ANGELICA IRISH T.

CUSTODIO
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BRANCHES OF EARTH SCIENCE

• GEOGRAPHY: It includes the study of the earth as well as its features phenomena and
inhabitants. It also deals with climate, topography, vegetation and soil.
• GEOLOGY: This branch of science involves the study of origin, history, evolution and
structure of the earth’s crust. It also involves the examination of soil and rocks.
• OCEANOGRAPHY: The exploration and study of the ocean.
• PALEONTOLOGY: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or geologic
periods.
• METEOROLOGY: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, such as
weather and climate.
• CLIMATOLOGY: It involves the study of climatic data, analysis of climatic changes and
investigations of its phenomena and causes.
• MINERALOGY: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including
optical) properties of minerals
• HYDROLOGY: It deals with distribution, occurrence, properties, chemistry and circulation
of water on the earth. It includes the study of streams, rivers, lakes, etc.

AREAS OF SCIENCE

Geology: Science of the Earth

Geology is the primary Earth science. The word means "study of the Earth." Geology deals with
the composition of Earth materials, Earth structures, and Earth processes. It is also concerned
with the organisms of the planet and how the planet has changed over time. Geologists search
for fuels and minerals, study natural hazards, and work to protect Earth's environment

Meteorology: Science of the Atmosphere

Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and how processes in the atmosphere determine
Earth's weather and climate. Meteorology is a very practical science because everyone is
concerned about the weather. How climate changes over time in response to the actions of
people is a topic of urgent worldwide concern. The study of meteorology is of critical
importance in protecting Earth's environment.

Oceanography: Science Of The Oceans

Oceanography is the study of Earth's oceans - their composition, movement, organisms and
processes. The oceans cover most of our planet and are important resources for food and other
commodities. They are increasingly being used as an energy source. The oceans also have a
major influence on the weather, and changes in the oceans can drive or moderate climate
change.

Astronomy: Science of the Universe

Astronomy is the study of the universe. Here are some examples of why studying space beyond
Earth is important: the moon drives the ocean's tidal system, asteroid impacts have repeatedly
devastated Earth's inhabitants, and energy from the sun drives our weather and climates. A
knowledge of astronomy is essential to understanding the Earth. Astronomers can also use a
knowledge of Earth materials, processes and history to understand other planets - even those
outside of our own solar system.

 Formal sciences: the study of mathematics and logic, which use an a priori, as opposed
to factual, methodology.
 Natural sciences: the study of natural phenomena (including cosmological, geological,
physical, chemical, and biological factors of the universe)
 Social sciences: the study of human behavior and societies

Examples:

For Oceanography: the study how the waves form.

For geology: the study of rocks and stones.
For Paleontology: the study of dinosaur.
For Meteorology: the study of ocean and the atmosphere.
For Geography: Antipodes - Two points that are on the exact opposite sides of the earth, for
example, the North and South Poles. Archipelago - A group of islands, for example, the
Bahamas.
Atoll - A ring of coral that makes an island, for example, Lighthouse Reef near Belize.
Basin - A section of land eroded by water, causing it to be lower than the surrounding
land.
Bay - A small body of water enclosed partially by land, for example, Hudson Bay in
Canada.
Formal sciences: logic, mathematics, statistics, linguistics
Social science: geography, history, law, economics, education, government, anthropology,
business administration, criminology
Natural science: biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy