EARTH SCIENCE

Minerals
 Building blocks of rocks
Diamond
 Rough, uncut, for jewelries and varieties of use
Fluoride
 Most use in daily life, ex. Toothpaste
Talc
 Powder
Selenite Gypsum
 Walling
What makes a mineral… a mineral?
1. Must exist as solid
2. Must naturally occurring on Earth
3. Must be inorganic, not living
4. Must have a fixed chemical formula
5. Atoms must be arranged in order
5 Major properties
1. Hardness – Moh’s scale (ranges from 1-10)
2. Luster – Shiny or dull. Metallic or Nonmetallic
3. Cleavage or Fracture – how minerals break apart
 Cleavage – neatly, along surface
 Fracture – crumbles or erratically
4. Color – Can be the same color. One mineral can have many colors
5. Special Test:
 Odor
 Taste
 Magnetism
 Fluorescence
REMEMBER:
 All the physical properties of a mineral results from the mineral’s internal arrangement of
atom.
Hydrologic Cycle:
 Evaporation - is the process where the water turns into water vapor.
 Condensation - is the process where the water vapor is condensed into liquid
 Precipitation - forms in the clouds when water vapor turns into droplets of water/liquid.
Energy Resources
 Non-renewable resources – is a natural resource that be re-made in a short period of time.
 Nuclear Energy – once the uranium is used, it is gone
 Fossil Fuels – cannot be replenished in a short period of time EX. Coal, gas and oil
 Renewable Resources – natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time
 Solar – generates electricity from the heat of the sun
 Geothermal – // from the heat of Earth’s internal
 Wind - // obtained from wind, used in food production
 Biomass - // formed from woods. Can turn into liquid fuels for vehicles
 Hydroelectric - // obtained from water
Biospehere
 Needs Lito, Hydro and Atmosphere
Atmosphere
 Mosly Nitrogen
Hydrosphere
 Cryosphere – permanently frozen parts
Litosphere
 Rocks – natural glass
 Regolith – loose particles of rocks (blanket)
Types of Rocks
Igneous
 Formed by magma and lava
 Intrusive – inside magma
- Very hard and have more colors
 Extrusive – outside lava
- Very light and glassy
Sedimentary
 When sediments are pressed together
 Formed in layers
Metamorphic
 Made from other rocks
 Heat and pressure help igneous and sedimentary become other kind of rocks
Parts of Rocks
 Crystals – diff atoms are formed in pattern. Can be big, small, thin or fat
 Grains – smaller pieces of rock. Used to help decide the rock type
Solar System

EXTRA:
Atmosphere – mostly NITROGEN
Biosphere – Lito, Hydro and Atmosphere
Evaporation – liquid to gas
Melting – Solid to liquid
Mountain – mostly RAIN
Biomass –NOT an example of fossil fuel
NOT belong to the group – Hydro, NUCLEAR, Solar, Wind
Carbon Dioxide – burning fossil fuel