................................................................................................................... 7
1.2) Problem Statement................................................................................................................ 8
1.3) Project Scope ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.4) Aim ......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.5) Objectives............................................................................................................................... 9
1.6) Project Plan and Deliverables ............................................................................................ 10
2) Literature Review ....................................................................................................................... 11
2.1) Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11
2.2) Study of current technologies and relevant components ................................................. 13
2.2.1) PLC Based Automatic Liquid Filling System for large variety of Bottles ............. 13
2.2.2) Arduino Based Automatic Bottle Filling System...................................................... 16
2.2.3) Fuel Refilling System .................................................................................................. 17
2.2.4) Fuelmatics Technology ............................................................................................... 17
2.3) Relevant components being used to Implement My System ........................................... 19
2.3.1) Float sensor .................................................................................................................. 19
2.3.2) Ultrasonic sensor .......................................................................................................... 19
2.3.3) Fuel tank ....................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.4) ESP32 ........................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.5) RFID Module ............................................................................................................... 23
2.4) Advantages of Automated refilling System using the influence of IOT ......................... 24
2.5) Disadvantages of Automated refilling System using the influence of IOT .................... 25
2.6) Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 25
3) Requirement Specification ......................................................................................................... 26
3.1) Functional requirement ...................................................................................................... 26
3.2) Non-functional requirement............................................................................................... 27
3.2.1) Accuracy and Reliability ............................................................................................ 27
3.2.2) Usability and mobility................................................................................................. 27
3.2.3) Security ........................................................................................................................ 27
3.2.4) Performance and Delay .............................................................................................. 27
3.3) Software requirements ....................................................................................................... 28
3.3.1) MongoDB ..................................................................................................................... 28
3.3.2) React Native ................................................................................................................. 28

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 3.3.3) Python Flask ................................................................................................................ 29
3.3.4) VS Code........................................................................................................................ 29
4) Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 31
4.1) Application Methods ........................................................................................................... 32
5) Implementation ........................................................................................................................... 34
6) Testing and Evaluation ............................................................................................................... 36
6.1) Different Sub Domains of Testing ..................................................................................... 36
6.1.1) Manual Testing............................................................................................................ 36
6.2) Methodologies of Testing .................................................................................................... 36
6.3) Levels of Testing .................................................................................................................. 37
6.3.1) Functional Testing....................................................................................................... 37
6.3.2) Non-Functional Testing .............................................................................................. 37
References ............................................................................................................................................ 39

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 Table of figures
Figure 1 - Project plan ........................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2 - Overall software program using PLC................................................................................... 14
Figure 3 - Overall software program using PLC................................................................................... 15
Figure 4 - The overall water filling system with another size for the bottle. ........................................ 15
Figure 5 - Circuit diagram ...................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 6 ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 7 - Float sensor ........................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 8 - Ultra sonic sensor ................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 9 - Fuel tank................................................................................................................................ 20
Figure 10 - ESP32................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 11 - ESP32 function block diagram ............................................................................................ 22
Figure 12 - RFID module........................................................................................................................ 23
Figure 13 - Mongo dB............................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 14 - React native ........................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 15 - Python flask......................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 16 - Visual studio code ............................................................................................................... 30
Figure 17 - project diagram................................................................................................................... 31

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 1) Introduction

What does it have to go to retail petrol stations? Traditional relations between a petrol station
operator and a customer are extremely tough: how could a transaction method (e.g., money,
card) be passed while keeping the necessary distance? Customers pulling into the petrol
station to gas up may also be curious about both the self-service line and the supported line at
the age of COVID-19.

Drivers run all on their own in self-service, and therefore have to use the mechanical
keyboard that may have been tainted by former customers or workers. Optionally, the full-
service path may be selected. Again, the payment method must be physically moved to the
pump attendant, which mostly reveals the unnecessary distance to both the driver and the
operator. While many carry hand sanitizer or protection in their vehicles for this very same
reason, I have discovered from some of our customers that when they move away from the
cars to clean their hands after refueling, customers hold up the lines. Others are offering
gloves to customers, which makes buyers take a bit longer at the pump.

1.1) The Context

“For ease of movement, man uses automobiles.” “They primarily need fuel for traveling.”

“Fuel is now, therefore, an essential and primary factor in the success of everyday human
activities in today's world.” “By considering all these reasons, fuel stations in the future
world have become an essential service.”

“In many countries, mainly the Americas and Australia, refueling stations are self-employed
and customer-fuelled.” “For his ease of movement, man utilizes automobiles. They primarily
need fuel for running.” “Although electric vehicles are manufactured in the world today, fuel-
powered vehicles are relatively electric-powered, etc.”

“In contrast, every Sri Lankan petrol station has one employee to supply fuel at each pump.”
“It is also a massive challenge for fuel station owners to keep gas stations open because of a
shortage of protection and human resources.” “Because of this scenario, consumers face the
fact that they have to wait in long queues that take a lot of their time and become irritated and
frustrated.”

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 1.2) Problem Statement

“Due to heavy traffic near the filling stations and pump attendants, when the client brings a
big, denominated note and gets less petrol, they always have to go to the cashier to swap the
currency note.”

“The main explanation for this is that many people come to the pump and wonder how much
fuel they want to fill with their tank; people have to wait long lines to get fuel directly I See
It. From the customer side, because of their busy lives, they can't afford to lose even a single
minute, and they have to go to the office on time. Therefore, the client has to wait before the
pump attendant arrives at the meter, and the others who come to get fuel also have to wait in
line.”

“There are lengthy queues at gas stations for such purposes. Another big problem is that
consumers just don't trust fuel stations. Customers are cheated and had to pay more than the
amount of the fuel they filled.”

“These are some reasons I have found for me to find a solution to this issue that is
important.”

1.3) Project Scope

“This project aims to build a mobile app in which the customer can select the fuel amount
and make the payment online. All the payment details and the vehicle id will be sent to the
RFID tag, which locates near the vehicle's fuel tank.”

“So when the customer goes to the petrol station to refuel, the RFID reader located on the
nozzle will read the data from the RFID tag and identify the vehicle.”

“Then the pump attend just has to insert the nozzle into the fuel tank. Because of this
customer doesn't need a physical method to do the transaction. It also helps to keep the
distance to protect from the COVID-19 19 as there is no contact with the pump attendant and
driver.”

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 1.4) Aim

“This project aim is to give a solution to save a lot of time spent near the petrol station. Also
reduce the use of money, reduce pollution, and provide effective customer service using IoT.
“

“So as in my project aims to build a mobile app compatible with both iOS and android users.
From the mobile app, it takes user inputs to proceed with the online transaction. Also,
customer details and the customer's payment details will store in MongoDB. After the online
payment, the payment details and a vehicle id will store in an RFID tag located in a vehicle
fuel tank. And those data will be read by the RFID reader, which is installed on a nozzle.”

1.5) Objectives

“Mainly my objective in this project is give a convenient service from my system. Mainly
Customers will enjoy the convenience of paying for fuel. Because they only using mobile
wallet without getting out of the car. Also, we are providing an online platform to provide the
service which beneficially effective them by saving time and energy. Customers can
seamlessly track and manage the fuel expenses which is a great way to keep track on their
fuel consumption and get customers trust on our app.”

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 1.6) Project Plan and Deliverables

“As a growth methodology, this project approaches Agile. This prototype will be introduced
to the market for testing purposes during the production lifecycle. The changes can be
happened before heading to the next level of production after the prototype's release. Which
is effective mechanism to maintain my system with minimum expenditure put up with it”

Figure 1 - Project plan

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 2) Literature Review

2.1) Introduction

“Vehicle sales in the world today are increasing rapidly.” “Various models of vehicles are
being manufactured with the latest innovations and new technological devices.””

“Using statistical analysis “global average fuel consumption “of new cars sold in 2017
improved only 0.7% year-on-year.”

“But all of them require fuel to run. Electric-powered cars are manufactured worldwide
today, but fuel-powered vehicles are increasingly being built.”

“Slowing from the average 2005-16 improvement rate of 1.85% per year. Also, to get on
track with the SDS, which is aligned with the 2030 GFEI targets, annual improvements of
3.7% are needed.”

“When the cost of fuel increases, it is favourable to petrol stations' owners & unfavourable to
the customer. Therefore, these advantages and disadvantages are oscillating between both
parties. Specially in Asian countries fuel economy is more stringent than other continents.”

For an example: -

“Japan adopted a rule in 2019 to tighten its LDV fuel efficiency requirements by 2030. Try to
switch from the JC08 to the WLTC test protocol. The new requirements require an average
corporate fuel efficiency of 3.95 L/100 km (WLTC test) by 2030, which means an increase of
approximately 32 percent from average usage in 2016, "or aniiannual average increase of 2.9"
percent. To allow vehicle performance, the new standards are set on a well-to-wheel basis.
That will make comparisons, including for EVs, through powertrains.”

“The reduction in the fuel value is a pro for the customer and a disadvantage for gasoline
owners.”

“Also, the value of fuel increases or decreases day by day, and there is no fixed value.”

“The target of 4.15 L/100 km (US two-cycle test) by 2020 was recently updated to 3.56
L/100 km (US two-cycle test) by 2030 by Korea’s fuel economy standards have been in place

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 “since 2006. This implies an annual average improvement of 1.4%. So, these are some
statistical analysis that shows how the fuel economy fluctuate.”

“However, another big issue is that the analog car does not tell us exactly how much fuel is in
the fuel tank of the car. Since when we get the exact amount of fuel we pay for, there is no
way to figure out when the illegal activity occurred at the filling stations. While these
fraudulent activities are not carried out by all gas stations, filling outlets that commit such
fraud can cause substantial customer losses.”

And these devices are not capable of helping people cheat on gas pumps. This weakness thus
promotes the fraud of the fuel pump that generates huge quantities of revenue. It has become
important to build a device that can digitally display the fuel being added to the fuel tanks.

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 2.2) Study of current technologies and relevant components

“Specifically, the current strategies, disadvantages, and differences need to be recognized. In

this portion, the latest comparable refilling systems that are using for public needs will be
reconsidered. The content of the research papers will be taken from these considerations. The
design of the system will mainly address systems from the research papers. It is possible to
discover how the framework was built using various methodologies immediately.”

2.2.1) PLC Based Automatic Liquid Filling System for large variety of Bottles

“Traditional methods of bottling put bottles on a conveyor belt. "Which will only fill one
bottle at a time."

“Automation is the use of various control techniques for running machinery Human power
was decreased by operations in ships, factories, and other applications. The filling phase is a
mission performed by a computer that fills liquid goods such as water or cold beverages.”

How Software System Working

The bottles pass on the conveyor belt until the first bottle enters the solenoid valve, where the
bottle cuts the laser. When the pushiibutton switch is pressed, the water filling machinery
commences.

This caused the DC motor to operate, so the conveyor belt moves, so the photoelectric sensor
senses the bottle and gives the PLC a control signal through the relay(24v). The DC motor
fails, and therefore the conveyor belt fails.

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 Program description

The vocabulary of this ladder diagram is used to write a program using a computer. XG5000
with the XGB-XECH style CPU is the software application.

The PLC used in this paper is also of the relay-style style LS (XEC-DN32H).

Figure 2 - Overall software program using PLC

First step:

The usually closed touch (valve) is positioned to guarantee that the motor is OFF while the
valve is ON.

So the push button is turned, as in the first stage, so the motor runs.

The conveyor belt travels, but the bottle is still carried towards the valve.

Second step:

Normally, the open contact (sensor) will be ON and make the valve ON and the motor OFF
(conveyor stop).

It will happen when the bottle reaches under the solenoid valve.

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 Third step:

Valve ON, the PLC timer (ON-Delay timer) becomes operational, so the valve fills the bottle
with the timer ( 5 sec). When the timer stops, the conveyor belt takes the bottle away from the
valve. When the valve is controlled to be OFF, and the engine is ON again, certain processes
will be completed.

This whole method will be cyclically iterated.

Fourth step:

Every time the valve the counter will be count using the aid of the Up counter (by PLC) that
is connected to the valve to count the bottles individually filled.

Figure 3 - Overall software program using PLC

Figure 4 - The overall water filling system with another size for the bottle.

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 2.2.2) Arduino Based Automatic Bottle Filling System

You can program the Arduino from your knowledge to automatically allow the bottler to fill
by stopping the conveyor belt for some time or using the IR or ultrasonic sensor to detect the
container. For automated bottle filling machines, PLCs are often used, so you can use an
Arduino to make a very simple and versatile bottle filler. It will be difficult to pass the belt
and stop and identify the next one.

Below are the components required for this project:

➢ Relay
➢ Arduino Uno
➢ Solenoid Valve
➢ Stepper Motor (Nemal17)
➢ IR Sensor

Figure 5 - Circuit diagram

Initially, the stepper motor will hold the belt driving until an IR sensor detects the bottle's
presence on the belt. Automatic solenoid valve, Arduino Uno, IR sensor, conveyor belt, and
Stepper motor bottle filling system. Aiistepper motor at a constant present speed drives the
belt conveyor. As an external stimulus, we used the IR sensor. In the code for bottle filling, a
present necessary delay is already entered. Therefore, it sends a signal to turn on the solenoid
valve & Arduino to stop the motor whenever the IR sensor goes high. After that time,
Arduino will hold the solenoid valve on, and stepper motor off until the filling is switched off
with the solenoid valve afterward until that specified time. The conveyor starts to modify the
initial position from that point of view. This mechanism allows the next bottle to be filled.

Also, these components are used to build these system

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 ➢ A4988 Motor Drive
➢ Battery

2.2.3) Fuel Refilling System

Fuelmatics Technology is an IT related company using with high tech equipment hand in
hand with user experience. Service through automation but also increasing sales and market
shares they provided a solution to this real state Problem.

2.2.4) Fuelmatics Technology

Fuelmatics is focused on internationally proprietary Swedish solutions. With 5000 units, the
fifth generation of fully automated refueling units is continually being introduced and
optimized. They potentially have the most seasoned supplier on the market with decades of
experience with commercial stations. Car assembly lines, gas stations, fleet operators, such as
bus companies, were given active Fuelmatics working units.

The smartphone breakthrough has made the Drive-Thru technology much better, so the
payment system has changed from a credit card to integrate with the app. People trust the
already broken ice and use it as a payment tool..

There is already a technology developed to refuel gas fuels such as hydrogen. The
infrastructure makes it much easier, simpler, and user-friendly to manage receipts,
authentication & payments.

The unit can handle three different fuels through three nozzles cause Today’s unit can
manage all liquid and gaseous fuels.

SYSTEM of FUELMETICS

For almost all types of passenger cars and SUVs, all efficient refueling parameters are
managed by Fuelmatics software with artificial intelligence capabilities. It is impossible to
use the same motion patterns in the docking mechanism, finding a target, opening the fuel
door, disconnecting, and closing thousands of different car models on the roads. This means
it will work better and quicker for all cars using self-learning systems, the more cars it will
fill up.Further, the system must be able to have promising requirements on customer
behaviour the challenges are persuaded by developing true automatic refueling. Also, that

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 need to realize a system which has low complexity with few parts which are necessities to
enable reliable functionality & robustness. For an

example: - User does not park precisely at a perfectly dedicated point in this forgiving
system.

ENVIROMENT FRIENDLY

They are enabling the fueling process in a closed loop. Fuelmatics is known as a clean device
free of spills on the ground for this reason. Before any flow valves are opened, a new
function called the refueling nozzle creates a sealed connection with the car.

As refueling are made in Drive-Thru, no human workers are even close to the refueling point.
The system recovers 100 percent of the vapor and even condenses it back to fuel & safer than
any manual system on the globe.

The system guarantees that it is completely free from spill and vapours. Both liquids and
gases can be handled by Fuelmatics units.

Even the main tanks not letting anything out through any vents & recycle the vapours to
liquid fuel.

Figure 6

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 2.3) Relevant components being used to Implement My System

2.3.1) Float sensor

The sensing systemiiis located in the fuel tank. Usually made of foam, consists of a float and
connected to a metal rod attachedi to a variable resistor. Then float moves due to changing
fuel levels, the wiper moves across the resistor,i causing a voltage change. Translates the
electrical signal into a iivisual reading,i informing the current fuel level operator by electrical
current generated by the sensor. The Sensor is sent to the fuel level gauge. (Herford, 2003)

Figure 7 - Float sensor

2.3.2) Ultrasonic sensor

The new measurement system is tested and verified on a running vehicle's fuel tank to
illustrate the measurement system in dynamiciinvironments. So, to do that fuel level
measurement system for accurateiiestimation of fuel level in a changing environment. The
new approach decreasesiithe amount of slouch and temperature changes on the acoustic
sensor-based system of iimeasurement. Measurement system is based on a single ultrasonic
sensor. A signal processing system based on theiiSupport Vector Machine (SVM).
(JennyTerzica, C.R.Nagarajah, Muhammad Alamgir, 1 June 2010)

The sensor of altitude is linked to the central processing unit. Computer control includes a
central processing unit. They are linked to every one of the ultrasonic transducers.

Also, the method used to measure aircraft fuel quantity uses an ultrasonic transducer, a
Stillwell liquid fuel; It’s can be designated as an indicator, a computer control, and an altitude
sensor

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 The source of the sensor is linked to the central processing unit. According to the Stillwell is
supported in the container. That ultrasonic transducer is provided inside the Stillwell case.

Within the tank, the liquid fuel is protected. The transducer receives the reflected ultrasonic
signal in the Stillwell. The ultrasonic signal is sent from the transducer inside the Stillwell.
The duration after the round trip from sending to obtaining the signal is monitored. The
round-trip time, and the volume of the tank will be stored in the central processing unit which
is used to find the amount of fuel in the tank (SAMUELS, Dec. 26, 1989)

Figure 8 - Ultra sonic sensor

2.3.3) Fuel tank

A shielded filling neck recessed, and cap lock are integral to the upper body shell. Fuel cell
tank arrangement has the upper. An extruded sump portion essential to the lower body shell.
Also, lower-body shells tied together along continuous bent flanges (Zeitlow, 1982)

Figure 9 - Fuel tank

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 2.3.4) ESP32

➢ ESP32 is a low-power system, low-cost on a chip (SoC) series with Wi-Fi & dual-
mode Bluetooth capabilities. ESP32 is integrated with built-in antenna switches, RF
balun, power amplifier, amplifier, filters, low noise receive, and power management
modules.
➢ The ESP32 family includes the chips like system in package (Sip) ESP32-PICO-D4 &
ESP32-D0WDQ6, ESP32-S0WD.
➢ Power saving features like fine resolution multiple power modes, clock gating, and
dynamic power scaling.
➢ Engineered for wearable electronics, mobile devices.
➢ Also specially used at IoT applications & ESP32 achieves ultra-low power
consumption as well.

Figure 10 - ESP32

Some features & Specs in ESP32

Processors:

➢ Main processor: Ten silica Xtensa 32-bit LX6 microprocessor

➢ Cores: 2 or 1 (depending on variation)
➢ All chips in the ESP32 series are dual-core except for ESP32-S0WD, which is single-
core.
➢ Clock frequency: up to 240 MHz
➢ Ultra-low power co-processor allows you to do ADC conversions, computation, and
level thresholds while in deep sleep.

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 Wireless connectivity:

➢ Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n/e/i (802.11n @ 2.4 GHz up to 150 Mbit/s)

➢ Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

Memory:

➢ Internal memory: ROM: 448 KiB, for booting and core functions.
➢ SRAM: 520 KiB, for data and instruction.
➢ RTC fast SRAM: 8 KiB, for data storage and main CPU during RTC Boot from
the deep-sleep mode.

Figure 11 - ESP32 function block diagram

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 2.3.5) RFID Module

Figure 12 - RFID module

RFID or Radio Frequency Identification system has two main components, a Transceiver also
known as interrogator/Reader & transponder/tag attached to an object to be identified.
Antenna which generates high frequency EM field. Reader consists of a Radio Frequency
module.

According to normal specification

➢ Read Range: 5 cm
➢ Host Interface: SPI / I2C / UART
➢ Frequency Range: 13.56 MHz ISM Band

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 2.4) Advantages of Automated refilling System using the influence of IOT

Production Speeds an Uplifted

Automatic filling machines allow packagers to produce more like not-sticky products to high
viscosity items. such as jelly or paste can be done by hand filling products but wasting lot of
time. Auto bottle fillers allow multiple containers to be filled. Because of the effect can be
automated using algorithms. In each cycle efficiency can be uplifted.

Simple Controls & Lower Interaction

Vital settings such as pump speeds, fill times, indexing times, and more will be set on a
centrally located, touch frontside.

In operation, filling machines will need simple hand adjustments. Because to change though
automatic liquid fillers shows lengthy setup at first from one bottle to another.

They will need only recall a "recipe" from the PLC and all times will be recalled. Settings are
entered for a bottle and product operators.

Reliability & Consistency

In order to speed, automatic filling machines will allow for a repeatable Process. Filling
containers can show us a variance in the quantity of product in a Can. Reliable and consistent
fill with each cycle can be said as certain measuring devices may help to lower parameters.
Variances. Fill is based on volume, level, weight or other measurement. Getting such devices
will also add time to the process but maintain reliability.

Machines can be Upgraded

Various domain machines can differently limits. This machine can grow with a distributed
company. such as Bottle size and shape is caused the speed of the system. The original
product being filling according to that.

Allowing ten containers to be filled in at most machines with each cycle.

As production and demand increase, more fill heads can be added to the machine.

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 2.5) Disadvantages of Automated refilling System using the influence of IOT

Mainly talking about cons of automated equipment include certain level of maintenance
needed than with a manually operated machine. Also, the high cost required to invest in
automation. (an automated system can cost millions of dollars to fabricate, install, design).

Potential risks that automation technology will ultimately subjugate rather than serve
humankind. Lower degree of flexibility in possible products as compared with a manual to
guide us also another drawback.

These dangers aside, automation technology, if used wisely and effectively, can yield
promising opportunities for the future. The privacy of humans will be invaded by vast
computer data networks driven to several risks include the possibility that workers will
become slaves to automated machines.

2.6) Conclusion

Refilling systems have been a recent research topic during the recent years. Other related
similar work done by other researchers. These has been implemented using different methods
and techniques.

In these refilling systems mainly used float sensors, Ultrasonic sensors, ESP32 like IOT
components being using to get accurate data and get the work done.

Techniques and methodologies in research has helped the users to identify key which were
necessary to complete this system.

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 3) Requirement Specification

3.1) Functional requirement

I set up an IoT device at a selected vehicle. All the data obtained from that IoT device will be
sent to the database. All these data will be retrieved into a web application through the
database. The IoT RFID’s primary purpose is to calculate the current amount of fuel but also
fuel volume tank in the car.

The user can also select the required amount of fuel for his vehicle and pay through online
banking system that we have provided.

User can see all the fuel tank details from anywhere at any time. It will privilege them that
they can Find the volume of the vehicle's fuel tank from a swipe of the mobile App.

➢ Users can select the amount of fuel that he wants to refuel and can pay through online
banking.
➢ The owner of the vehicles can make sure no frauds are committed by checking the
driver is refueling the car.
➢ The owner of the vehicles can track all the cars (e.g. Uber and Pick Me services).
➢ User should have an account
➢ User should login to the system

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 3.2) Non-functional requirement

3.2.1) Accuracy and Reliability

The accuracy and reliability of a RFID Module & Sensors (Ultrasonic Sensors, Float Sensors)
is of utmost importance. The device needs to have special feature and identify the Fuel level,
consumption rates like conditions. This to prevent the device from alerting the user about
mismatching fuel levels. Also, I am using online payment gateway to pay the necessity fuel
that needed to the fuel tank. So, in my system customers classified details must be secured.
Rhetorically speaking the facts, the system should trust by the user. As well as be reliable.

3.2.2) Usability and mobility

For more, detecting, and automated filling system, almost data analysis of fuel levels and
paying the money for the needed fuel like functionalities can be done using the mobile app
without hindering it from other activities.

3.2.3) Security

In here data communication between the device and system is reconsidered. It deals with
users’ personal data. Also, the daily activities are recorded and consisting a payment gateway,
Therefore, and data handled and stored in the mobile application should be secured using
appropriate mechanisms.

3.2.4) Performance and Delay

Sensors should have the privilege to track delay-sensitive of data transferring. It also implies
that the data transfer modes & communication protocols in upper stranded. The time taken or
the delay the system takes to detect the fall is essential to calibrate.

This is an important factor to be considered as it affects the overall functionality of the

application of device. The delay in notifying or alerting the user when the fuel is close to be
empty is detected by ultrasonic sensors and other relevant sensors. This can alter by the user’s
preferred guidelines. Implies that the algorithm or technique used to detect the full tank.

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 3.3) Software requirements

3.3.1) MongoDB

MongoDB is a document-oriented & non-acid essential database system. The efficient data
reading and writing helps the developer to easily send requests via database & get responses.

Figure 13 - Mongo dB

The efficient data reading and writing helps because NOSQL database system which has no
SQL queries. So, Programmer has privilege of easily get responses and send requests via
database.

Benefit of using this database is that it returns data in format of json. (MongoDB uses Json
format to render data to the program). A document format can be directly rendered in
application which any conversions.

3.3.2) React Native

It is a native mobile development framework that can be use it is contribution to develop both
Android and IOS applications with enhance capabilities. React native is an open source
framework founded by Facebook. Common platform to develop both Android and IOS
application uses JavaScript programming language to develop mobile applications. It is easy
and efficient comparing to other programming frameworks and IDE available. The react
native framework uses Js language (itself has the Hot reloading technique to test and run the
application easily that helps the developer) to develop mobile applications.

Figure 14 - React native

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 3.3.3) Python Flask

It is designed for users to started quick and conveniently. Also began as a simple wrapper
around Werkzeug and Jinja.Make Flask become one of the most popular Python web app
frameworks with the ability to scale up to complex applications.

Flask is a lightweight WSGI web application framework. Flask is considered more Pythonic
than the Django web framework. Doesn’t enforce any dependencies or project layout.
Common situations with Django the equivalence explicitly with Flask web application

Flask offers suggestions, like Developers choice of tools and libraries they desired to use.
Community that make adding new functionality easy is easily extended using extension
features.

Figure 15 - Python flask

3.3.4) VS Code

Visual Studio Code is a distribution of the Code - OSS repository combines the simplicity of
a code editor with Microsoft specific customizations. Also released under standard procedure
of traditional Microsoft product license.

Understanding support with lightweight debugging they will provides very compeering rich
extensibility, model code editing, lightweight integration, and navigation with some versatile
tools.

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 Windows, macOS, and Linux os’s are compatible with Visual Studio Code. Also, it is
updated monthly with new features and bug fixes.

Figure 16 - Visual studio code

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 4) Methodology

Using more advanced features, in this passage will be dedicated to be discuss the approaches
and methods. As software development methodology, agile is used because of the flexibility
to adapt changes. So, in my project context developer has an claim to make ideal individual
choices. In Agile methodology make changers according to the research findings is highly
recommended. Also, according to the strategies used and followed by the founder me will
decide what will happened for each phase in the software development lifecycle. Moreover, it
will also discuss how it is suitable for my project. A major factor that I am going to discuss is
that how it is been applied in each phase for the proposed solution.

Abstract of My Project

This project using a mobile app which compatible with both iOS and the android users. From
the mobile app user can select the fuel amount which the user wants refuel and can do the
payment through online. (in the mobile app it’s displays the exciting fuel level)

Then all the payment details with the fuel amount which the user wants refuel and the vehicle
id will send to the database.

Figure 17 - project diagram

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 Then the RFID tag which locates in a vehicle will update.

Then when the user goes to the petrol station, and when the pump attendant insert the nozzle
to the fuel tank, the RFID reader which installed to the nozzle will read the data.

After that fuel machine will automatically off after pump attendant refuel the vehicle
according to the user selected amount.

4.1) Application Methods

Frameworks: Flask and React Native

Considering about frameworks Flask can be identified as lightweight framework using

Python. The developer uses Flask to implement the back end. Especially that redirects to
consider REST API server to communicate with my mobile application. Providing
independence for the user with libraries and tools needed to be used.

Python facilitates the integration with the machine learning model hierarchy which lend me
for Major selection for this choice.

React native framework using a single code with little or no configuration changes made me
to reconsider this choice. Also, can run on IOS and Android platforms without giving faults.
That’s why it is Used to develop the mobile application. Moreover, it uses platform agnostic
native components and does not compromise the user’s experience. Enables the multi-
platform development capability for developer to provide robustness to the consumers.

Languages: Python and JavaScript

Programming language Python having the community support it provides for python users is
vast & Versatile. Also, developer is used to implement the sever and neural network model.

Under different circumstances high-level & standard for machine learning.

That’s why the in my system chose to implement using python is the flexibility. it simplifies
the implementation process, provides in terms of IDEs, Therefore, it also and reduces the
time taken to develop. Specialized pre-built libraries for data structures, algorithms and
machine learning related functionalities to load and save models etc.

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 Many in built libraries required to build User interfaces & JavaScript is used for developing
the mobile application because with pre-written code convenient to use. JavaScript support
with react Native framework. Programming features and tasks are desired to this project will
be catered by Js.

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 5) Implementation
Integrated Development Environments: Visual Studio Code

With Supporting features to windows, Linux and Mac operating systems I gladly selected
Visual studio. Also, an advanced code editor easy to use with compatibility feature with
multiple languages. Using highlighting the minor fixes led us to easily fixed immediately. It
also supports tons of extensions which makes it easier for programming.

Also, there is commonly used techniques to get the reading from the Nozzle’s RFID,
Machine learning. According to the developer’s choice to implement the proposed system
can use different options. Among them considering factors such as accuracy, reliability and
efficiency I like to select Machine learning which is adequate to my project. I have discussed
at literature review.

Three components will be reconsidered in my implementation phase.

They will be hardware component, back end service implementation and client application.
First, the RFID Module planted at the Nozzle. Calibration of sensors is concerned in this
point to get the best performance and accuracy. Also need to be cautious about the sensor’s
placement as well.

Next using a Wi-Fi-module, data will be sent to the server for processing. The main process
lies in this component.

Deep learning can used for detection. Therefore, using data set that was detected by the RFID
using a deep learning neural network model was trained to identify the Fuel levels. Once the
training of the model is completed, the model is tested using a different dataset. During this
stage, the accuracy of the system was improved. If a fall is detected by the system, the user
will receive a notification.

Hardware component

Hardware component modeling, I have used a mechanism which are Sensor based devices.
The developer should choose the Sensor centric approach to get the reading from the nozzle’s
RFID to Fuel pump’s sensor to verify data for authorization. The reasons are to use RFID
module to get readings are:

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 ➢ RFID is less costly.
➢ Ease of use and portability

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 6) Testing and Evaluation

6.1) Different Sub Domains of Testing

6.1.1) Manual Testing

In built functions which are internal and external of the fuel filling mechanism associated
with IOT is tested manually. Unit testing, System testing which are especially done by the
tester. Essentially identify the unexpected errors & test the prototype program are some
responsibilities of tester. Subsequently also do the Integration testing and user acceptance
testing, To deliver a workable product to the end user and test the workable program tester
uses special mechanism to perform an effective testing with appropriate assistance.

6.2) Methodologies of Testing

Two methods are used to test the system including RFID sensor functioning which are called
as black box testing and white box testing. Simply tester (End User) of my system having a
huge responsibility to asked to perform tasks.

Give a comment about the experience of the systems functionality. In black box testing
procedure user does not interact with the code and but the interface of my system which is the
Mobile App. Not only black box testing but also white box testing is done in this testing
procedure. Because it’s a necessity to investigate the structure of the implemented code but
also the how the internal logic was functioning.

Functions of the Sensors specially including RFID sensor is measured and reconfigured
according to the comments of the user.

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 6.3) Levels of Testing

6.3.1) Functional Testing

Testing which is essentially done by to perform the task relevant in order for the testing
specification. Also, the get a clarification of the examined output. This is a type which test
the requirements specifications of the Sensors inner functionalities. So, reconsidering the
actual output and the intended output which is will the corrected/expected output can be
emphasized according to the comparison of based on the fuel level that needed to be filled
into the tank of the vehicle.

Test each unit or single component to check whether the individual parts are working
correctly to fulfil the requirements. Beneficial part of the unit testing that isolate each unit of
the whole software. So, to do that functionality of the each of the unit in my system is tested
after the implementation in each cycle of my developing methodology.

After the implementing the system is being fully tested with every unit and component of the
working RFID at Nozzle which is at the vehicle and mobile app is gathering adequate
information at the end of the project. It goes under both black box testing and white box
testing methods.

System testing process is recognized as a most important testing level in functional testing.
This RFID Nozzle and Mobile is tested for one-month duration of time with 20 users in
different vehicles and different environments at the end of implementation.

6.3.2) Non-Functional Testing

Non-functional in nature but utmost vital to maintain the interfaces, performance, and
security. Security testing, Performance testing, usability testing like crucial testing types are
done under this category.

Another vital and crucial testing kind. Non-Functional requirements of the program are tested
using Non-Functional testing.

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 Checking the sensor activations of my system for those kinds of bugs are done under
performance but we can emphasize say Speed, capacity, stability and scalability of the system
are tested performance testing. Also, the money transferring system included in my mobile
App has a security features such as maintain a protected user account.

The Data analyzation of the fuel levels embedded to a mobile based software. So, it can have
performance issues rather than having bugs in the software. Eventually this is done at the end
of implementation of complete system. Security testing as a unit test as well as after the
complete implementation let to identify the issues related with the security of the accounts.

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 References

JennyTerzica, C.R.Nagarajah, Muhammad Alamgir. (1 June 2010, June 1). Fluid level
measurement in dynamic environments using a single ultrasonic sensor and Support Vector
Machine (SVM). Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, pp. 278-287.

SAMUELS, J. M. (Dec. 26, 1989). ULTRASONICFUEL QUANTITY GAUGING. UNITED

STATES: UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE .

Zeitlow. (1982, Nov 2). U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS. MOTOR VEHICLE FUELTANK , p.
6.

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