Dactyloscopy

A MEANS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

BESORO,CHERYL, OLIVEROS RCRIM

 Introduction
✔ Fingerprint identification, known as
dactyloscopy .
✔ Is the process of comparing two instances of
friction ridge skin impressions , from human
fingers or toes, or even the palm of the hand or
sole of the foot,
✔ To determine whether these impressions
could have come from the same individual.
✔ According to study , fingerprint will start to develop
during 3 or 4 month of fetal life of a person
rd th

and continuing to exist until one will decomposition

 The importance or value of
fingerprints
✔ Prevent impersonation ( changing personal data )
✔ Speedily identify a wrongdoer(falsification,
forgery)
✔ Serve to give evidence (identification of criminal )
✔ Help to identify victims of disasters, calamities ,
floods , etc.
✔ Identify bodies whose cadavers are beyond
recognition.
✔ Aid the judiciary in penal treatment (
fingerprinting of prisoners )
 Some Personalities in the study of
dactyloscopy.
Edward Richard Henry – Father of fingerprint (
introduced the classification system ) Father of Modern
Fingerprints.

Alphonse Bertillon- introduced the anthropometry

system ( accepted for almost 30 years worldwide)

John Dillinger – known criminal who tried to effaced his

fingerprint by burning with acid , but no to avail.

Generoso Reyes –the first Filipino fingerprint technician.

( first conviction in the Philippine court thru the used of
fingerprint as evidence was the case of People of the
 OTHER METHODS OF
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
Tattooing – old times signifies family group, clan or tribal
relations. It did not last long because it can be duplicated,
changed or disfigured.
 
Scarification – cutting some parts of the body to leave scars
or marks.
 
Bertillon System – Personal description, portrait parle –
“speaking likeness’” photography. Anthropometry –
identification based on the measurements of the various
bony structure of the human body.
 
Odontology – denture comparison and identification
 
Hair Sampling – DNA examination and comparison
(Fingerprinting)
 
 Important Terms in the study of
Fingerprint

1. Polydactilism 6. Ridge Characteristics

2. Pores 7. Focal Points
3. Skin 8. Fingerprint Pattern
4. Friction skin 9. Fingerprint Classification
5. Cheiloscopy 10. Classification of crime
scene print.
11. AFIS
12.PostMortem Fingerprinting
 The allied sciences of fingerprint
1. Chiroscopy

2. Podoscopy

3.Poroscopy
Principles of Fingerprint
1. Principle of individuality -1788 J.C.A. Mayer

2. Principle of permanency- 1856 Herman Welcker

3. Principle of infallibility-1880 Dr. Henry Faulds

 SKIN
- is the largest organ
- INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- 4.5 TO 5 Kg
- thickness of 1.4 to 4.0 mm

Two layers of the SKIN

1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
kinds of Sweat Glands
1. Eccrine
2. Apocrine
3. Sebaceous Glands
 Two components parts of the Friction
skin-hairless skin in the palms ans soles –
bility to grasp,hold onto objects.
1. Ridges
2. Furrows
Ridge Characteristics
1. Bifurcation 7. ridge hook or spur
2. Ridge enclosure 8. dot
3. Ridge ending 9. appendage
4. Ridge bridge 10. short ridge
5. Diverging ridge 11. fragmentary Ridge
6. Converging Ridge
Two focal points of fingerprints
1. Delta
2. Core

Type Lines vs. Pattern Area

Delta-

1. Bifurcation 5. Dot
2. Short ridge 6. Recurving ridge
3. Ending ridge
4. Convergence
 Selection of delta

1. The DELTA may not may located at the

bifurcation which does not open towards the
CORE.
2. When there is a choice between a bifurcation
and another type of DELTA, the BIFURCATION
is selected.
3. If there are series of BIFURCATION opening
towards the CORE ,equally close to the point of
divergence of the type lines, the DELTA
NEAREST to the CORE shall selected
4. When there ate two or more possible
deltas which conform to the definition, the
one nearest the core is chosen.

5. The delta may not be located in the middle

of a ridge running between the type lines
towards the core, but at the nearer end only
 THE CORE
Selection of Core
1. the core is placed upon or within the
innermost sufficient recurve.

2. When the innermost sufficient recurve

contains no ending ridge or rod rising as high
as the shoulders of the loop , the core iis
placed on the shoulder of the loop farther
from the delta
3. when the innermost sufficient recurve contains
an uneven number of rods rising as high as the
shoulders, the core is placed upon the end of the
center rod whether it touches the looping ridge
or not.
4. When the innermost sufficient recurve contains
an even number of rods rising as high as the
shoulders, the core is placed upon the end of the
farther one of the two center rods, the two
center rods being treated as though they wer
connected by a recurving ridge.
 Ridge counting
Rules in ridge counting
1. Fragments and dots can only be counted if
they appear as thick as the sorrounding
ridge.
2. If an imaginary line crosses a bifurcation ,
each branch shall counted separately.
3. White space must intervene between the
delta and first ridge.
 FINGERPRINT PATTERN
1. ARCHES
2. LOOPS
3. WHORLS
PATTERN FREQUENCY
1. Whorl – 30%
2. Loop- 65%
3. Arch - 5%
 arches-
Its Characteristics
1. the ridges flow without recurving
2. no DELTA and CORE
3. no RIDGE COUNT
LOOPS
Its Characteristics
1. there must be an sufficient recurve
2. there must be a DELTA and CORE
3. there must be a ridge count of at least one
 Whorls
Its Characteristics
1. There must be acore
2. Two or more delta
 SUB-GROUP SYMBOL
1. Archs
A. Plain Arch A- 60%
B. Tented Arch T- 40%
2. Loops
A. Radial Loop R- 6%
B. Ulnar Loop U- 94%
3. WHORLS
A. Plain Whorl W – 71%
B. Central Pocket Loop C – 13%
C. Double Loop D- 13%
D. Accidental Whor X- 3%
 WHORL TRACING
Classified According to
1. Inner
2. Meeting
3. Outer
 Rules in Whorl Tracing
1. Always start from the left to the right delta.
2. If abruptly terminates, the next lower ridge shall
be continuation.
3. If bifurcates, the lower branch of the bifurcation
shall be considered.
4. Trace from farthest left delta to a point opposite
the furthest delta When there are three or more
deltas are present .

5. In tracing double loops or accidental whorls,

when the tracing passes inside of the right delta ,
stop at the nearest point to the right delta on the
upward trend . If no upward trend is present ,
continue tracing until a point opposite the right
delta or the delta itself is reach.
 CLASSIFICATION FORMULA

K- KEY
M- MAJOR DIVISION
P- PRIMARY
S- SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION
Ss- SUB SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION
F- FINAL CLASSIFICATION
Summing up or adding all the
numerical value of the whorl type.
Composites of Whorl. (W,C,D,X)
Numerical value is constant
Finger 1-2 = 16
Finger 3-4 = 8
Finger 5-6 = 4
Finger 7-8 = 2
Finger 9-10 = 1
Even numbers will be the numerator, finger (2,4,6,8,10)
Odd numbers will be the denominator, finger(1,3,5,7,9,)
Note: Constant additional plus 1 to avoid appearing zero
(0) which represents outer whorl.
 SOLVE FOR PRIMARY
CLASSIFICATION

1. If FINGERS NUMBER 1,3,5,7,10

ARE WHORL PATTERNS WITH
MEETING AND 2,4,6,8,9 ARE
RADIAL LOOP WITH RESPECTIVE
RIDGE COUNT OF 3,4,5,67.
SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION
Arrangement of odd and even as denominator and
numerator will be discarded.
Appear in the right fingers become a numerator.
Appear in the left fingers become a denominator.
SECONDARY CAPITAL LETTER GROUP
Only the right and left index finger (2,7)
5 patterns that can appear ( if whorl (W,A,T,R,U)
even if accidental symbol “W” will represent.
Right index
Left index
SMALL LETTER GROUP ( r,a,t) in any fingers
except in index fingers constitute SLG.
1,3,4,5,6,8,9,10
SOLVE FOR SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION
( SCLG / SSLG )

1. If FINGERS NUMBER 1,2,5,7,10 ARE

WHORL PATTERNS WITH MEETING AND
3,4,6,8,9 ARE RADIAL LOOP WITH
RESPECTIVE RIDGE COUNT OF 3,4,5,67.
SUB-SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION

Concerned only with the following

Index (2,7)
Middle (3,8)
Ring (4,9)
Right finger will be the numerator
Left finger will be the denominator
Loops and Whorl are considered (W,C,D,X, S,M,L)
Loops are represent ( ridge count is necessary) (S,M,L)
Whorls are present ( whorl tracing will apply ) (I,M,O)
NOTE:
If the tracing ridge goes above and below and It
has a ridge count of less than 3 intervening ridge will
be called MEETING.

If the tracing ridge goes above or inside and has a

ridge count of 3 or more intervening ridge will be
called INNER.

If the tracing goes below or outside and has a

ridge count of 3 more intervening ridge be called
OUTER.
SOLVE FOR SUB- SECONDARY
CLASSIFICATION

1. If FINGERS NUMBER 1,2,5,8,10 ARE

WHORL PATTERNS WITH MEETING
AND 3,4,6,7,9 ARE RADIAL LOOP
WITH RESPECTIVE RIDGE COUNT OF
5,6,8,9,10.
 INDEX MIDDLE RING
1-9 = I 1-10= I 1-13= 1
10 or more= 0 11 or more = 0 14or more = 0

MAJOR CLASSIFICATION
Concerned only thumb (1 and 6)
Right thumb numerator
Left thumb denominator
Ridge counting and whorl tracing will apply
Loops and whorl type are concerned
Whorl ( I,M,O) will be brought up to the classification
Loops ( S,M,L)
RULE:
Right thumb has 2 formulas depending on the
ridge count of the left thumb.
When the ridge count of the left thumb is 16 or
less, formula No. 1 will be used for the right thumb.
If the ridge count of left is 17 or even No. 2 will be
used for the right thumb.
Appearing in the left thumb is none loop formula
No. 1 will be used.
FORMULA R/U LOOPS

Formula 1 (right) Formula 2 (right)

1-11 = S 1-11= S
12-16 = M 12-16 = M
17 or more = L 23 or more =L

Formula ( left )
1-11 = small
12-16 = meduim
17 or more = large
SOLVE FOR MAJOR CLASSIFICATION
1. If FINGERS NUMBER 1,4,5,8,10 ARE
WHORL PATTERNS WITH MEETING
AND 3,5,6,7,9 ARE RADIAL LOOP
WITH RESPECTIVE RIDGE COUNT OF
3,4,5,67.
KEY CLASSIFICATION

Counting the ridge count of the first Loop

appearing on the finger starting from the right
thumb.
Exception ( little finger number 5 and 10 )
Always placed at the numerator
SOLVE FOR KEY CLASSIFICATION

1. If FINGERS NUMBER 1,2,5,8,10 ARE

WHORL PATTERNS WITH MEETING AND
3,4,6,7,9 ARE RADIAL LOOP WITH
RESPECTIVE RIDGE COUNT OF 5,6,8,9,10.
FINAL CLASSIFICATION
The ridge count of the loop will be brought up to
the classification formula
Concerned only the right and left little fingers (5 and
10)
One finger is necessary, if both fingers are loops (5)
is priority
FC is place either in the numerator /denominator
side
If no loop, whorl will be considered
Ridge count is considered not the tracing
Ridges of the whorl will be counted from delta to
core
CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERS MISSING AT THE
BIRTH AND AMPUTATIONS
If one finger is amputated, it is a given classification identical
with that of the opposite finger, including pattern and ridge
count, or tracing, and referenced to every other possible
classification.
If two or more fingers are amputated, they are given
classifications identical with the fingers opposite, with no
additional references.
If two amputated fingers are opposite to each other, both are
given the classification of whorls with meeting tracing.
Therefore, if all fingers are amputated or missing the
classification will be
M 32W MMM
M 32 W MMM
SECOND SUB SECONDARY
 LATENT FINGERPRINT
THREE CLASSIFICATION

1. PATENT PRINTS
2. PLASTIC PRINTS
3. LATENT PRINTS
1. LEGALITY OF FINGERPRINTS
a. USA CASES
PEOPLE VS. JENNINGS, Illinois (1911). Illinois
Appellate Court first court to pass upon the
admissibility of fingerprint as evidence.
-The US Supreme Court passed upon the
admissibility of fingerprint evidence stating that
persons experience on the matter of fingerprint
identification may give their opinion; and further said,
“there being no question as to the accuracy or
authenticity of the photographs on how fingerprints
were collected, the weight shall be given to the
testimony of experts and in issue thereto shall be
b. PHILIPPINES

1. BILANGAWA VS. AMADOR,

Court of Appeals No. 37320-b)
 
A Fingerprint Expert and constabulary
Sergeant testified and successfully
defended fingerprint evidence based on
eight (8) identical ridge points.
PEOPLE VS. MEDINA (59 Phil. 330)

- This is the first leading judicial decision in

Philippines Jurisprudence on the Science of
Fingerprint. The Supreme Court held, “that evidence
as to the correspondence of fingerprints is
admissible for the purpose of identity. That although
a portion of the impression on the box was
somewhat blurred, it did not seriously interfere with
the comparison of the two fingerprints. It is a settled
rule that where the collection of evidence is not in
question, the admissibility is lodged with the court.
Query: Are fingerprints inherited?

Answer: The general shape or overall pattern

of fingers and palms can be inherited. Family
members will often have similar patterns or
designs on the same fingers of their hands. The
tiny details in the fingerprints, ridges, however,
ARE NOT inherited and is different between
all friction skin areas of all persons - - - even
between twins.
God bless and thank
you